Name: hkust-1 as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of vanillin
Uploaded: 2016-07-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin at JoVE.com

The authors thank Dr. A. Tejeda-Cruz (X-ray; IIM-UNAM). R.Y. thanks CINVESTAV, Mexico for technical support. M.S.S acknowledges the financial support by Spanish Government, MINECO (MAT2012-31127). I.A.I thanks CONACyT (212318) and PAPIIT UNAM (IN100415), Mexico for financial support. E.G-Z. thanks CONACyT (156801 and 236879), Mexico for financial support. Thanks to U. Winnberg (ITAM and ITESM) for scientific discussions.

PRECAUCIÓN: Los productos químicos utilizados en este procedimiento catalítico son relativamente bajos en toxicidad y no carcinogénico. Por favor, use todas las precauciones de seguridad apropiadas al realizar este procedimiento experimental, tales como gafas de seguridad, guantes, ropa de laboratorio, pantalones largos y zapatos cerrados. Una parte de los siguientes procedimientos se aplican técnicas de manipulación libre de aire estándar. 1. activación del catalizador (HKUST-1) <ol><li> La cristalini...

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Biotechnol. 44 (3), 335-353 (2006).</li><li>Yepez, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+activity+of+HKUST-1+in+the+oxidation+of+trans-ferulic+acid+to+vanillin.">Catalytic activity of HKUST-1 in the oxidation of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin.</a> New. J. Chem. 39 (7), 5112-5115 (2015).</li></ol>

El paso fundamental para la conversión catalítica de ácido trans -ferulic a vainillina fue la activación del catalizador (HKUST-1). Si el catalizador no se activa in situ (en vacío y a 100 ° C), sólo se observó conversión parcial de ácido trans -ferulic a vainillina 44. En otras palabras, la accesibilidad para abrir sitios de metal es crucial para el ciclo catalítico 44, y esto se puede lograr mediante la eliminación de agua coordinada a los sitios de metal Cu...

El uso de polímeros de coordinación porosos (PCP) como catalizadores heterogéneos 1-4 es un campo relativamente nuevo de investigación. Debido a las propiedades muy interesantes que muestran los PCP, por ejemplo, la regularidad porosa, área de superficie alta y el acceso de metal, que pueden ofrecer nuevas alternativas de catalizadores heterogéneos 5-6. La generación de los médicos de cabecera con actividad catalítica ha sido el principal foco de muchos grupos de investigación 7-10. Un polímero de coordinación poroso está constituido por iones de metal y enlazadores orgánicos y, por tanto, la actividad catalítica de estos materiales es proporcionado por cualquiera de estas partes. Algunos PCP contienen metales insaturados (activo) que pueden catalizar una reacción química 11. Sin embargo, la generación de sitios de metal insaturados (sitios de metal abierta) dentro de polímeros de coordinación no es una tarea trivial y representa un desafío sintético que se puede resumir en: (i) la generación de coordinación vacante por la eliminación de ligandos lábiles 7-11;(Ii) la generación de los PCP bimetálicos mediante la incorporación de ligandos organometálicos (sintetizado previamente) 8,12-13; (Iii) la variación post-sintético de los iones metálicos 9,14-15 o a los ligandos orgánicos 10, 16 a 17 dentro de los poros de la PCP. Dado que la metodología (i) es el más simple de este modo, es el más frecuentemente utilizado. Típicamente, la generación de sitios de metal abiertas se ha utilizado para mejorar la afinidad de los PCP hacia H 2 18-19, así como para el diseño de catalizadores heterogéneos activos 20-27. Con el fin de lograr buenas propiedades de catalizador, PCP necesita mostrar, además, a la accesibilidad de los sitios de metal abierto, la retención de la cristalinidad después del experimento catalítico, relativamente alta estabilidad térmica y la estabilidad química de las condiciones de reacción. HKUST-1 (3 Cu (BTC) 2 (H2O) 3, BTC = 1,3,5-benceno-tricarboxilato) 7 esun polímero poroso bien investigado coordinación construido con cationes de Cu (II), que se coordinó con los ligandos carboxilato y agua. Curiosamente, estas moléculas de agua se pueden eliminar (por calentamiento) y esto proporciona una coordinación cuadrada plana alrededor de los iones de cobre, que presentan propiedades de ácido de Lewis duros 11. Bordiga y compañeros de trabajo 28 mostraron que la eliminación de estas moléculas de H2O no afectó a la cristalinidad (retención de la regularidad) y el estado de oxidación de los iones metálicos (Cu (II)) no se vio afectada. El uso de HKUST-1 como un catalizador ha sido ampliamente investigado 29-33 y, en particular (muy relevante para el presente trabajo) de la oxidación con peróxido de hidrógeno de las moléculas aromáticas 34. La vainilla es uno de los agentes de sabor más utilizados en la industria cosmética, farmacéutica y alimentaria. Se extrae de los granos curadas de la orquídea Vanilla planifolia, Vanitahitiensis lla y pompón de vainilla. Las civilizaciones mayas y aztecas (los pueblos precolombinos) primero se dieron cuenta del enorme potencial de vainilla como agente saborizante, ya que mejora el sabor del chocolate 35-37. Vainilla fue aislado por primera vez en 1858 38 y no fue hasta 1874 39 que la estructura química de la vainillina se determinó finalmente. La extracción natural de la vainillina (de la orquídea Vanilla planifolia, vainilla tahitiensis y pompón de vainilla) representa sólo el 1% de la producción mundial y ya que este proceso es costoso y muy largo 40, el resto de la vainillina se sintetiza 40. Muchos enfoques biotecnológicos pueden ser utilizados para la síntesis de la vainillina de la lignina, estilbenos fenólicos, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc. Sin embargo, estos métodos tienen el inconveniente de dañar el medio ambiente, ya que estos procesos usan agentes oxidantes fuertes y solventes tóxicos 41-43. En este documento, nos rNFORME una estrategia de síntesis para la producción de vainillina mediante la oxidación del ácido trans -ferulic usando HKUST-1 como catalizador.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>HKUST-1</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>MFCD10567003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferulic Acid (trans-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>537-98-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen peroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;7722-84-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>75-05-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>141-78-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>12125-02-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium sulfate anhydrous</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7757-82-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>141-78-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Hexane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>110-54-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica Gel</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>112926-00-8</td>
			<td>&#160;Size 70/230</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL two-neck round-bottom flask</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z516872-1EA</td>
			<td>250 mL capacity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirring bar</td>
			<td>Bel-Art products</td>
			<td>371100002</td>
			<td>Teflon, octagon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Condenser</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-34706-00</td>
			<td>200 mm Jacket length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump (Approx. 10X-2 bar)</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-78162-00</td>
			<td>Vacuum/Pressure Diaphragm Pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopcock</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-30600-00</td>
			<td>with a male luer slip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hose</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-06602-04</td>
			<td>16.0 mm ID and 23.2 mm ED</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber septums</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-08918-34</td>
			<td>Silicone with PTFE coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-04660-15</td>
			<td>10.2 cm x 10.2 cm, 5 to 540 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sand bath&#160;</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>GH-01184-00</td>
			<td>Fluidized Sand Bath SBS-4, 50 to 600 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 gas</td>
			<td>INFRA</td>
			<td>Cod. 103</td>
			<td>Cylinder 9m &#179;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ballons (filled with N2 gas)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z154989-100EA</td>
			<td>Thick-wall, natural latex rubber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes with removable needles</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z116912-100EA</td>
			<td>10 mL capacity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-81050-24</td>
			<td>Grade No. 235 qualitative filter paper (90 mm diameter disc)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buchner funnel</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-17815-04</td>
			<td>320 mL capacity which accept standard paper filter sizes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buchner flask</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-34557-02</td>
			<td>250 mL capacity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary Evaporator</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-28710-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beakers</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-34502-(02,04,05)</td>
			<td>Pyrex Brand 1000 Griffin; 20, 50 and 100 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Separation funnel&#160;</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-34505-44</td>
			<td>Capacity for 125 mL with steam lenght of 60 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass column for chromatography</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>JZ-34695-42</td>
			<td>Column with fritted disk, 10.5 mm ID x 250 mm L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PXRD diffractometer</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>AXS D8 Advance XRD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FTIR spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>FT-IR (JZ-83008-02); ATR (JZ-83008-26)</td>
			<td>Nicolet iS5 FT-IR Spectrometer, with KBr Windows and iD5 Diamond ATR</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hkust-1 as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of vanillin

