Name: characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water
Uploaded: 2016-08-03T09:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

The Swedish EPA (Naturv&#229;rdsverket) (agreement 2208-13-001) and Centre for Chemical Pesticides (CKB) are gratefully acknowledged for funding this project. We thank M&#228;rit Peterson, Henrik Jernstedt, Emma Gurnell and Elin Paulsson at the OMK-lab, SLU, for skillful assistance with analytical support and supply of pesticide standards.

1. Passivo Sampler Concepção e Preparação <ol><li> Folhas de borracha de silicone <ol><li> Corte as folhas de borracha de silicone (600 mm x 600 mm, 0,5 mm de espessura) em faixas de 2,5 mm x 600 mm e 2,5 mm x 314 mm usando um cortador de aço inoxidável e conectá-los usando um rebite cego de aço inoxidável (3,2 mm x 10 mm ) com uma pistola de rebite para se obter um tamanho total listra amostrador de 2,5 mm x 914 milímetros (área superficial = 457 centímetros 2, sorvente massa =...

<ol>
	<li>Rodney, S. I., Teed, R. S., Moore, D. R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+the+toxicity+of+pesticide+mixtures+to+aquatic+organisms:+A+review.">Estimating the toxicity of pesticide mixtures to aquatic organisms: A review.</a> Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 19 (6), 1557-1575 (2013).</li><li>Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticides+in+stream+water+within+an+agricultural+catchment+in+southern+Sweden,+1990-1996.">Pesticides in stream water within an agricultural catchment in southern Sweden, 1990-1996.</a> Sci. Total Environ. 216 (3), 227-251 (1998).</li><li>Carlson, J. C., Challis, J. K., Hanson, M. L., Wong, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stability+of+pharmaceuticals+and+other+polar+organic+compounds+stored+on+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+samplers+and+solid-phase+extraction+cartridges.">Stability of pharmaceuticals and other polar organic compounds stored on polar organic chemical integrative samplers and solid-phase extraction cartridges.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32 (2), 337-344 (2013).</li><li>Alvarez, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+passive,+in+situ,+integrative+sampler+for+hydrophilic+organic+contaminants+in+aquatic+environments.">Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 (7), 1640-1648 (2004).</li><li>Vrana, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+sampling:+An+effective+method+for+monitoring+seasonal+and+spatial+variability+of+dissolved+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants+and+metals+in+the+Danube+river.">Passive sampling: An effective method for monitoring seasonal and spatial variability of dissolved hydrophobic organic contaminants and metals in the Danube river.</a> Environ. Pollut. 184, 101-112 (2014).</li><li>Dougherty, J. A., Swarzenski, P. W., Dinicola, R. S., Reinhard, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+of+herbicides+and+pharmaceutical+and+personal+care+products+in+surface+water+and+groundwater+around+Liberty+Bay,+Puget+Sound,+Washington.">Occurrence of herbicides and pharmaceutical and personal care products in surface water and groundwater around Liberty Bay, Puget Sound, Washington.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 39 (4), 1173-1180 (2010).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz, I., Mart&#236;nez Bueno, M. J., Ag&#252;era, A., Fern&#225;ndez-Alba, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+and+human+health+risk+assessment+of+organic+micro-pollutants+occurring+in+a+Spanish+marine+fish+farm.">Environmental and human health risk assessment of organic micro-pollutants occurring in a Spanish marine fish farm.</a> Environ. Pollut. 158 (5), 1809-1816 (2010).</li><li>Wille, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+quantification+of+pharmaceuticals+and+pesticides+in+passive+samplers+using+ultra+high+performance+liquid+chromatography+coupled+to+high+resolution+mass+spectrometry.">Rapid quantification of pharmaceuticals and pesticides in passive samplers using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1218 (51), 9162-9173 (2011).</li><li>Poulier, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimates+of+pesticide+concentrations+and+fluxes+in+two+rivers+of+an+extensive+French+multi-agricultural+watershed:+application+of+the+passive+sampling+strategy.">Estimates of pesticide concentrations and fluxes in two rivers of an extensive French multi-agricultural watershed: application of the passive sampling strategy.</a> Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22 (11), 8044-8057 (2015).</li><li>Moschet, C., Vermeirssen, E. L. M., Singer, H., Stamm, C., Hollender, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+in-situ+calibration+of+chemcatcher+passive+samplers+for+322+micropollutants+in+agricultural+and+urban+affected+rivers.">Evaluation of in-situ calibration of chemcatcher passive samplers for 322 micropollutants in agricultural and urban affected rivers.</a> Water Res. 71, 306-317 (2015).</li><li>Petty, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+approach+for+assessment+of+water+quality+using+semipermeable+membrane+devices+(SPMDs)+and+bioindicator+tests.">An approach for assessment of water quality using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and bioindicator tests.</a> Chemosphere. 41 (3), 311-321 (2000).</li><li>Metcalfe, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contaminants+in+the+coastal+karst+aquifer+system+along+the+Caribbean+coast+of+the+Yucatan+Peninsula,+Mexico.">Contaminants in the coastal karst aquifer system along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.