Name: sequential application of glass coverslips to assess the compressive stiffness of the mouse lens: strain and morphometric analyses
Uploaded: 2016-05-03T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sequential Application of Glass Coverslips to Assess the Compressive Stiffness of the Mouse Lens: Strain and Morphometric Analyses at JoVE.com

This work was supported by National Eye Institute Grant R01 EY017724 (VMF) and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Grant K99 AR066534 (DSG).

全ての動物手順は、国立衛生研究所によってとスクリップス研究所の施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認されたプロトコルの下で実験動物の管理と使用に関するガイドの推奨に従って行いました。 1.レンズ解剖<ol><li>国立衛生研究所「実験動物の管理と使用に関する指針」および承認された機関の動物使用プロトコルの推奨事項に従ってマウスを安楽死させます。 ...

<ol>
	<li>Lovicu, F. J., Robinson, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development of the ocular lens. , (2004).</li><li>Piatigorsky, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lens+differentiation+in+vertebrates.+A+review+of+cellular+and+molecular+features.">Lens differentiation in vertebrates. A review of cellular and molecular features.</a> Differentiation. 19 (3), 134-153 (1981).</li><li>Glasser, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+accommodation:+surgical+options+for+correction+of+presbyopia.">Restoration of accommodation: surgical options for correction of presbyopia.</a> Clin Exp Optom. 91 (3), 279-295 (2008).</li><li>Keeney, A. H., Hagman, R. E., Fratello, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dictionary of ophthalmic optics. , (1995).</li><li>Millodot, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dictionary of optometry and visual science. 7, (2009).</li><li>Heys, K. R., Cram, S. L., Truscott, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Massive+increase+in+the+stiffness+of+the+human+lens+nucleus+with+age:+the+basis+for+presbyopia.">Massive increase in the stiffness of the human lens nucleus with age: the basis for presbyopia.</a> Mol Vis. 10, 956-963 (2004).</li><li>Heys, K. R., Friedrich, M. G., Truscott, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presbyopia+and+heat:+changes+associated+with+aging+of+the+human+lens+suggest+a+functional+role+for+the+small+heat+shock+protein,+alpha-crystallin,+in+maintaining+lens+flexibility.">Presbyopia and heat: changes associated with aging of the human lens suggest a functional role for the small heat shock protein, alpha-crystallin, in maintaining lens flexibility.</a> Aging Cell. 6 (6), 807-815 (2007).</li><li>Pierscionek, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+response+of+human+lenses+to+stretching+forces.">Age-related response of human lenses to stretching forces.</a> Exp Eye Res. 60 (3), 325-332 (1995).</li><li>Glasser, A., Biometric Campbell, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=optical+and+physical+changes+in+the+isolated+human+crystalline+lens+with+age+in+relation+to+presbyopia.">optical and physical changes in the isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia.</a> Vision Res. 39 (11), 1991-2015 (1999).</li><li>Weeber, H. A., van der Heijde, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+relationship+between+lens+stiffness+and+accommodative+amplitude.">On the relationship between lens stiffness and accommodative amplitude.</a> Exp Eye Res. 85 (5), 602-607 (2007).</li><li>Weeber, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+mechanical+properties+of+human+lenses.">Dynamic mechanical properties of human lenses.</a> Exp Eye Res. 80 (3), 425-434 (2005).</li><li>Fisher, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastic+properties+of+the+human+lens.">Elastic properties of the human lens.</a> Exp Eye Res. 11 (1), 143 (1971).</li><li>Krueger, R. R., Sun, X. K., Stroh, J., Myers, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+increase+in+accommodative+potential+after+neodymium:+yttrium-aluminum-garnet+laser+photodisruption+of+paired+cadaver+lenses.">Experimental increase in accommodative potential after neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser photodisruption of paired cadaver lenses.</a> Ophthalmology. 108 (11), 2122-2129 (2001).</li><li>Burd, H. J., Wilde, G. S., Judge, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+spinning+lens+test+to+determine+the+stiffness+of+the+human+lens.">An improved spinning lens test to determine the stiffness of the human lens.</a> Exp Eye Res. 92 (1), 28-39 (2011).</li><li>Glasser, A., Campbell, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presbyopia+and+the+optical+changes+in+the+human+crystalline+lens+with+age.">Presbyopia and the optical changes in the human crystalline lens with age.</a> Vision Res. 38 (2), 209-229 (1998).</li><li>Pau, H., Kranz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+increasing+sclerosis+of+the+human+lens+with+age+and+its+relevance+to+accommodation+and+presbyopia.">The increasing sclerosis of the human lens with age and its relevance to accommodation and presbyopia.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 229 (3), 294-296 (1991).</li><li>Hollman, K. W., O'Donnell, M., Erpelding, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+elasticity+in+human+lenses+using+bubble-based+acoustic+radiation+force.">Mapping elasticity in human lenses using bubble-based acoustic radiation force.</a> Exp Eye Res. 85 (6), 890-893 (2007).</li><li>Baradia, H., Nikahd, N., Glasser, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+lens+stiffness+measurements.">Mouse lens stiffness measurements.</a> Exp Eye Res. 91 (2), 300-307 (2010).</li><li>Gokhin, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tmod1+and+CP49+synergize+to+control+the+fiber+cell+geometry,+transparency,+and+mechanical+stiffness+of+the+mouse+lens.">Tmod1 and CP49 synergize to control the fiber cell geometry, transparency, and mechanical stiffness of the mouse lens.</a> PLoS One. 7 (11), e48734 (2012).</li><li>Sindhu Kumari, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Aquaporin+0+in+lens+biomechanics.">Role of Aquaporin 0 in lens biomechanics.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , (2015).</li><li>Fudge, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intermediate+filaments+regulate+tissue+size+and+stiffness+in+the+murine+lens.">Intermediate filaments regulate tissue size and stiffness in the murine lens.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (6), 3860-3867 (2011).</li><li>Kuszak, J. R., Mazurkiewicz, M., Zoltoski, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+modeling+of+secondary+fiber+development+and+growth:+I.+Nonprimate+lenses.">Computer modeling of secondary fiber development and growth: I. Nonprimate lenses.</a> Mol Vis. 12, 251-270 (2006).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Kim, P., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+measurement+of+age-related+stiffening+in+the+crystalline+lens+by+Brillouin+optical+microscopy.">In vivo measurement of age-related stiffening in the crystalline lens by Brillouin optical microscopy.</a> Biophys J. 101 (6), 1539-1545 (2011).</li></ol>