Vainillina (4-hidroxi-3-metoxibenzaldehído) es el componente principal del extracto de vainilla. El aroma de vainilla natural es una mezcla de aproximadamente 200 diferentes compuestos odorantes, además de vainillina. La extracción natural de la vainillina (de la orquídea Vanilla planifolia, vainilla tahitiensis y pompón de vainilla) representa sólo el 1% de la producción mundial y ya que este proceso es costoso y muy largo, el resto de la producción de vainillina se sintetiza. Muchos enfoques biotecnológicos se pueden utilizar para la síntesis de la vainillina de la lignina, estilbenos fenólicos, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc., con la desventaja de dañar el medio ambiente, ya que estos procesos usan agentes oxidantes fuertes y disolventes tóxicos. Por lo tanto, alternativas ecológicas en la producción de vainillina son muy deseables y, por tanto, objeto de la investigación actual. polímeros de coordinación porosos (PCP) son una nueva clase de materiales altamente cristalinos que rectemente se han utilizado para la catálisis. HKUST-1 (Cu 3 (BTC) 2 (H 2 O) 3, BTC = 1,3,5-benceno-tricarboxilato) es un PCP muy conocido que ha sido estudiado ampliamente como un catalizador heterogéneo. Aquí, se presenta una estrategia sintética para la producción de vainillina mediante la oxidación del ácido trans -ferulic usando HKUST-1 como catalizador.

Tres muestras representativas de HKUST-1 se analizaron por espectroscopía infrarroja: no activado, activado a 100 ° C durante 1 hora en un horno (expuesta al aire), y se activan al vacío (10 -2 bar) a 100 ° C durante 1 hora Por lo tanto, la transformada de Fourier infrarroja (FTIR) espectros se registraron usando un espectrómetro con un ATR accesorio solo diamante de reflexión (Figura 1). Para todos los espectros, 64 exploraciones en los 4.000 y 400 <sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin at JoVE.com

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

The conversion of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis. HKUST-1 was employed in this synthesis and the essential step in the catalytic process was the generation of unsaturated metal sites. Thus, when the catalyst was activated under vacuum, full vanillin conversion (yield of 95%) was obtained.

