Name: sequential application of glass coverslips to assess the compressive stiffness of the mouse lens: strain and morphometric analyses
Uploaded: 2016-05-03T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sequential Application of Glass Coverslips to Assess the Compressive Stiffness of the Mouse Lens: Strain and Morphometric Analyses at JoVE.com

This work was supported by National Eye Institute Grant R01 EY017724 (VMF) and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Grant K99 AR066534 (DSG).

모든 동물의 절차는 스크립스 연구소의 기관 동물 케어 및 사용위원회의 보건 및 승인 된 프로토콜에 따라 국립 연구소에 의해 실험실 동물의 관리 및 사용을위한 설명서의 권장 사항에 따라 수행 하였다. 1. 렌즈 해부 <ol><li> 건강 &quot;실험 동물의 관리 및 사용을위한 가이드&quot;의 국립 연구소 및 승인 기관 동물 사용 프로토콜의 권장 사항에 따라 쥐를 안락사. </li><li> 곡?...

<ol>
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E., Fratello, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dictionary of ophthalmic optics. , (1995).</li><li>Millodot, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dictionary of optometry and visual science. 7, (2009).</li><li>Heys, K. R., Cram, S. L., Truscott, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Massive+increase+in+the+stiffness+of+the+human+lens+nucleus+with+age:+the+basis+for+presbyopia.">Massive increase in the stiffness of the human lens nucleus with age: the basis for presbyopia.</a> Mol Vis. 10, 956-963 (2004).</li><li>Heys, K. R., Friedrich, M. G., Truscott, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presbyopia+and+heat:+changes+associated+with+aging+of+the+human+lens+suggest+a+functional+role+for+the+small+heat+shock+protein,+alpha-crystallin,+in+maintaining+lens+flexibility.">Presbyopia and heat: changes associated with aging of the human lens suggest a functional role for the small heat shock protein, alpha-crystallin, in maintaining lens flexibility.</a> Aging Cell. 6 (6), 807-815 (2007).</li><li>Pierscionek, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+response+of+human+lenses+to+stretching+forces.">Age-related response of human lenses to stretching forces.</a> Exp Eye Res. 60 (3), 325-332 (1995).</li><li>Glasser, A., Biometric Campbell, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=optical+and+physical+changes+in+the+isolated+human+crystalline+lens+with+age+in+relation+to+presbyopia.">optical and physical changes in the isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia.</a> Vision Res. 39 (11), 1991-2015 (1999).</li><li>Weeber, H. A., van der Heijde, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+relationship+between+lens+stiffness+and+accommodative+amplitude.">On the relationship between lens stiffness and accommodative amplitude.</a> Exp Eye Res. 85 (5), 602-607 (2007).</li><li>Weeber, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+mechanical+properties+of+human+lenses.">Dynamic mechanical properties of human lenses.</a> Exp Eye Res. 80 (3), 425-434 (2005).</li><li>Fisher, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastic+properties+of+the+human+lens.">Elastic properties of the human lens.</a> Exp Eye Res. 11 (1), 143 (1971).</li><li>Krueger, R. R., Sun, X. K., Stroh, J., Myers, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+increase+in+accommodative+potential+after+neodymium:+yttrium-aluminum-garnet+laser+photodisruption+of+paired+cadaver+lenses.">Experimental increase in accommodative potential after neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser photodisruption of paired cadaver lenses.</a> Ophthalmology. 108 (11), 2122-2129 (2001).</li><li>Burd, H. J., Wilde, G. S., Judge, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+spinning+lens+test+to+determine+the+stiffness+of+the+human+lens.">An improved spinning lens test to determine the stiffness of the human lens.</a> Exp Eye Res. 92 (1), 28-39 (2011).</li><li>Glasser, A., Campbell, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presbyopia+and+the+optical+changes+in+the+human+crystalline+lens+with+age.">Presbyopia and the optical changes in the human crystalline lens with age.</a> Vision Res. 38 (2), 209-229 (1998).</li><li>Pau, H., Kranz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+increasing+sclerosis+of+the+human+lens+with+age+and+its+relevance+to+accommodation+and+presbyopia.">The increasing sclerosis of the human lens with age and its relevance to accommodation and presbyopia.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 229 (3), 294-296 (1991).</li><li>Hollman, K. W., O'Donnell, M., Erpelding, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+elasticity+in+human+lenses+using+bubble-based+acoustic+radiation+force.">Mapping elasticity in human lenses using bubble-based acoustic radiation force.</a> Exp Eye Res. 85 (6), 890-893 (2007).</li><li>Baradia, H., Nikahd, N., Glasser, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+lens+stiffness+measurements.">Mouse lens stiffness measurements.</a> Exp Eye Res. 91 (2), 300-307 (2010).</li><li>Gokhin, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tmod1+and+CP49+synergize+to+control+the+fiber+cell+geometry,+transparency,+and+mechanical+stiffness+of+the+mouse+lens.">Tmod1 and CP49 synergize to control the fiber cell geometry, transparency, and mechanical stiffness of the mouse lens.</a> PLoS One. 7 (11), e48734 (2012).</li><li>Sindhu Kumari, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Aquaporin+0+in+lens+biomechanics.">Role of Aquaporin 0 in lens biomechanics.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. , (2015).</li><li>Fudge, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intermediate+filaments+regulate+tissue+size+and+stiffness+in+the+murine+lens.">Intermediate filaments regulate tissue size and stiffness in the murine lens.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (6), 3860-3867 (2011).</li><li>Kuszak, J. R., Mazurkiewicz, M., Zoltoski, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+modeling+of+secondary+fiber+development+and+growth:+I.+Nonprimate+lenses.">Computer modeling of secondary fiber development and growth: I. Nonprimate lenses.</a> Mol Vis. 12, 251-270 (2006).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Kim, P., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+measurement+of+age-related+stiffening+in+the+crystalline+lens+by+Brillouin+optical+microscopy.">In vivo measurement of age-related stiffening in the crystalline lens by Brillouin optical microscopy.</a> Biophys J. 101 (6), 1539-1545 (2011).</li></ol>

렌즈의 강도를 측정하는이 방법을 사용할 때 몇 가지 중요한 고려 사항이 있습니다. 챔버 (θ)의 저부에 대하여 - (8.5 ° 8) 우선, 커버 슬립 약간 비스듬한 각도로 렌즈에 적용된다. 이 적도에 축보다는 오히려 부하의 매우 작은 구성 요소를 적용한다. 그러나이 적도 부하가 죄 θ ≈ 0.1 (19) 때문에 무시할 간주됩니다. 이 방법은 큰 렌즈에 적합한 경우, 상기 챔버의 하부에 커버 슬립 각도 적?...

The lens is a transparent and avascular organ in the anterior chamber of the eye that is responsible for fine focusing of light onto the retina. A clear basement membrane, called the lens capsule, surrounds a bulk of elongated fiber cells covered by an anterior monolayer of epithelial cells1,2. Life-long growth of the lens depends on the continuous proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells at the lens equator into new fiber cells that are added onto previous generations of fiber cells in a concentric manner2. Over time, lens fiber cells undergo compaction, resulting in a rigid center in the middle of the lens called the nucleus1. Accommodation, defined as a dioptric change in the optical power of the eye, occurs in humans when the ciliary muscles contract to deform the lens and allow a true increase in optical power to focus on near objects3-5. In the unaccommodated eye, the lens is held in a relatively flattened state due to tension from zonular fibers. When the ciliary muscles contract, the tension on the lens is released, leading to decreased lens equatorial diameter and increased axial thickness. Age-related changes in the lens cause presbyopia, a progressive loss of lens accommodation, which leads to the need for reading glasses. 
Several studies have linked presbyopia to age-related increase in the intrinsic stiffness of the lens6-11. Stiffness is defined as the resistance of an elastic object to deform under applied load. A variety of methods have been used to examine stiffness of human lenses, including spin compression12-14, actuator compression15, probe indentation16, dynamic mechanical analysis 6,10 and bubble-based acoustic radiation force17. While mouse lenses do not accommodate or develop presbyopia, mouse models for lens pathologies are valuable tools because mice are less expensive than larger animals, well characterized genetically and undergo accelerated age-related changes due to rapid aging. A handful of studies have examined mouse lens stiffness with compression methods and demonstrated changes in lens stiffness due to aging or targeted genetic disruptions18-21. Thus, mouse lenses are good models for studying age-related changes in lens stiffness. 
This protocol describes a simple and inexpensive, yet precise and reproducible, compression method for determining mouse lens stiffness based on application of glass coverslips onto the lens in conjunction with photographing the lens through a dissection microscope and mirror. This method yields robust strain and morphometric data with an easily fabricated and assembled apparatus. The representative results confirm that mouse lenses increase in stiffness with age.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="811">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:361px;">Fine tip straight forceps</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-40</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microdissection scissors, straight edge</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15000-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Curved forceps</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11272-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Seizing forceps</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Hammacher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HSC 702-93</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissection dish</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12565154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">60mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0875713A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">18mm x 18mm glass coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-542A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Measurement chamber with divots to hold lenses</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom-made (see Figure 1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Right-angle mirror</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Edmund Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">45-591</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Light source</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Schott/Fostec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Illuminated dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SZX-ILLD100</td>
			<td>With SZ-PT phototube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digital camera</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Coolpix 990</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sequential application of glass coverslips to assess the compressive stiffness of the mouse lens: strain and morphometric analyses

눈 렌즈는 굴절 및 망막에 선명한 화상을 형성하는 광을 집중 투명 기관이다. 인간, 모양체 근육 계약은 가까운 물체에 초점 렌즈 &#39;광 파워, 숙박 시설로 알려진 공정의 증가로 이어지는, 렌즈를 변형합니다. 렌즈 강성 연령 관련 변경 사항이 노안에 연결되었습니다 확장하여 수용 할 수있는 렌즈의 능력 감소하고, 안경을 독서의 필요성. 마우스 렌즈 수용 노안을 개발하지 않더라도, 마우스 모델 이해 렌즈 병리위한 귀중한 유전 적 수단을 제공 할 수 있으며, 마우스에서 관찰 된 가속 열화 렌즈의 연령과 관련된 변화에 대한 연구를 가능하게한다. 이 프로토콜은, 마우스 렌즈 강도를 결정 순차적으로 적용되는 렌즈에 압축 하중을 증가시키는 커버 글라스를 사용하는 단순하고 정확하고 비용 효율적인 방법을 설명한다. 대표적인 데이터는 마우스 렌즈처럼 나이가 엄격한되고 있는지 확인인간의 렌즈. 이 방법은 높은 재현성과 잠재적으로 더 큰 동물 시험 렌즈를 기계적으로까지 확장 할 수 있습니다.

강성 및 2-, 4-, 8 개월 된 마우스 렌즈의 크기를 측정 하였다. 마우스는 TSRI 동물 사육 시설에서 얻은 순수한 C57BL6 변형 배경 모두 야생형 동물이었고, 각각의 렌즈는 1~10 커버 슬립 적재 하였다. 축 적도 균주 각 커버 슬립을 첨가 한 후, 렌즈의 축 적도 직경을 측정 한 다음 해당 언로드 직경 직경 각 변화를 정규화하여 하중의 함수로서 계산 하였다. 각 세부터 여덟 렌즈를 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sequential Application of Glass Coverslips to Assess the Compressive Stiffness of the Mouse Lens: Strain and Morphometric Analyses at JoVE.com

Sequential Application of Glass Coverslips to Assess the Compressive Stiffness of the Mouse Lens: Strain and Morphometric Analyses

마우스 렌즈의 압축 강성을 평가하는 유리 Coverslips는 순차적으로 응용 프로그램 : 스트레인과 형태 학적 분석

Age-related increases in eye lens stiffness are linked to presbyopia. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective method for measuring mouse lens stiffness. Mouse lenses, like human lenses, become stiffer with age. This method is precise and can be adapted for lenses from larger animals.