レンズの剛性を測定するために、このメソッドを使用する際には、いくつかの重要な考慮事項があります。室（θ）の底面に対して - （8.5°8）まず、カバーガラスを少し斜めの角度でレンズに適用されます。これは非常に小さな負荷のコンポーネント赤道ではなく、軸方向に適用されます。罪θ≈0.1 19しかし、この赤道負荷は無視できると考えられています。この方法は、より大きな?...

The lens is a transparent and avascular organ in the anterior chamber of the eye that is responsible for fine focusing of light onto the retina. A clear basement membrane, called the lens capsule, surrounds a bulk of elongated fiber cells covered by an anterior monolayer of epithelial cells1,2. Life-long growth of the lens depends on the continuous proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells at the lens equator into new fiber cells that are added onto previous generations of fiber cells in a concentric manner2. Over time, lens fiber cells undergo compaction, resulting in a rigid center in the middle of the lens called the nucleus1. Accommodation, defined as a dioptric change in the optical power of the eye, occurs in humans when the ciliary muscles contract to deform the lens and allow a true increase in optical power to focus on near objects3-5. In the unaccommodated eye, the lens is held in a relatively flattened state due to tension from zonular fibers. When the ciliary muscles contract, the tension on the lens is released, leading to decreased lens equatorial diameter and increased axial thickness. Age-related changes in the lens cause presbyopia, a progressive loss of lens accommodation, which leads to the need for reading glasses. 
Several studies have linked presbyopia to age-related increase in the intrinsic stiffness of the lens6-11. Stiffness is defined as the resistance of an elastic object to deform under applied load. A variety of methods have been used to examine stiffness of human lenses, including spin compression12-14, actuator compression15, probe indentation16, dynamic mechanical analysis 6,10 and bubble-based acoustic radiation force17. While mouse lenses do not accommodate or develop presbyopia, mouse models for lens pathologies are valuable tools because mice are less expensive than larger animals, well characterized genetically and undergo accelerated age-related changes due to rapid aging. A handful of studies have examined mouse lens stiffness with compression methods and demonstrated changes in lens stiffness due to aging or targeted genetic disruptions18-21. Thus, mouse lenses are good models for studying age-related changes in lens stiffness. 
This protocol describes a simple and inexpensive, yet precise and reproducible, compression method for determining mouse lens stiffness based on application of glass coverslips onto the lens in conjunction with photographing the lens through a dissection microscope and mirror. This method yields robust strain and morphometric data with an easily fabricated and assembled apparatus. The representative results confirm that mouse lenses increase in stiffness with age.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="811">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Fine tip straight forceps</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-40</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microdissection scissors, straight edge</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15000-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Curved forceps</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11272-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Seizing forceps</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Hammacher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HSC 702-93</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissection dish</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12565154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">60mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0875713A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">18mm x 18mm glass coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-542A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Measurement chamber with divots to hold lenses</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom-made (see Figure 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Right-angle mirror</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">45-591</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Light source</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Schott/Fostec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Illuminated dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SZX-ILLD100</td>
			<td>With SZ-PT phototube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digital camera</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Coolpix 990</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sequential application of glass coverslips to assess the compressive stiffness of the mouse lens: strain and morphometric analyses

