Name: in vitro disassembly of influenza a virus capsids by gradient centrifugation
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation at JoVE.com

Wir danken Yohei Yamauchi und Roberta Mancini für uns mit Reagenzien bereitstellt. Das AH-Labor durch die Marie-Curie Initial Training Networks (ITN), dem European Research Council (ERC), und von der Schweizerischen National Science Foundation (Sinergia) unterstützt wurde.

1. Herstellung von Puffer und Stammlösungen <ol><li> Bereiten MNT - Puffer (20 mM MES, 30 mM Tris und 100 mM NaCl) durch Auflösen von 470 mg Tris - Hydrochlorid, 390 mg MES - ​​Hydrat und 580 mg NaCl in 80 ml ​​ddH 2 O. Stellen Sie den Puffer auf pH 7,4 und bringt es auf ein Endvolumen von 100 ml mit ddH 2 O. </li><li> Bereiten Sie drei identische Lösungen von 500 mM MES - ​​Puffer durch Auflösen von 9,76 g MES - ​​Hydrat in 80 ml ​​dH 2 O je. Stellen Sie die Pu...

<ol>
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L., Knipe, D. M., Howley, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+47.">Chapter 47.</a> Fields Virology. , 1647-1690 (2006).</li><li>Chou, Y. -. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colocalization+of+Different+Influenza+Viral+RNA+Segments+in+the+Cytoplasm+before+Viral+Budding+as+Shown+by+Single-molecule+Sensitivity+FISH+Analysis.">Colocalization of Different Influenza Viral RNA Segments in the Cytoplasm before Viral Budding as Shown by Single-molecule Sensitivity FISH Analysis.</a> PLoS Pathog. 9 (5), e1003358 (2013).</li><li>Martin, K., Helenius, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+of+incoming+influenza+virus+nucleocapsids+into+the+nucleus.">Transport of incoming influenza virus nucleocapsids into the nucleus.</a> Journal of Virology. 65 (1), 232-244 (1991).</li><li>Bui, M., Whittaker, G., Helenius, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+M1+protein+and+low+pH+on+nuclear+transport+of+influenza+virus+ribonucleoproteins.">Effect of M1 protein and low pH on nuclear transport of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins.</a> Journal of Virology. 70 (12), 8391-8401 (1996).</li><li>Li, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=pH-Controlled+Two-Step+Uncoating+of+Influenza+Virus.">pH-Controlled Two-Step Uncoating of Influenza Virus.</a> Biophysical Journal. 106 (7), 1447-1456 (2014).</li><li>Stauffer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stepwise+priming+by+acidic+pH+and+high+K++is+required+for+efficient+uncoating+of+influenza+A+virus+cores+after+penetration.">Stepwise priming by acidic pH and high K+ is required for efficient uncoating of influenza A virus cores after penetration.</a> Journal of Virology. , (2014).</li><li>Zhirnov, O. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solubilization+of+matrix+protein+M1/M+from+virions+occurs+at+different+pH+for+orthomyxo-+and+paramyxoviruses.">Solubilization of matrix protein M1/M from virions occurs at different pH for orthomyxo- and paramyxoviruses.</a> Virology. 176 (1), 274-279 (1990).</li><li>Banerjee, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influenza+A+virus+uses+the+aggresome+processing+machinery+for+host+cell+entry.">Influenza A virus uses the aggresome processing machinery for host cell entry.</a> Science. 346 (6208), 473-477 (2014).</li><li>Huotari, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cullin-3+regulates+late+endosome+maturation.">Cullin-3 regulates late endosome maturation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (3), 823-828 (2012).</li><li>Yamauchi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+Deacetylase+8+Is+Required+for+Centrosome+Cohesion+and+Influenza+A+Virus+Entry.">Histone Deacetylase 8 Is Required for Centrosome Cohesion and Influenza A Virus Entry.</a> PLoS Pathog. 7 (10), e1002316 (2011).</li><li>Bachmayer, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+Solubilization+of+Hemagglutinin+and+Neuraminidase+from+Influenza+Viruses.">Selective Solubilization of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase from Influenza Viruses.</a> Intervirology. 5 (5), 260-272 (1975).</li><li>Reginster, M., Nermut, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+Characterization+of+Influenza+Virus+Cores.">Preparation and Characterization of Influenza Virus Cores.</a> Journal of General Virology. 31 (2), 211-220 (1976).</li><li>Nermut, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Further+Investigation+on+the+Fine+Structure+of+Influenza+Virus.">Further Investigation on the Fine Structure of Influenza Virus.</a> Journal of General Virology. 17 (3), 317-331 (1972).</li><li>Schulze, I. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+influenza+virus:+II.+A+model+based+on+the+morphology+and+composition+of+subviral+particles.">The structure of influenza virus: II. A model based on the morphology and composition of subviral particles.</a> Virology. 47 (1), 181-196 (1972).</li><li>Candiano, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+silver:+A+very+sensitive+colloidal+Coomassie+G-250+staining+for+proteome+analysis.">Blue silver: A very sensitive colloidal Coomassie G-250 staining for proteome analysis.</a> Electrophoresis. 25 (9), 1327-1333 (2004).</li><li>Greber, U. F., Singh, I., Helenius, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+virus+uncoating.">Mechanisms of virus uncoating.</a> Trends in microbiology. 2 (2), 52-56 (1994).</li><li>Yamauchi, Y., Helenius, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virus+entry+at+a+glance.">Virus entry at a glance.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 126 (6), 1289-1295 (2013).</li><li>Zhirnov, O. P., Grigoriev, V. 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Virale Capside sind metastabile makromolekularer Komplexe. Während Zusammenbau von Virionen, die Einkapselung und Kondensieren des Virusgenoms erfordert, hängt Einleitung der nächsten Runde der Infektion auf die Demontage dieser kompakten Kapsidstruktur. Viren entwickelt haben verschiedene zelluläre Mechanismen zu nutzen , um die Beschichtung-uncoating Zyklus zu steuern, einschließlich der zellulären Rezeptoren, Chaperone, proteolytischen Enzymen, physikalische bereitgestellt Kräfte , die durch Motorproteine ​?...

