Name: intra-tracheal administration of haemophilus influenzae in mouse models to study airway inflammation
Uploaded: 2016-03-02T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Carson Harrod for critical reading of the manuscript. We also thank Mr. Minghui Zeng and Drs. Mahesh Kathania and Prashant Khare for their contributions. This work was supported by grants from the American Cancer Society (Research Scholar grant, 122713-RSG-12-260-01-LIB) and the Sammons Cancer Center (Pilot Project grant) to K. Venuprasad.

Alla experiment utfördes i enlighet med riktlinjerna i Institutional Animal Care och användning kommittén (IACUC) i Baylor Research Institute. 1. Odling Icke-typningsbara Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) och förbereda inokulatet <ol><li> Plattan NTHi på en chokladagarplatta och hålla plattan upp och ner i en fuktad CO2 inkubator över natten vid 37 ° C och 5% CO2. Följande dag, kultur bakterierna i hjärn-hjärt-infusionsbuljong. Därefter tillsätts 1 m...

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+airway+microbiology+and+cellularity+in+children+with+newly+diagnosed+non-CF+bronchiectasis.">Lower airway microbiology and cellularity in children with newly diagnosed non-CF bronchiectasis.</a> Pediatr Pulmonol. 47, 300-307 (2012).</li><li>King, P. T., Holdsworth, S. R., Freezer, N. J., Villanueva, E., Holmes, P. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haemophilus+influenzae+lysate+induces+aspects+of+the+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+phenotype.">Haemophilus influenzae lysate induces aspects of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotype.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 38, 629-638 (2008).</li><li>Rajagopalan, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+exposure+to+bacterial+superantigens+induces+airway+inflammation+in+HLA+class+II+transgenic+mice.">Intranasal exposure to bacterial superantigens induces airway inflammation in HLA class II transgenic mice.</a> Infect Immun. 74, 1284-1296 (2006).</li><li>Ganesan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastase/LPS-exposed+mice+exhibit+impaired+innate+immune+responses+to+bacterial+challenge:+role+of+scavenger+receptor+A.">Elastase/LPS-exposed mice exhibit impaired innate immune responses to bacterial challenge: role of scavenger receptor A.</a> Am J Pathol. 180, 61-72 (2012).</li><li>Hogner, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage-expressed+IFN-beta+contributes+to+apoptotic+alveolar+epithelial+cell+injury+in+severe+influenza+virus+pneumonia.">Macrophage-expressed IFN-beta contributes to apoptotic alveolar epithelial cell injury in severe influenza virus pneumonia.</a> PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003188 (2013).</li><li>Karisola, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invariant+Natural+Killer+T+Cells+Play+a+Role+in+Chemotaxis,+Complement+Activation+and+Mucus+Production+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Airway+Hyperreactivity+and+Inflammation.">Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Play a Role in Chemotaxis, Complement Activation and Mucus Production in a Mouse Model of Airway Hyperreactivity and Inflammation.</a> PloS one. 10, e0129446 (2015).</li><li>Theivanthiran, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+E3+ubiquitin+ligase+Itch+inhibits+p38alpha+signaling+and+skin+inflammation+through+the+ubiquitylation+of+Tab1.">The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch inhibits p38alpha signaling and skin inflammation through the ubiquitylation of Tab1.</a> Sci Signal. 8, 22 (2015).</li><li>Venuprasad, K., Zeng, M., Baughan, S. L., Massoumi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifaceted+role+of+the+ubiquitin+ligase+Itch+in+immune+regulation.">Multifaceted role of the ubiquitin ligase Itch in immune regulation.</a> Immunol Cell Biol. , (2015).</li><li>Decramer, M., Janssens, W., Miravitlles, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease.">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</a> Lancet. 379, 1341-1351 (2012).</li></ol>

Häri beskriver vi en unik och minimalt invasiv procedur för att ympa lungorna hos möss med en bakteriell lung patogen. Vi visar att detta förfarande kan användas för att studera funktionen av olika gener med användning av möss som har brist på gener av inflammatoriska signalvägar. Detta förfarande kan också användas för att studera de inflammatoriska svar mot virala och fungala infektioner i lungorna. Fördelarna med detta förfarande jämfört med andra metoder, såsom intranasal eller aerosolinhalation ?...

Inflammation är en grundläggande immunmekanism i försvaret mot smittämnen. Det främjar patogen utrotning och reparation av skadad vävnad. Det underlättar också återhämtning till ett normalt friskt tillstånd 1. Men leder oreglerad inflammation ofta kroniska inflammatoriska sjukdomar 2. Luftvägsinflammation är en första trigger för olika lungsjukdomar såsom kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL), astma och lungfibros 3. Den icke-typningsbara (icke-inkapslat) Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) är associerad med kronisk övre och nedre delen av lungan inflammatoriska sjukdomar 4,5. Det är den dominerande arten som isolerats från de nedre luftvägarna hos barn och vuxna med kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom 4,6,7. Det inflammatoriska svaret efter NTHi-infektion kännetecknas av uppreglering av proinflammatoriska cytokiner (såsom TNF och IL-1β), och det förmedlas by mitogen aktiverat proteinkinas (MAPK) och nukleär faktor kB (NF-kB) genom avgifts liknande receptorer (TLR) 8. Musmodeller är mycket användbara verktyg för att analysera den underliggande patologin av lunginflammationssjukdom på grund av tillgängligheten av olika genprodukter-deficient linjer. Flera metoder har använts för att inokulera levande / försvagade bakterier och bakteriella produkter, inklusive intranasal instillation och aeros inandning 9,10. Här visar vi intratrakeal instillation. Även om de används mindre ofta, är detta synsätt mer effektiv och mycket reproducerbar grund av den direkta leveransen av inokulumet till de nedre luftvägarna.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="705">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Chocolate agar plate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAS50-99-7</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Dextrose Anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Themo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R01300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Hospira,Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RL-3010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Deft quick solution</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>GS500-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:293px;">Syringe needle 20/26G&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">(REF305115/175)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Iml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF 309602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Catheter 20GA</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF 381433</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Scissors, straight, 10 cm long</td>
			<td>kentscientific</td>
			<td>INS600393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iris Forceps, serrated, 10cm long</td>
			<td>kentscientific</td>
			<td>INS650915</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tweezer #5 Stainless steel, 11cm long</td>
			<td>kentscientific</td>
			<td>INS600095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">10% Formalin</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAS 67-56-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">peqlab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35-1020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">5ml polystyrene round-bottom tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF 352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">1.5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Light Labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-7001-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Reasy Mini&#160; kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Pellet pestile motor (Tissue homoginizer)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z359971-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">96 well microtiter plates V bottom</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">2605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">1X PBS</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">OneComp eBeads</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">01-1111-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">CD45.2-APC</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-0454-81</td>
			<td>Working dilution 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Ly-6G-eFlor 450</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48-5931-82</td>
			<td>Working dilution 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30574.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">RBC Lysis Buffer (10X)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">420301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Live/Dead fixable aqua dead cell stain kit</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L-34957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">EDTA (0.5M)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">lifetechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15575-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">CD16/CD32 FcBlock</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">553142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Facs tubes polystyrene round bottom tube</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Polyscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intra-tracheal administration of haemophilus influenzae in mouse models to study airway inflammation

Här beskriver vi ett detaljerat förfarande för att effektivt och direkt leverera Haemophilus influenzae in i de nedre luftvägarna hos möss. Vi visar förfarandet för framställning av H. influenzae inokulum, intratrakeal instillation av H. influenzae in i lungan, insamling av bronko-alveolär sköljvätska (BALF), analys av immunceller i BALF, och RNA-isolering för differentiell genuttryck analys. Detta förfarande kan användas för att studera lungan inflammatoriska responsen på någon bakterier, virus eller svampar. Direkt trakeal indrypning är oftast att föredra framför intranasal eller aerosol inandning förfaranden eftersom det mer effektivt levererar den bakteriella inokulatet i de nedre luftvägarna med mindre tvetydighet.