眼のレンズは屈折し、網膜上に鮮明な画像を形成するために光を集光する透明な器官です。ヒトでは、毛様体筋の契約は、近くの物体に焦点を合わせるレンズの光学的パワー、宿泊として知られているプロセスの増加につながる、レンズを変形させます。加齢に関連するレンズ剛性の変化老眼にリンクされている、対応するレンズの能力の減少、および、拡張によって、老眼鏡が必要とされています。マウスのレンズは老眼を受け入れるか、発症しないにもかかわらず、マウスモデルが理解レンズ病理のための貴重な遺伝的なツールを提供することができ、およびマウスで観察された促進老化は、レンズ内の加齢変化の研究を可能にします。このプロトコルは、レンズに圧縮荷重を増加させる、順次適用し、ガラスカバースリップを使用して、マウスレンズ剛性を決定するために、簡単、正確、かつ費用効果的な方法を示します。代表的なデータは、マウスのレンズのような、年齢とともにより硬くなっていることを確認します人間のレンズ。この方法は、非常に再現性があり、潜在的により大きな動物から試験レンズを機械的にスケールアップすることができます。

剛性と2-、4-および8ヶ月齢のマウスのレンズの寸法を測定しました。マウスはTSRI動物飼育施設から得られた純粋なC57BL6株バックグラウンド上のすべての野生型動物であり、そして各レンズが1〜10のカバーガラスを装填しま​​した。軸方向および赤道株を各カバースリップを添加した後にレンズの軸と赤道直径を測定し、次いで対応するアンロード直径の直径の各変?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sequential Application of Glass Coverslips to Assess the Compressive Stiffness of the Mouse Lens: Strain and Morphometric Analyses at JoVE.com

Sequential Application of Glass Coverslips to Assess the Compressive Stiffness of the Mouse Lens: Strain and Morphometric Analyses

マウスレンズの圧縮剛性を評価するために、ガラスカバースリップの逐次適用：ひずみと形態計測分析

Age-related increases in eye lens stiffness are linked to presbyopia. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective method for measuring mouse lens stiffness. Mouse lenses, like human lenses, become stiffer with age. This method is precise and can be adapted for lenses from larger animals.