HKUST-1 como un catalizador heterogéneo para la Síntesis de la vainillina

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

The overall goal of this methodology is the conversion of trans ferulic acid to vanillin by heterogeneous catalysis using the porous coordination polymer HKUST-1. The essential step in the catalytic process is the generation of unsaturated metal sites in HKUST-1. These methods can help us answer key questions in the heterogeneous catalysis field, such as in the production of vanillin, which is one of the most widely employed flavoring agents in the world.The main advantage of this technique is that we provide an experimental protocol to catalytically convert ferulic acid to vanillin under mild oxidation conditions. The implications of this technique extend toward the use of porous coordination polymers as catalysts. Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle, because activation of the HKUST-1 material is fundamental.Demonstrating the procedure will be Rebeca Yepez, a graduate student from my laboratory. To characterize the crystallinity of the catalyst, collect the powder x-ray diffraction pattern of a 0.1 gram sample of HKUST-1, as described in the text protocol. Record a powder x-ray diffraction pattern from five degrees to 60 degrees in 0.02 degree steps, and one second counting time.Then, perform dissolvation of HKUST-1 by first weighing 0.05 grams of the catalyst. Next, prepare the activation system by clamping a 250 milliliter two neck round bottom flask to a stand and inserting a magnetic stirring bar into the round bottom flask. Attach a condenser to the round bottom flask.Use some vacuum grease or Teflon tape between the joints of the flask and condenser to generate a perfect seal. Connect the condenser from the top to a vacuum pump. Make sure that the vacuum generated by the pump is approximately 0.1 bar.Place the catalyst inside the 250 milliliter two neck round bottom flask. Insert a rubber septum in the second neck of the round bottom flask, and make sure that it seals properly. Carefully place the activation system into a sand bath.Start the vacuum pump and carefully turn the stopcock until it is fully opened. With a hot plate, heat the activation system up to 100 degrees Celsius for one hour. Stir at the lowest speed, the hot plate to homogeneously distribute the catalyst at the bottom of the round bottom flask.When the catalyst is activated, a color change must be clearly observed. This is an indication of the removal of coordinated water molecules, and therefore the generation of coordinately unsaturated copper to metal sites within the catalyst. A color change from turquoise to dark blue upon activation is observed.Turn off the heat after one hour of heating and let the activation system cool to room temperature. Once the activation system is cooled down to room temperature, turn the stopcock off, and turn the pump off. Connect a balloon filled with nitrogen though the septum to the two neck round bottom flask, and wait a few seconds to reach the equilibrium pressure.After the activation of the catalyst, leave it under an inert atmosphere, since the access to the uncoordinated metal sites is the key to obtaining an active catalyst. Remove the balloon filled with nitrogen when the equilibrium pressure has been achieved. De-gas approximately 70 milliliters of ethanol by bubbling nitrogen for five minutes.To prepare the catalytic reaction, add 10 milliliters of de-gassed ethanol to the two neck round bottom flask and gently stir the suspension on a hot plate. Then, add five milliliters of hydrogen peroxide followed by 25 milliliters of acetonitrile to the suspension. Weigh 0.5 grams of ferulic acid and dissolve it in 20 milliliters of de-gassed ethanol in a beaker.Add the dissolved ferulic acid to the suspension, then wash the beaker with 20 milliliters of de-gassed ethanol and add it to the suspension. For oxidation of trans ferulic acid to vanillin, first unplug the hose that connects the condenser to the vacuum pump. Turn on the tap water, or preferably, the water pump that goes though the condenser.Heat the suspension up to 100 degrees Celsius and reflux for one hour. After turning off the heat and stirring, carefully lift the two neck round bottom flask attached to the condenser and let it cool to room temperature. Next, filter off the reaction mixture using a Buchner funnel and flask.Recover the catalyst and wash it with 200 milliliters of ethyl acetate. Concentrate the combined organic phases under vacuum with a rotary evaporator and re-dissolve it with 100 milliliters of ethyl acetate. Wash the organic phases in a separation funnel with a 30 milliliter saturated solution of ammonium chloride.Then, recover the organic phases and mix them with 30 grams of anhydrous sodium sulfate. After letting the suspension stand for 15 minutes, filter the suspension off, and recover the filtrate. Then, concentrate the filtrate to approximately 20 milliliters under vacuum with a rotary evaporator.Purify the residue by flash column chromatography. The stationary phase is silica gel, and the mobile phase is a solvent mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane. Pack the glass column for chromatography with a silica gel.Then, saturate the column with the ethyl acetate hexane solvent mixture. Carefully pour the concentrated filtrate on top of the glass column. Slowly add the solvent mixture to the glass column and collect all of the fractions until 1, 200 milliliters are collected.Concentrate the 1, 200 milliliters of the organic fractions with a rotary evaporator until dry. Recover the final solid powder that is the purified vanillin. Shown here are fourier transform infrared spectra of the HKUST-1 catalyst at 25 degrees Celsius.The spectrum of the non-activated catalyst is shown in green. The spectrum of the activated catalyst in a conventional oven is shown in purple, and the spectrum of the activated catalyst under vacuum is shown in orange. Shown here is a proton NMR spectra of vanillin after column chromatography purification on silica gel when the catalyst was activated under vacuum and 100 degrees Celsius for one hour.Once mastered, this technique can be done in four hours, if it is performed properly. Though this method can provide insight into the mechanism for the oxidation of trans ferulic acid, it can also be applied to other systems, such as oxidation of other alpha beta unsaturated carboxylic acid. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to emphasize on the correct purification of vanillin by column chromatography.Following this procedure, other methods like the oxidation of other alpha beta unsaturated carboxylic acid can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like oxidation mechanisms. After its development, this technique paved way for researchers in the field of porous coordination polymers to explore these materials as heterogeneous catalyst to synthesize molecules of high chemical relevance. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to carry out the oxidation of ferulic acid to vanillin.Don't forget that working with a high volatility solvents under reflexive conditions can be extremely hazardous, and precautions such as wearing a lab coat, safety glasses, and working in a fume hood, should always be taken while performing this procedure.

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