</a> Environ. Pollut. 159 (4), 991-997 (2011).</li><li>Allan, I. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+performance+of+seven+passive+sampling+devices+for+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+substances.">Field performance of seven passive sampling devices for monitoring of hydrophobic substances.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (14), 5383-5390 (2009).</li><li>Vrana, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+sampling+techniques+for+monitoring+pollutants+in+water.">Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 24 (10), 845-868 (2005).</li><li>Allan, I. J., Harman, C., Ranneklev, S. B., Thomas, K. V., Grung, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+sampling+for+target+and+nontarget+analyses+of+moderately+polar+and+nonpolar+substances+in+water.">Passive sampling for target and nontarget analyses of moderately polar and nonpolar substances in water.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32 (8), 1718-1726 (2013).</li><li>Escher, B. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+contaminant+removal+of+reverse+osmosis+and+advanced+oxidation+in+full-scale+operation+by+combining+passive+sampling+with+chemical+analysis+and+bioanalytical+tools.">Evaluation of contaminant removal of reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation in full-scale operation by combining passive sampling with chemical analysis and bioanalytical tools.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 5387-5394 (2011).</li><li>Pesce, S., Morin, S., Lissalde, S., Montuelle, B., Mazzella, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+samplers+(POCIS)+with+toxicity+testing+to+evaluate+pesticide+mixture+effects+on+natural+phototrophic+biofilms.">Combining polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) with toxicity testing to evaluate pesticide mixture effects on natural phototrophic biofilms.</a> Environ. Pollut. 159 (3), 735-741 (2011).</li><li>Booij, K., Smedes, F., Van Weerlee, E. M., Honkoop, P. J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+monitoring+of+hydrophobic+organic+contaminants:+The+case+of+mussels+versus+semipermeable+membrane+devices.">Environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants: The case of mussels versus semipermeable membrane devices.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (12), 3893-3900 (2006).</li><li>Harman, C., Allan, I. J., Vermeirssen, E. L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+and+use+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler-a+critical+review.">Calibration and use of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler-a critical review.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31 (12), 2724-2738 (2012).</li><li>Jonker, M. T. O., Der Heijden, S. A. V. a. n., Kotte, M., Smedes, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+effects+of+temperature+and+salinity+on+partitioning+of+hydrophobic+organic+chemicals+to+silicone+rubber+passive+samplers.">Quantifying the effects of temperature and salinity on partitioning of hydrophobic organic chemicals to silicone rubber passive samplers.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (11), 6791-6799 (2015).</li><li>Jansson, C., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiresidue+analysis+of+95+pesticides+at+low+nanogram/liter+levels+in+surface+waters+using+online+preconcentration+and+high+performance+liquid+chromatography/tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Multiresidue analysis of 95 pesticides at low nanogram/liter levels in surface waters using online preconcentration and high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.</a> J. AOAC Int. 93 (6), 1732-1747 (2010).</li><li>Ahrens, L., Daneshvar, A., Lau, A. E., Kreuger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+five+passive+sampling+devices+for+monitoring+of+pesticides+in+water.">Characterization of five passive sampling devices for monitoring of pesticides in water.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1405, 1-11 (2015).</li><li>Royston, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approximating+the+Shapiro-Wilk+W-test+for+non-normality.">Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality.</a> Stat. Comput. 2 (3), 117-119 (1992).</li><li>Gauthier, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+trends+using+Spearman's+rank+correlation+coefficient.">Detecting trends using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.</a> Environ. Forensics. 2 (4), 359-362 (2001).</li><li>Morin, N., Mi&#232;ge, C., Coquery, M., Randon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+calibration,+performance,+validation+and+applications+of+the+polar+organic+chemical+integrative+sampler+(POCIS)+in+aquatic+environments.">Chemical calibration, performance, validation and applications of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) in aquatic environments.</a> TrAC - Trend. Anal. Chem. 36, 144-175 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+Quality+-+Sampling+-+Part+23:+Guidance+on+Passive+Sampling+in+Surface+Waters.">Water Quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on Passive Sampling in Surface Waters.</a> ISO 5667-23:2011. , (2011).</li><li>Morin, N., Camilleri, J., Cren-Oliv&#233;, C., Coquery, M., Mi&#232;ge, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+uptake+kinetics+and+sampling+rates+for+56+organic+micropollutants+using+"pharmaceutical"+POCIS.">Determination of uptake kinetics and sampling rates for 56 organic micropollutants using "pharmaceutical" POCIS.</a> Talanta. 109, 61-73 (2013).</li></ol>