The eye lens is a transparent organ that refracts and focuses light to form a clear image on the retina. In humans, ciliary muscles contract to deform the ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to evaluate the compressive stiffness and geometry of mouse lenses using a simple and inexpensive approach. This method can answer key questions in the lens field. Such as how different genetic and experimental perturbations affect lens biomechanical properties.The main advantages of this technique are that it is precise, reproducible, and does not require expensive or specialized equipment. This method provides insight into the properties on mouse lenses, with potential application to larger model organisms such as rats and rabbits. Visualization of the method is critical because lens dissection and coverslip application steps are difficult to learn without demonstration.Demonstrating the procedure will be Catherine Cheng, a post doc from my laboratory. Begin the dissection using curved forceps to depress the tissue around the eye of a euthanized mouse bringing the eye out of the socket. Then, remove the eye and place it in a dissection dish containing fresh PBS under a dissecting microscope.Cut off the optic nerve as close to the eyeball as possible. And gently and carefully insert fine, straight tweezers into the eyeball through the hole where the optic nerve exits the posterior of the organ. Carefully make an incision with scissors from the posterior to the edge of the cornea, taking care not to damage the lens.Continue the incision along the junction between the cornea and the sclera, at least halfway around the eyeball. And gently push on the cornea to remove the lens from the eye through the opening. Then, use fine tipped straight forceps to carefully remove any large debris that is still attached to the lens.And visually confirm that the lens is free of damage. At least two hours before starting the stiffness measurements, use an analytical balance to weigh at least 10 cover slips from the same box. Determine the average weight of the cover slips.Then, pre wet the cover slips and a right angle mirror in room temperature PBS. While the materials are being hydrated, fill the measurement chamber with 65 to 75 milliliters of PBS. And place the chamber under a dissecting microscope set to a 30 X magnification, with illumination from the bottom and a fiber optic light source on the left and right sides.When the cover slips are ready, place the right angle mirror into the chamber at a constant distance from the divot that will be used to hold the lens. Next, using curved forceps, carefully transfer the dissected lenses to the measurement chamber. Set the power optic power supply to 80%of the maximum light intensity, and adjust the power supply output based on the ambient lighting, user preference, and picture quality as needed.Obtain top view images of the unloaded lenses from directly overhead of the chamber. Then, take a picture of the mirror edge in focus, followed by a side view image of the unloaded lens through the mirror outside of the divot. Then, place a lens into the divot, and confirm that the lens is seated securely and straight within the divot on it's anterior or posterior pole.Take a photo of the lens in the mirror. Then, gently place a cover slip onto the lens. After two minutes, take another side view image of the loaded lens.Continue adding cover slips, obtaining side view images two minutes after the addition of each cover slip, until the total of 10 cover slips have been applied. Then, remove all of the cover slips, wait a final two minutes, and obtain side view images of the lens inside and outside of the divot. And a top view image of the lens outside the divot.To determine the lens nucleus size, place a lens into a clean petri dish filled with PBS and use fine, straight forceps to gently decapsulate the lens. To off the cortical fiber cells, roll the lens between gloved fingers. Next, gently rinse the lens nucleus in the PBS and place the nucleus back into the measurement chamber.Acquire an image of the lens nucleus through the right angle mirror. Finally, to analyze the images, use the appropriate image analysis software to measure the equatorial and axial diameters of the lenses before and after each loading step. Measure the diameter of each lens nucleus as well.In this representative experiment, the stiffness and dimensions of two, four, and eight month old mouse lenses were measured and the axial and equatorial strains were calculated. The axial strain is a logarithmic function of applied load with a statistically significant, age dependent decrease in the axial and equatorial strains under the maximum applied load, indicating that the mouse lens stiffens with age. The image data collected during this experiment were also used to determine several other lens morphological characteristics.As expected, the axial and equatorial diameters, and the lens volume, increased with age. The aspect ratio indicates that the lens has a slightly larger equatorial diameter than axial diameter. And this parameter did not change with age.The diameter, volume, and fraction of the lens nucleus increase with age, suggesting that the lens nucleus remodels to increase in relative size as the lens ages. Once mastered, this technique can be completed in 30 to 45 minutes per lens, if performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to position the lens evenly inside the divot, and to allow the lens to stress relax for two minutes between each additional cover slip.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to assess the compressive stiffness, and morphometrics of mouse lenses using the sequential application of cover slips. This precise, simple, and inexpensive technique paves the way for lens researchers to explore the biomechanical effects of gene mutations in mice.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Lens Transplantation in Zebrafish and its Application in the Analysis of Eye Mutants

レンズゼブラフィッシュでの移植とアイ変異体の解析への応用

The lens plays an important role in the development of the optic cup[1,2]. Using the zebrafish as a model organism, questions regarding lens development ...

生物学

Purification of the M. magneticum Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&Delta;41

の精製 M. magneticum株AMB - 1 Magnetosome関連タンパク質MamAΔ41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is ...

Evisceration of Mouse Vitreous and Retina for Proteomic Analyses

プロテオーム解析のためのマウスの硝子体と網膜の内臓摘出

While the mouse retina has emerged as an important genetic model for inherited retinal disease, the mouse vitreous remains to be explored. The vitreous is ...

Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

相間細胞核の力学特性を探査する生物物理学的なアッセイ：基板の歪みのアプリケーションおよびマイクロニードル操作

In most eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle and is typically 2 to 10 times stiffer than the surrounding cytoskeleton; consequently, the ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

人工多能性幹細胞に由来するマウスの作製

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

の剛性を測定します<em&gt; ex vivoで</em原子間力顕微鏡を使用&gt;マウス大動脈

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

形態とマウスの下顎頭軟骨細胞解析法

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has the capacity to adapt to external stimuli, and loading changes can affect the position of condyles, as well as the ...

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

簡便な分離大豆プロトプ ラストと一過的遺伝子発現解析への応用

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. ...

Measurement of Liver Stiffness Using Atomic Force Microscopy Coupled with Polarization Microscopy

原子間力顕微鏡と偏光顕微鏡を組み合わせた肝臓のこわばり測定

Matrix stiffening has been recognized as one of the key drivers of the progression of liver fibrosis. It has profound effects on various aspects of cell ...