Influenza - A - Virus (IAV) ist ein umhülltes Virus und gehört zur Familie der Orthomyxoviridae. Seine Gene codiert sind auf einem segmentierten, Negativ-sense und einzelsträngige RNA-Genom. Beim Menschen verursacht IAV Infektionen der Atemwege, die 1 für die globale Pandemien saisonalen Epidemien und trägt das Potential auftreten. Nach Bindung an Sialinsäure-Reste auf der Zelloberfläche 2 wird IAV internalisiert von Clathrin-abhängige Endozytose und Clathrin-unabhängige Wege 3-8. Das saure Milieu (pH &lt;5,5) in den endozytischen Vakuolen löst eine große Konformationsänderung des IAV - Spike - Glykoprotein - Hämagglutinin (HA), die in Fusion des viralen Ergebnisse und die späten endosomalen Membran 9. Sobald die IAV Kapsid (hier auch als virale &quot;Kern&quot; bezeichnet) wurde von späten Endosomen (LEs) entkommen, es in das Cytosol unbeschichtet wird durch den Transport der viralen Ribonukleoproteine ​​gefolgt (vRNPs) in den Kern - die Seite of Virus - Replikation und Transkription 13.10. Vor der Säureaktivierung von HA erfährt das Virus eine allmähliche Abnahme der pH - Wert im endozytischen System, das den Kern für seine spätere Demontage 14-16 Primzahlen. In dieser &quot;Priming&quot; die M2 - Ionenkanäle in der viralen Membran Schritt vermitteln den Zustrom von Protonen und K +10,14,16. Die Veränderung der Ionenkonzentration in dem Virus Innenraum stört die Wechselwirkungen durch das virale Matrix - Protein aufbauen M1 und dem acht vRNP Bündel und erleichtert IAV uncoating im Zytoplasma folgende Membranfusion 10,14-17. Direkte und quantitative Analyse des Priming-Schritt wurde durch die Tatsache erschwert, dass Endosomen schwer experimentell zuzugreifen. Der Eingabeprozess ist außerdem stark nichtsynchron. Zusätzlich Endpunktassays, wie qRT-PCR von freigesetzten viralen RNA oder Infektiosität Messungen bieten nicht ein genaues Bild über die biochemischen Zustand des viralen capsid zu einem bestimmten Schritt des Eintrages. Während Störung von Endosomen durch siRNA oder medikamentöse Behandlung wesentlich zum Verständnis der IAV Eintrag beigetragen hat 18-20, Feinabstimmung ist schwierig und anfällig für unspezifische Nebenwirkungen in der streng kontrollierten endosome Reifung Programm. Um diese Probleme zu vermeiden, haben wir eine bisher entwickelten in vitro - Protokoll auf der Verwendung von Geschwindigkeits Gradientenzentrifugation 17 basierend angepasst. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Versuchen , 21,22, 23,24, die auf Kombinationen von proteolytischen Spaltung und Detergens - Behandlung meist auf Basis wurden von EM - Analyse verfolgt, ermöglicht dieser Ansatz eine leicht quantifizierbar Ergebnis. Zentrifugation durch verschiedene Gradientenschichten ermöglicht die sedimentierenden Teilchen ausgesetzt werden und reagieren mit den Bedingungen in einer kontrollierten Weise zu verändern. In dem vorgestellten Protokoll IAV abgeleitet von geklärten Allantoisflüssigkeit oder gereinigter Viruspartikel werden in einer zweischichtigen Glycerin sedimentiertGradienten in dem die untere Schicht enthält den nicht-ionischen Detergens NP-40 (Abbildung 1). Da das Virus das zweite, Waschmittel enthaltende Schicht ein, so werden die viralen Lipidhülle und Hüll-Glycoproteine ​​sanft löslich gemacht und hinter sich gelassen. Der Kern, der sich aus den acht vRNP Bündels und durch eine Matrixschicht, Sedimenten als eine stabile Struktur, in der Pelletfraktion umgeben. Virale Kernproteine, wie beispielsweise M1 und vRNP assoziiertes Nukleoprotein (NP), können in dem Pellet durch SDS-PAGE und Coomassie-Färbung identifiziert werden. Insbesondere Vorteil handelsüblichen Gradientengelen unter und Färbung mit dem hochempfindlichen kolloidalen Coomassie 25, ermöglicht eine hohe Genauigkeit und Erfassung von sogar kleinen Mengen der viralen Core-assoziierten Proteinen. Dies stellt die Grundlage für die Prüfung, ob verschiedene Bedingungen wie pH-Wert, Salzkonzentration und mutmaßliche uncoating Faktoren haben Auswirkungen auf das Sedimentationsverhalten von Kernkomponenten und Kern stabil<html> keit. Zu diesem Zweck nur die untere, waschmittelhaltigen Schicht in dem Glycerol-Gradient wird durch die Einführung des Faktors oder der Zustand von Interesse modifiziert. Die Technik ist besonders wertvoll, die Wirkung von verschiedenen pH - Werten und Salzkonzentrationen auf die Integrität des IAV Kern 16 in die Untersuchung. Zwischenschritte des IAV uncoating könnte einschließlich Dissoziation der Matrixschicht anschließend bei leicht sauren pH (&lt;6,5) bei einem pH von 5,5 vRNP Dissoziation überwacht und unteren 16,17 (Abbildung 1). Der letztere Schritt wurde durch die Anwesenheit von hohen K + -Konzentration in der Glycerinschicht verstärkt, einen späten endozytotischen Umgebung widerspiegelt 16. Somit ist, wie das Virus, und der Kern durch den Gradienten sedimentiert erfahren sie einen wechselnden Milieu, das nachahmt Bedingungen in Endosomen. Das Ergebnis war eine schrittweise Demontage des viralen Kern in vitro als Ergänzung Ergebnisse abgeleitet von der Zellbiologie - Assays. t &quot;&gt; Das hier dargestellte Verfahren hat sich schnell aktiviert und hoch reproduzierbare Analyse von IAV (X31 und A / WSN / 33) und IBV (B / Lee / 40) durch sauren pH - Wert ausgelöst uncoating und K +16,17 sowie Demontage zu erhöhen von Paramyxovirus Kerne bei alkalischen pH - Exposition 17. Es ist denkbar, dass der Ansatz kann auch auf andere umhüllte Viren angepasst werden Einblicke in die biochemischen Eigenschaften des viralen Kapsids Struktur und Kapsid Demontage während Zelleintritt zu gewinnen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1103">
	