Para controle de qualidade, como procedimento padrão, placas de laboratório, limites de detecção (LOD), recuperações, e repetibilidade foram examinados 23. Alguns pesticidas foram detectados nas amostras em branco em níveis baixos de concentração. LODs foram definidas como o valor do ponto mais baixo da curva de calibração, que satisfaz os critérios de uma relação sinal-ruído de 3. Os LODs médios foram de 8,0 pg absoluta injectado na coluna para a borracha de silicone, 1,7 pg absoluto para POC...

Os pesticidas são continuamente novos elementos para o ambiente aquático e pode representar um risco para os organismos aquáticos 1. Monitoramento de pesticidas no ambiente aquoso é normalmente realizada utilizando amostragem garra, no entanto, esta técnica de amostragem não terem plenamente em conta as variações temporais nas concentrações devido a flutuações nas entradas de vazão ou episódicos (por exemplo, precipitação, esgoto transborda combinados, libertação lagoa de esgoto) 2 , 3. Assim, os métodos de monitoramento precisam ser melhorados para uma melhor estimativa dos riscos ambientais associados aos pesticidas. A amostragem passiva permite a monitorização contínua ao longo de um período de tempo prolongado com o mínimo de infra-estrutura e baixas concentrações de contaminantes 4,5. Amostradores passivos têm sido mostrados para ser uma valiosa ferramenta para o monitoramento nas águas subterrâneas 6, água fresca 7-10, águas residuais 11 e 12 águas marinhas. Além fins de monitoramento <suP&gt; 13,14, amostradores passivos também têm sido utilizados para análise não-alvo 15, os testes de toxicologia 16,17, e como uma alternativa para sediment- e biomonitoração 18. Amostradores passivos acumular produtos químicos continuamente de água e dar tempo médio ponderado (TWA), as concentrações 14. A absorção do contaminante depende da taxa de amostragem (R S) e o coeficiente de partição amostrador-água passiva (K PW), que depende do desenho passiva amostrador, material amostrador, as propriedades físico-químicas do contaminante, e às condições ambientais (por exemplo, água turbulência, temperatura) 13,14,19,20. O vídeo detalhado tem como objetivo mostrar como calibrar e aplicar amostradores passivos de pesticidas em água. Os objectivos específicos incluídos i) para realizar a preparação, extração e análise instrumental de 124 pesticidas individuais usando cinco tipos diferentes de sampl passivaers, incluindo borracha de silicone, polar orgânico química integrativa amostrador (POCIS) -A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS e C 18 disco, ii) para avaliar R S e K PW relação aos pesticidas em um estudo de absorção de laboratório, e iii) para demonstrar como selecionar o amostrador passivo apropriado do composto alvo de interesse e como calcular as concentrações de TWA para o respectivo amostrador passivo. Padrões de referência e dispositivos amostradores passivos Compostos-alvo incluídas 124 legado e pesticidas actualmente utilizados, incluindo herbicidas, inseticidas e fungicidas (Tabela 1). Mistura de padrão interno (IS mistura) incluiu fenoprop (2,4,5-TP), clotianidina-D 3, etião e terbutilazina-D 5. Outros produtos químicos utilizados incluíram metanol (MeOH), acetonitrilo (ACN), acetona (ACE), diclorometano (DCM), ciclo-hexano (CH), acetato de etilo (EA), et petróleoela (PE), 2-propanol, solução de amoníaco a 25%, ácido acético (HAc) e ácido fórmico (FA). Cinco dispositivos de amostragem passiva diferentes foram caracterizados, incluindo borracha de silicone, POCIS-A e POCIS-B, SDB-RPS, e C 18 1,21 disco. Tabela 1. Taxa de amostragem amostrador passivo (R? S, G dia -1), os coeficientes de partição em água amostrador (K &#39;PW, L kg -1) e as equações (Eq.) Utilizados para o cálculo das concentrações nas amostras de campo para indivíduo pesticidas a. (Reproduzido da Journal of Chromatography A, 1405, Lutz Ahrens, Atlasi Daneshvar, Anna E. Lau, Jenny Kreuger, Caracterização de cinco dispositivos de amostragem passiva para monitoramento de pesticidas em água, 1-11, Copyright (2015), com a permissão de Elsevier .) 22 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54053/Table_1.xlsx" target="_blank">Por favor, clique aqui para fazer o download deste arquivo.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1047">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1.06035.2500</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.00029.2500&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;width:492px;">Acetone</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1.00012.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-propanol</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.00272.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.06054.2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammoniak</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.05428.1000</td>