Intratrakeal instillation resulterade i en markant ökning av antalet leukocyter i BALF (Figur 1A, vänstra panelen) än installationen med saltlösning. Den differentialräkning analys av leukocyterna visade tydligt ökad neutrofil infiltration (Figur 1, högra panelen). FACS-analys av cellerna i BALF bekräftade vidare det ökade antalet neutrofiler (Figur 1B). Histologisk analys av H &amp; E-färgade sektioner av lungvävnaden visade ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation at JoVE.com

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

We demonstrate the procedure for intra-tracheal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. This is a very useful tool to study signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation in mouse models.

Intratrakeal administration<em&gt; Haemophilus influenzae</em&gt; I musmodeller för att studera Airway Inflammation

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to study the immune responses in the lung during bacterial infection. This matter can help in answering some key questions in the field of lung inflammation such as what are the key regulatory mechanisms and genes that inhibit or promote lung inflammation. The major advantage of this technique is that it is very efficient and highly reproducable because of the direct delivery of the bacterial inoculum into the lower respiratory tract.To begin, plate the NTHi on a chocolate agar plate. Incubate the plate upside down over night, at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide. The following day, culture the bacteria in a brain-heart infusion broth.Then, in a microcentrifuge tube, add one milliliter of the broth. Spin the mix down at 4, 000 g's for five minutes at room temperature. Then, discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in one milliliter of PBS.Repeat this wash step one more time. Next, dilute 100 microliters of resuspended solution in 900 microliters of PBS, and measure the culture's absorbance at 600 nanometers. Use this information to adjust the inoculum to 20 million CFUs per milliliter.Next, determine the viability and CFUs of the inoculum. Culture one to ten serial dilutions of the broth on chocolate agar plates, and incubate the plates overnight. Begin with anesthetizing the mouse, and verifying it is adequately anesthetized using a toe pinch.Then, position the mouse supine and shave the ventral area of the neck. Disinfect the exposed skin. Now, lift the skin of the upper ventral part of the neck with rat tooth forceps, and using a scalpel, make a one half to one centimeter incision above the thymus.Then, carefully separate the muscle to expose the trachea. Into the trachea, slowly inject 50 microliters of air, followed by 50 microliters of prepared NTHi, followed by another 50 microliters of air. For a negative control procedure, inject saline instead of NTHi.After the injection, keep the animal vertical for around a minute. Then, close the incision with tissue adhesive and keep the mouse laterally recumbent and warm for about 10 minutes. 24 hours after infection, euthanize the infected animal and open the abdominal cavity with anatomical scissors.Then, cut the ventral aorta to bleed the animal. Next, expose the ventral part of the lung to access the trachea. Intubate the trachea with a 20 gauge catheter.Using the catheter, instill 0.8 milliliters of BALF buffer and collect the lavage by dental aspiration. Repeat this procedure three more times, pooling the four lavage collections into a single suspension. Take a 100 microliter aliquot and spin down for two minutes at 2, 000 RPM.Remove the supernatant and resuspend in RBC lysis buffer. Spin it down and resuspend the pellet with 1x PBS. Now, count the total number of cells in 100 microliters of the suspension using a hemocytometer under 10x magnification with trypan blue staining.Then, prepare slides to stain the cells. Aliquot 100 microliters of BALF suspension into the appropriate wells of cytospin slides, and spin the slides at 500 g's for five minutes. Then, dry the slides for 10 minutes at room temperature, and stain the cells using a modified Giemsa stain according to the manufacturer's protocols.Use the remaining cells for subsequent analyses, such as facts, confocal microscopy, and so forth. After collecting lavage from the infected lung, take a 20-40 milligram piece of lung and incubate it in RNA stabilizing reagent at four degrees Celsius overnight, followed by long term storage at 80 degrees Celsius. When ready, wash the lung tissue samples in cold PBS to remove the RNA stabilization reagent.Then, place the tissue into a 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube containing lysis buffer with beta mercaptoethanol. Next, with small scissors, chop the tissue into pieces and homogenize the pieces using a motorized pestle for 20-40 seconds. Keep the lysate on ice for five minutes, then spin them down at 18, 000 g's for three minutes.Carefully remove the supernatant and transfer it to a new tube. Then add one volume of 70%ethanol and triturate the mixture. Let the mixture rest at 25 degrees Celsius for two to four minutes.Then, transfer up to 700 microliters to a spin column on a two milliliter collection tube and centrifuge the column at 9600 g's for 15 seconds. Discard the flow-through, add 350 microliters of wash buffer and repeat the spin. Next, incubate the membrane with 80 microliters of DNase I Solution for 15 minutes at room temperature.Then, add 350 microliters of wash buffer to the column and repeat the spin. Next, add 500 microliters of RNA wash buffer. Repeat the short spin, and discard the flow-through.Do two washes with RNA wash buffer. Finally, over a new collection tube, add 30-50 microliters of RNase-free water directly to the column and spin it for one minute to collect the RNA sample in the flow-through. The procedure was performed as described with normal, healthy, mice.Intratracheal installation resulted in a markedly increased number of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice innoculated with NTHi compared to saline treatment controls. The differential count analysis of the leukocytes clearly shows increased neutrophil infiltration. Facts analysis of the cells in the BALF further confirms the increased number of neutrophils.HNE stained sections of the lung tissue show increased airway inflammation. Collectively, these data suggest that intratracheal installation induces airway inflammation in mice. In a similar experiment with mutant and control mice, lung tissue RNA was analyzed by whole transcriptome sequencing.Compared to wild-type controls, Itch deficiency resulted in differential expression of several genes. Itch is thought to be a regulator of inflammatory signalling pathways, so this result can be used to foster new studies. All through its development this technique paved ways for researchers in the field of lung diseases to explore cell signalling in immune cells during lung infection and inflammation.While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to take extra precautions during procedures like exposure of trachea and installation of bacteria into trachea. Once mastered, intratracheal installation can be performed within ten minutes and vial fluid can be collected within 10-15 minutes. After this procedure, additional matters such as RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and immunoblocking can be performed to address additional questions such as, which are the genes that are upregulated or downregulated.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Co-kultur modeller av Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilmer odlas på levande mänskliga Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation

Analys av Pulmonell mognad av dendritiska celler och migration under Allergisk luftvägsinflammation

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

Att upprätta en flytande täckt kultur av polariserad Human luftvägsepitelceller Calu-3 celler för att studera svar värdcellen för luftvägspatogener<em&gt; In vitro</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

In vivo Imaging för att skilja akut och kronisk inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

Intranasal administration av rekombinant influensavacciner i chimär musmodeller för att studera slemhinneimmunitet

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Co-immunoprecipitation av Mouse Mx1 Protein med influensa A-virus nukleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

En optimerad metod för att isolera och utöka Invariant Natural Killer T-celler från musmjälte

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells ...

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

Ökad Återhämtningstid och minskade LPS administration att studera vagusnerven stimulering mekanismer i begränsade inflammatoriska svar

Inflammation is a local response to infection and tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages, monocytes, and other immune cells that release ...

Precision-cut Mouse Lung Slices to Visualize Live Pulmonary Dendritic Cells

Precision-cut Mouse Lung skivor att visualisera Live Pulmonary dendritiska celler

Inhalation of allergens and pathogens elicits multiple changes in a variety of immune cell types in the lung. Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for ...