The eye lens is a transparent organ that refracts and focuses light to form a clear image on the retina. In humans, ciliary muscles contract to deform the ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to evaluate the compressive stiffness and geometry of mouse lenses using a simple and inexpensive approach. This method can answer key questions in the lens field. Such as how different genetic and experimental perturbations affect lens biomechanical properties.The main advantages of this technique are that it is precise, reproducible, and does not require expensive or specialized equipment. This method provides insight into the properties on mouse lenses, with potential application to larger model organisms such as rats and rabbits. Visualization of the method is critical because lens dissection and coverslip application steps are difficult to learn without demonstration.Demonstrating the procedure will be Catherine Cheng, a post doc from my laboratory. Begin the dissection using curved forceps to depress the tissue around the eye of a euthanized mouse bringing the eye out of the socket. Then, remove the eye and place it in a dissection dish containing fresh PBS under a dissecting microscope.Cut off the optic nerve as close to the eyeball as possible. And gently and carefully insert fine, straight tweezers into the eyeball through the hole where the optic nerve exits the posterior of the organ. Carefully make an incision with scissors from the posterior to the edge of the cornea, taking care not to damage the lens.Continue the incision along the junction between the cornea and the sclera, at least halfway around the eyeball. And gently push on the cornea to remove the lens from the eye through the opening. Then, use fine tipped straight forceps to carefully remove any large debris that is still attached to the lens.And visually confirm that the lens is free of damage. At least two hours before starting the stiffness measurements, use an analytical balance to weigh at least 10 cover slips from the same box. Determine the average weight of the cover slips.Then, pre wet the cover slips and a right angle mirror in room temperature PBS. While the materials are being hydrated, fill the measurement chamber with 65 to 75 milliliters of PBS. And place the chamber under a dissecting microscope set to a 30 X magnification, with illumination from the bottom and a fiber optic light source on the left and right sides.When the cover slips are ready, place the right angle mirror into the chamber at a constant distance from the divot that will be used to hold the lens. Next, using curved forceps, carefully transfer the dissected lenses to the measurement chamber. Set the power optic power supply to 80%of the maximum light intensity, and adjust the power supply output based on the ambient lighting, user preference, and picture quality as needed.Obtain top view images of the unloaded lenses from directly overhead of the chamber. Then, take a picture of the mirror edge in focus, followed by a side view image of the unloaded lens through the mirror outside of the divot. Then, place a lens into the divot, and confirm that the lens is seated securely and straight within the divot on it's anterior or posterior pole.Take a photo of the lens in the mirror. Then, gently place a cover slip onto the lens. After two minutes, take another side view image of the loaded lens.Continue adding cover slips, obtaining side view images two minutes after the addition of each cover slip, until the total of 10 cover slips have been applied. Then, remove all of the cover slips, wait a final two minutes, and obtain side view images of the lens inside and outside of the divot. And a top view image of the lens outside the divot.To determine the lens nucleus size, place a lens into a clean petri dish filled with PBS and use fine, straight forceps to gently decapsulate the lens. To off the cortical fiber cells, roll the lens between gloved fingers. Next, gently rinse the lens nucleus in the PBS and place the nucleus back into the measurement chamber.Acquire an image of the lens nucleus through the right angle mirror. Finally, to analyze the images, use the appropriate image analysis software to measure the equatorial and axial diameters of the lenses before and after each loading step. Measure the diameter of each lens nucleus as well.In this representative experiment, the stiffness and dimensions of two, four, and eight month old mouse lenses were measured and the axial and equatorial strains were calculated. The axial strain is a logarithmic function of applied load with a statistically significant, age dependent decrease in the axial and equatorial strains under the maximum applied load, indicating that the mouse lens stiffens with age. The image data collected during this experiment were also used to determine several other lens morphological characteristics.As expected, the axial and equatorial diameters, and the lens volume, increased with age. The aspect ratio indicates that the lens has a slightly larger equatorial diameter than axial diameter. And this parameter did not change with age.The diameter, volume, and fraction of the lens nucleus increase with age, suggesting that the lens nucleus remodels to increase in relative size as the lens ages. Once mastered, this technique can be completed in 30 to 45 minutes per lens, if performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to position the lens evenly inside the divot, and to allow the lens to stress relax for two minutes between each additional cover slip.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to assess the compressive stiffness, and morphometrics of mouse lenses using the sequential application of cover slips. This precise, simple, and inexpensive technique paves the way for lens researchers to explore the biomechanical effects of gene mutations in mice.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Lens Transplantation in Zebrafish and its Application in the Analysis of Eye Mutants

렌즈 Zebrafish의 이식과 눈 돌연변이의 분석에의 응용

The lens plays an important role in the development of the optic cup[1,2]. Using the zebrafish as a model organism, questions regarding lens development ...

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생물학

Purification of the M. magneticum Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&Delta;41

의 정화 M. magneticum 스트레인 AMB - 1 Magnetosome 관련 단백질 MamAΔ41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is ...

Evisceration of Mouse Vitreous and Retina for Proteomic Analyses

Proteomic 분석을위한 마우스 유리체 및 망막의 내장 적출

While the mouse retina has emerged as an important genetic model for inherited retinal disease, the mouse vitreous remains to be explored. The vitreous is ...

Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

계면 세포 핵의 기계적 성질을 알아내기 위해 Biophysical Assays : 기판 스트레인 신청 및 Microneedle 조작

In most eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle and is typically 2 to 10 times stiffer than the surrounding cytoskeleton; consequently, the ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

유도 만능의 줄기 세포에서 파생 마우스의 생성

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

의 강성 측정<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em원자 힘 현미경을 사용하여&gt; 마우스 대동맥

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...

A Morphometric and Cellular Analysis Method for the Murine Mandibular Condyle

형태학 및 Murine 악의 관절 돌기 세포 분석 방법

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has the capacity to adapt to external stimuli, and loading changes can affect the position of condyles, as well as the ...

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

콩 Protoplasts 및 변이 유전자 표정 분석 응용 프로그램의 격리에 대 한 간단한 방법

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. ...

Measurement of Liver Stiffness Using Atomic Force Microscopy Coupled with Polarization Microscopy

편광 현미경과 결합된 원자력 현미경을 사용한 간 경화도 측정

Matrix stiffening has been recognized as one of the key drivers of the progression of liver fibrosis. It has profound effects on various aspects of cell ...