			<td>Purity 25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>94318-50ML-F</td>
			<td>Purity ~98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;">Ethyl acetate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>31063-2.5L</td>
			<td>for pesticide residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;">Petroleum ether&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34491-4X2.5L</td>
			<td>for pesticide residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320099-500ML</td>
			<td>Purity &#8805;99.7%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cyclohexane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td>C/8933/17</td>
			<td>for residue analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Empty polypropylene SPE Tube with PE frits, 20 &#956;m porosity, volume 6&#160;mL</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Supelco</td>
			<td>57026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Empore SPE Disks, C18, diam. 47&#160;mm</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">66883-U</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Empore SPE Disks, SDB-RPS (Reversed-Phase Sulfonate), diam. 47&#160;mm</td>
			<td>Supelco</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">66886-U&#160;</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">POCIS-A&#160;</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">POCIS-HLB</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">POCIS-B</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">POCIS-Pesticide&#160;</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes</td>
			<td>EST</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">PES</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Silicone rubber sheet</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Altec</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">03-65-4516</td>
			<td>Passive sampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Agilent 5975C</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">5975C</td>
			<td>GC-MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:492px;">HP-5MS UI</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">J&#38;W Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">HP-5MS</td>
			<td>Analytical column for GC-MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Agilent 6460</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">6460</td>
			<td>HPLC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Strata C18&#8211;E, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&#8211;25 &#956;m particle size</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Strata C18&#8211;E</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Strata X, 20 x 2 mm id and 20&#8211;25 &#956;m particle size</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Strata X</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Online SPE column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:492px;">Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18</td>
			<td>Analytical column for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Isolute phase separator, 25 mL</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Biotage</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">120-1907-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:492px;">Stainless steel blind rivet, 3.2x10 mm</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Ejot &#38; Avdel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">951222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterization and application of passive samplers for monitoring of pesticides in water

Cinco amostradores passivos de água diferentes foram calibrados em condições de laboratório para a medição de 124 legado e pesticidas utilizados atuais. Este estudo fornece um protocolo para a preparação amostrador passivo, calibração, método de extração e análise instrumental. Taxas de amostragem (R S) e coeficientes de partição amostrador de águas passivos (K PW) foram calculados para borracha de silicone, polar orgânico química integrativa amostrador POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS e C 18 disco. A absorção dos compostos selecionados dependia de suas propriedades físico-químicas, ou seja, borracha de silicone mostraram uma melhor aceitação para os compostos mais hidrofóbicos (log do coeficiente de partição octanol-água (K OW)&gt; 5.3), enquanto que POCIS-A, POCIS-B e SDB- disco RPS foram mais adequado para compostos hidrofílicos (log K OW &lt;0,70).