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:391px;">cOmplete&#8482;, EDTA-free protease inhibitor tablets</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">11873580001</td>
			<td style="width:473px;">The stock solution can be stored at 2 to 8 &#176;C for 1 to 2 weeks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>100063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol anhydrous BioChemica</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>A1123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>100317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Long injection needle (21 GA, 9 cm, bevel or blunt-end)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MES hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>106009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NP-40</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I8896</td>
			<td>Now commercially available as IGEPAL&#174; CA-630</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NuPAGE&#174; 4-12% Bis-Tris mini gels, 10 wells, 1.0 mm</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>NP0321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NuPAGE&#174; LDS sample buffer (4X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>NP0008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NuPAGE&#174; MOPS SDS running buffer (20X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>NP0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH indicator strips, pH 4.0 - 7.0</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>109542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QC Colloidal Coomassie Stain</td>
			<td>BIO RAD</td>
			<td>1610803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>106406</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodiumhydroxide</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>106498</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Steritop&#8482; filter unit</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPT05RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SW41 Ti, ultracentrifuge rotor set</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331336</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thinwall, Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes, 13.2 ml, 14 x 89 mm</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>344059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris hydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>A1087</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">X31 Influenza A virus (H3N2), egg-grown, clarified allantoic fluid</td>
			<td>Virapur</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Freshly thawed on 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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in vitro disassembly of influenza a virus capsids by gradient centrifugation

Acid-triggered molecular processes closely control cell entry of many viruses that enter through the endocytic system. In the case of influenza A virus (IAV), virus fusion with the endosomal membrane as well as the subsequent disassembly of the viral capsid, called uncoating, is governed by the ionic conditions inside endocytic vesicles. The early steps in the virus life cycle are hard to study because endosomes cannot be directly accessed experimentally, creating the need for an in vitro approach. Here, we describe a method based on velocity gradient centrifugation of purified virions through a two-layer glycerol gradient, which enables analysis of the IAV core and its stability. The gradient contains a non-ionic detergent (NP-40) in its lower layer to remove the viral membrane by solubilization as the virus sediments toward the bottom. At neutral pH, viral cores are pelleted as stable structures. The major core components, matrix protein (M1) and the viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs), can be clearly identified in the pellet fraction by SDS-PAGE. Decreasing the pH to 6.0 or lower in the bottom layer selectively removes M1 from the pellet followed by release of vRNPs at more acidic conditions. Viral protein bands on Coomassie-stained gels can be subjected to densitometric quantification to monitor intermediate states of IAV disassembly. Besides pH, other factors that influence viral core stability can be assessed, such as salt concentration and putative viral uncoating factors, simply by modifying the detergent-containing glycerol layer accordingly. Taken together, the presented technique allows highly reproducible and quantitative analysis of viral uncoating in vitro. It can be applied to other enveloped viruses that undergo complex uncoating processes.

Wie bereits diskutiert, in Endosomen Grundierung erforderlich, um die IAV Kern uncoating kompetent zu machen. Protonierung des Kerns schwächt Wechselwirkung von M1 und vRNPs (zusammengesetzt aus den viralen RNA, NP und die Polymerase-Komplex PB1 / PB2 / PA). Dieser Prozess wird eingeleitet, wenn ankommende Virus zu einem pH-Wert von 6,5 ausgesetzt (oder niedriger) in frühen Endosomen (EBS) und wird fortgesetzt, bis die Virus-Sicherungen bei etwa pH 5,0 in LEs. <p class="jove_conten...

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In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Disassembly of influenza A virus cores during virus entry into host cells is a multistep process. We describe an in vitro method to analyze the early stages of viral uncoating. In this approach, velocity gradient centrifugation is used to biochemically dissect the steps that initiate uncoating under defined conditions.

In - vitro - Zerlegung von Influenza - A - Virus Kapside durch Gradientenzentrifugation

Acid-triggered molecular processes closely control cell entry of many viruses that enter through the endocytic system. In the case of influenza A virus ...

The overall goal of this velocity gradient centrifugation is to analyze influenza A virus capsids under conditions mimicking the endocytic milieu that incoming viruses encounter during cell entry. This method can help answer key questions about how influenza A virus capsids disassemble during cell entry, such as the specific effect of mildly acidic pH on capsid stability. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables quantitative analysis of the influenza A virus uncoating process under defined experimental conditions.Besides providing insights into how influenza A virus uncoating is initiated, this method can also be applied to the study other envelope viruses with related uncoating mechanisms. Demonstrating the procedure, will be Firat Nebloglu, a former student from my lab. After preparing stock buffers and reagents according to the text protocol, for each pH condition to test, prepare detergent buffer master mix by mixing nine milliliters of one Molar sodium chloride, six milliliters of 10%NP40, 2.4 milliliters of the 25X protease inhibitor stock, and nine milliliters of doubly-distilled water.Then for each pH condition, pipet 4.4 milliliters of the master mix into a 50 milliliter conical tube. For pH values above 5.8, add 0.6 milliliters of the respective pH-adjusted 500 milliMolar Tris stock solution to the tube. For pH values 5.8 and lower, add 0.6 milliliters of the respective pH-adjusted 500 milliMolar MES stock solution.Make five milliliters of buffer solution, containing 300 milliMolar sodium chloride, 2X protease inhibitor, 60 milliMolar Tris, adjusted to pH 7.4, and double-distilled water. This will serve as the detergent-free control gradient buffer. Next, add five milliliters of the 50%glycerol stock to five milliliters of the detergent-containing and detergent-free buffer mixtures, resulting six different 25%glycerol solutions.Use pH strips to verify the pH values. Prepare a 15%glycerol solution by mixing a three to seven ratio of 50%glycerol stock with distilled water. Using a five milliliter syringe and a needle, add three milliliters of 15%glycerol solution to six ultraclear centrifugation tubes.Wash the needle in double-distilled water after every step. Use a five milliliter syringe and a long needle to carefully inject 3.4 milliliters of 25%glycerol solution under the 15%glycerol layer, taking care not to mix the two layers. An interface between both layers is clearly visible.Repeat this for all six conditions to test with the respective pH-adjusted glycerol solutions. Next, in a Class II biosafety cabinet, use one milliliter of clarified, diluted allantoic fluid, containing influenza A virus, to gently overlay the glycerol gradients. Transfer tubes into rotor buckets, balance opposing tubes, and carefully place them into a pre-cooled SW-41 ultracentrifugation rotor.Centrifuge at 2100 rpm and 12 degrees Celsius for 150 minutes. After the centrifugation, use a clean Pasteur pipette and an aspirator to carefully remove both glycerol layers. Then with 40 milliliters of 1X non-reducing LDS sample buffer, completely resuspend the pellet by pipetting up and down before transferring the sample into a 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube.To carry out SDS-PAGE, heat all the samples at 95 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Load 20 microliters of the dissolved pellets onto a precast gradient Bis-Tris mini-gel and run at 200 Volts for one hour in 1X MOPS SDS running buffer. Incubate the gel in fixation solution for one hour.Rinse one to two times with water, and stain overnight in a 15 centimeter cell culture dish with a sufficient volume of colloidal Coomassie solution while gently shaking at room temperature. Destain the gel in doubly-distilled water, replacing the liquid every 15 to 20 minutes until the gel background becomes clear. Store the gel in doubly-distilled water at four degrees Celsius until it is scanned for band quantification.Finally, scan the gel at high resolution and use commercially available custom-made software for quantification of protein band intensities. Subtract the background signal from a region close to the respective bands and normalize the values to the detergent-free control values. In this experiment, X31 derived from clarified allantoic fluid was subjected to velocity gradient centrifugation at pH levels between 7.4 and 5.0 and analyzed by SDS-PAGE.Without detergent present in the gradient, intact virions are pelleted as reflected by the characteristic pattern of bands, representing HA, NP, and M1 in the Coomassie-stained gel. Upon addition of NP40 to the bottom glycerol layer, the viral envelope, including HA, NA, and M2, was solubilized and the viral core alone sedimented into the pellet during ultracentrifugation. Starting at a pH below 6.5, M1 is gradually lost from the pellet fraction, reaching a minimum between pH 5.8 and pH 5.4.Below pH 5.8, vRNPs were dissociated and thus lost from the pellet. From the protein bands analyzed, two distinct pH thresholds for disassembly of the M1 layer and dissociation of vRNP bundles were revealed, including pH 6.5 and pH 5.8, respectively. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember that depending on the particular influenza A virus strain or mutant, different disassembly properties may be observed.Following this procedure, other methods like electron microscopy can be performed in order to gain additional insights like the structure of isolated influenza virus capsids.

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In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

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