Cinco técnicas de amostragem passiva diferentes foram comparados para a captação de 124 legado e atuais pesticidas utilizados, incluindo borracha de silicone (Figura 1), e POCIS A, B POCIS, SDB-RPS e C 18 de disco (Figura 2). O desempenho do método de extração e análise instrumental foi otimizado. O resultado das experiências de incorporação de laboratório pode ser usada para calcular &#39;S e log K&#39;...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water at JoVE.com

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Caracterização e aplicação de amostradores passivos de monitorização de pesticidas em água

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to demonstrate preparation, extraction, and analysis of pesticides using five different passive sampling devices and to show how to calibrate them in the laboratory for field application. Passive sampling is a promising tool to answer quick questions for measuring pesticides, continuously at low concentration levels to improve for example, environmental risk assessments. The main advantage of passive sampling is that it's a simple time-integrated method for measuring a broad range of pesticides in aqueous environment.This method is a valuable tool for monitoring of pesticides in water. It can also be used for non-target analyzers, toxicity testing, and as an alternative for sediment and biomonitoring. Following this procedure, sampling rates and passive sampler water partitioning coefficients can be calculated based on the uptake profile for individual pesticides.Cut silicone rubber sheets into stripes of 2.5 millimeters by 600 millimeters and 2.5 millimeters by 214 millimeters using a stainless steel cutter. Connect them using a stainless steel blind rivet with a rivet gun to obtain a total sampler stripe size of 2.5 millimeters by 914 millimeters. After cleaning the silicone rubbers by socket extraction as described in the text protocol attach a silicone rubber stripe to a stainless steel spider sampler holder by wrapping the silicone rubber stripe around the rods on the holder.Attach each end of the silicone rubber stripe to a rod on the holder to the loop at the end of the silicone rubber stripe. For POCIS A place 220 milligrams of HLB bulk sorbent between 2 9.0 centimeters by 9.0 centimeters square PES membranes. For POCIS B, place 220 milligrams of a sorbent mixture between two PES membranes.Compress the sorbent and the two PES membranes between two stainless steel rings manually, and secure onto a stainless steel sample holder. Next, place the SDBRPC and C18 disks between two PES membranes. Similarly compress the disks and two PES membranes between two stainless steel rings manually and secure onto a stainless steel sample holder.Fill the three tanks with natural water. Perform all experiments at a constant water temperature and under turbulent water conditions using two electric pumps attached to the tank wall on each side. Also perform the experiments in the dark to minimize the effect of photo-degradation.Next spike each glass container with a pesticide standard mixture containing 124 pesticides using a glass syringe. Conduct the uptake study in rectangular 95 liter glass containers. Designate tank one for silicone rubber, tank two for POCIS A, POCIS B.And tank three for SDB-RPS disk C18 disk.Take out the passive samplers manually from the tanks at time intervals of 5, 11, 20, and 26 days to determine the sampling rates of the pesticides. In addition, monitor the concentrations of the pesticides in each tank by collecting 100 milliliter water samples at day 0, 5, 11, 20, and 26. Prior to extraction, dry the silicone rubber stripe under a stream of high purity nitrogen gas.For gas chromotography mass spectrometry analysis, carry out the solid liquid extraction using sockslet extraction. After placing the silicone rubber into the sockslet extractor add 250 milliliters petroleum ether and acetone and 3 boiling stones into the round bottom flask. Spike the silicone rubber with 100 microliters of an internal standard mixture using a pipet.Then add 50 milliliters of petroleum acetone into the sockslet extractor. Switch on the heater and run the sockslet extraction for 19 hours and then switch off the heater. Concentrate the extracts by rotory evaporation followed by gentle nitrogen blowdown to one milliliter.Exchange the solvent to 90 to 10 cyclohexane to acetone by adding 3 times 1 milliliter of cyclohexane acetone during the nitrogen blowdown to 1 milliliter. For liquid chromotography tandem mass spectrometry analysis the silicone rubber is extracted with 300 milliliters of methanol. Exchange the solvent to a acetonitrile by adding one milliliter of acetonitrile during the nitrogen blowdown to one milliliter.Open the POCIS sampler carefully and transfer the sorbent with ultra-pure water using a funnel into a pre-cleaned empty polypropylene solid face extraction cartridge containing two polyethylene frets. Dry the sorbent by vacuum to remove water. Prior to elution, spike the sorbent with 100 microliters of an internal standard mixture using a pipet.Elude the POCIS A and POCIS B cartridges using 1.5 milliliters of methanol followed by 8 milliliters of 80 to 20 dychloromethane to methanol for LCMSMS analysis. Concentrate the extracts to 1 milliliter by gentle nitrogen blowdown before exchanging the solvent to acetonitrile by adding 1 milliliter of acetonitrile during the nitrogen blowdown to 1 milliliter. For gas chromotography mass spectrometry analysis POCIS A and B is eluded using 5 milliliters of ethyl acetate and the solvent is exchanged to 90 to 10 cyclohexane to acetone by adding 3 times 1 milliliter of cyclohexane to acetone during the nitrogen blowdown to 1 milliliter.Transfer individual disks of SDB-RPS and C18 into a glass beaker and dry them under nitrogen gas. Spike the disks with 100 microliters of an internal standard mixture using a pipet. Sonicate the disks two times in a glass beaker at room temperature.First with five milliliters of ethyl acetate for ten minutes and then with three milliliters of ethyl acetate for ten minutes. Transfer both extracts into one glass tube before concentrating them to two milliliters by gentle nitrogen blowdown. Split the samples into two one millimeter fractions for GCMS and LCMSMS analysis.In one fraction concentrate the extracts to 0.5 milliliters by gentle nitrogen blowdown and then exchange the solvent to cyclohexane and acetone for GCMS analysis. For LCMSMS analysis concentrate the extracts to 0.5 milliliters by gentle nitrogen blowdown and exchange the solvent to acetonitrile. Shown here are exemplary results for the uptake of acetamiprid in silicone rubber in nanograms showing a linear uptake from day 0 to 20 and then a curvilinear uptake from day 20 to 26.This plot shows exemplary results for the uptake of dimethoate in silicone rubber in nanograms. Showing a linear uptake from day 0 to 10 and then an equilibrium after day 10. The five tested passive samplers were capable of accumulating pesticides with a wide range of different octenol water partition coefficients showing that silicone rubber is more suitable for hydrophobic compounds, whereas more polar compounds were better taken up by POCIS A, POCIS B, and SDB-RPS disk.After watching this video you should have a good understanding how to prepare, extract, and analysis pesticides using five different passive sampling devices and how to calibrate them in the laboratory. While attempting this procedure it's important to remember that this study was performed under static conditions while future uptake study should consider using follow-through exposure or in calibration. The usage of performance compounds, which are spiked to the passive sampler before deployment can be used to calculate n-zeto sampling rates and allow for more accurate estimates of time-rate average concentration.Please don't forget, working with organic solvents acets and basics can be extremely hazardous and precautions like lab coat, gloves, eye protection, should be taken while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Waste Water Derived Electroactive Microbial Biofilms: Growth, Maintenance, and Basic Characterization

The growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms from waste water inocula in a fed-batch reactor is demonstrated using a three-electrode setup ...

Ambiente

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Método 1615. Medição de Enterovirus e Norovirus Ocorrência na água pela cultura e RT-qPCR. I. Recolha de amostras de vírus

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Método 1615. Medição de Enterovirus e Norovirus Ocorrência na água por cultura e RT-qPCR. Parte III. Detecção de vírus por RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Calibrado amostragem passiva - Multi-enredo medições de campo de NH 3 Emissões com uma combinação de método do tubo Dinâmico e amostradores passivos

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Extração de Pesticidas Organoclorados de Pelotização de Plástico e Análise de Tipo de Plástico

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Monitoramento Contínuo de Nutrientes e Sedimentos em Bacias Agrícolas

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Contínua hidrológicos e monitoramento da qualidade do Vernal lagoas de água

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Improving Infrared Spectroscopy Characterization of Soil Organic Matter with Spectral Subtractions

Melhorando a espectroscopia de infravermelho de caracterização da matéria orgânica do solo com subtrações espectrais

Soil organic matter (SOM) underlies numerous soil processes and functions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy detects infrared-active organic ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

O teste de infecção da planta: Spray e inoculação mediada por ferimento com o de patógeno vegetal Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field

Visualizando a eficácia de pesticidas contra mosquitos vetores de doenças no campo

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform ...