Name: screening for functional non-coding genetic variants using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa) and dna-affinity precipitation assay (dapa)
Uploaded: 2016-08-21T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay DAPA at JoVE.com

We thank Erin Zoller, Jessica Bene, and Lindsey Hays for input and direction in protocol development. MTW was supported in part by NIH R21 HG008186 and a Trustee Award grant from the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation. ZHP was supported in part by T32 GM063483-13.

솔루션 및 시약 1. 준비 <ol><li> EMSA 및 방위 사업 청에 사용하기위한 사용자 정의 DNA 올리고 뉴클레오티드 프로브를 주문하십시오. <ol><li> 짧은 올리고 디자인, 바인딩이 아닌 특정 단백질을 감소시키기 위해 30, 및 17 bp의 내인성 게놈 서열에 의해 측면 중앙에 직접 관심의 변형을 배치 (35 ~ 45 염기의 길이 쌍 (BP) 사이). EMSA 올리고 들어, 5 &#39;형광을 추가합니다. 방위 사업 청 올리고 들어, 5...

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<html> 시퀀싱 및 유전형 기술의 발전이 크게 질병과 관련된 유전자 변형을 식별하는 우리의 능력을 강화하고 있지만, 이러한 변형의 영향을 기능적 메커니즘을 이해하는 능력이 떨어지고있다. 문제의 주된 원인 가능성 유전자 발현을 제어하기 어려워-간 예측 메커니즘에 영향을하는 부호화 게놈 영역 많은 질병 관련 변종 N에 위치된다는 것이다. 여기서는 가능성이 많은 비 - 코딩 변이체의 기능에...

시퀀싱 및 게놈 넓은 협회 연구 (GWAS), 후보의 궤적 연구를 포함하여 유전자형을 기반으로 연구, 그리고 깊은 시퀀싱 연구는 통계적으로 질병, 특성, 또는 표현형과 관련된 많은 유전자 변형을 확인했다. 초기 예측과는 반대로, 이러한 변형 (85-93%)의 대부분은 비 - 코딩 영역에 위치하는 단백질 1,2의 아미노산 서열을 변경하지 않는다. 이들 비 - 코딩 변이체의 기능을 해석하고 관련된 질환에 접속 생물학적 메커니즘을 결정하는 단계, 특성, 또는 표현형 3-6 도전 입증되었다. 유전자 발현 - 우리는 중요한 중간 표현형 변이를 연결하는 분자 메커니즘을 식별하기위한 일반적인 전략을 개발했다. 이 파이프 라인은 특히 유전 적 변이에 의해 결합 TF의 변조를 식별 할 수 있도록 설계되었습니다. 이 전략은 예측하기위한 계산 방법과 분자 생물학 기술을 결합생물학적 인 실리코 후보 변종의 효과 및 확인이 예측 경험적으로 (그림 1). <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54093/54093fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1 :.. 회색 음영이 원고와 관련된 상세한 프로토콜에 포함되지 않은 비 코딩 유전자 변형 단계의 분석을위한 전략적 접근 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54093/54093fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> 많은 경우, 각각 통계 학적으로 관련된 변이체 높은 링크 - 불평형 (LD)의 모든 것을 포함하는 변이체의 목록을 확대함으로써 시작하는 것이 중요하다. LD는 R 7이 통계에 의해 측정 될 수있는 두 개의 다른 대립 유전자의 염색체 위치에서의 비 - 무작위 교제의 척도이다. R 2는 린의 측정두 가지 변종 사이의 R 2 = 1 나타내는 완벽한 결합으로 두 가지 변형 사이의 케이지는 불균형. 높은 LD의 대립 유전자는 조상의 인구에서 염색체에 공동으로 분리하는 찾을 수 있습니다. 현재 유전자형 배열은 인간 게놈의 모든 알려진 변종을 포함하지 않는다. 대신, 그들은 인간 게놈 내에서 LD을 악용 LD (8)의 특정 지역 내에서 다른 변형에 대한 프록시 역할 알려진 변종의 서브 세트를 포함한다. 이 의미 생물학적 효과와 인과 변형 - 변형와 LD에 있기 때문에, 생물학적 결과없이 변이체는 특정 질환과 연관 될 수있다. 절차 적, 1000 게놈의 최신 버전은 가용 스루풋 10, 11, 전체 게놈 협회 분석을위한 오픈 소스 도구와 호환 바이너리 파일에 9 변형 호출 파일 (VCF)를 프로젝트로 변환하는 것이 좋습니다. 그 후, 각 입력 유전 버지니아와 LD의 R 2&gt; 0.8 다른 모든 유전자 변형쾌활한 후보로서 식별 될 수있다. 변형이 유럽 가계의 주제, 비슷한 조상의 과목에서 데이터가 LD 확장을 사용해야에서 확인 된 경우는,이 ​​스텝 - 예에 대한 적절한 기준 인구를 사용하는 것이 중요합니다. LD 확장들은 후보 변형 수십 결과 및 이들의 단지 작은 분획이 질병기구에 기여할 것으로 예상된다. 종종, 실험적 개별적으로 각 변형을 조사하기 불가능하다. 변형의 우선 순위를 필터로 공개적으로 사용 가능한 기능 게놈 데이터 세트의 수천을 활용하는 것이 유용하다. 예를 들어, 인 코드 컨소시엄 (12)는의 DNase-SEQ 13 ATAC 같은 기술에서 염색질 접근성 데이터와 함께 콘텍스트의 넓은 범위에서 칩 배열하여 TFS의 결합을 설명하는 실험 및 공동 인자 및 히스톤 마크 수천을 수행 -seq 14 및 서열 FAIRE-15. Datab같은 UCSC 게놈 브라우저 (16), 로드맵 후성 유전체학 (17), 청사진 후성 유전체 (18), Cistrome (19), 및 매핑 20 ASE에 웹 서버는 세포 유형 및 조건의 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 이들과 다른 실험 기법에 의해 생성 된 데이터에 대한 무료 액세스를 제공합니다. 실험적 검토하기에 너무 많은 변형이있을 때, 이러한 데이터는 관련 세포 및 조직 유형의 것으로 조절 영역 내에 위치하는 우선 순위를 사용할 수있다. 또한, 변형 특정 단백질 칩 서열 피크 내에있는 경우,이 데이터는 특정 TF (들) 또는 그의 영향을 줄 수 있습니다 결합 공동 요인으로 잠재적 인 단서를 제공 할 수 있습니다. 다음으로, 우선 순위 결과 변종은 EMSA (21, 22)를 사용하여 결합 예측 유전자형에 의존하는 단백질을 확인하는 실험적으로 상영된다. EMSA은 비 환원성 TBE 겔상에서 올리고의 이동 변화를 측정한다. 형광 표지 올리고는 함께 배양핵 해물, 핵 인자의 결합은 올리고 겔상에서의 이동을 지연시킬 것이다. 이러한 방식으로, 스캔시 강한 형광 신호로 발표 할 예정보다 핵 요소를 결합했다 올리고있다. 특히, EMSA 바인딩 영향을받는 특정 단백질에 대한 예측을 필요로하지 않습니다. 변형이 예측 규제 지역 내에 위치하며, 차동 결합 핵 인자 할 수있는있다가 발견되면, 계산 방법은 누구가에 영향을 줄 수있는 바인딩 특정 TF (들)을 예측하기 위해 사용된다. 우리는 CIS-BP 23, 24, RegulomeDB 25 UniProbe (26), 및이 JasPAR (27)를 사용하는 것을 선호합니다. 후보 TF가 식별되면,이 예측은 구체적으로 다음과 TF (EMSA-supershifts 및 DAPA-서부)에 대한 항체를 사용하여 시험 할 수있다. EMSA-supershift 핵 분해물 및 올리고 TF에 특이 항체의 첨가를 포함한다. EMSA-supershift에서 긍정적 인 결과를 repr입니다EMSA 대역에서 추가의 이동 또는 대역의 손실로 esented (레퍼런스 28에서 검토). 상보 DAPA에서, 변형 및 뉴클레오티드의 측면에 20 염기쌍을 함유하는 5&#39;- 비오틴 올리고 양면은 특히 올리고 결합 핵 인자 캡처 관련된 세포 유형 (들)로부터 핵 파쇄 액과 함께 배양된다. 올리고 이중 핵 인자 복합체는 자기 칼럼에서 마이크로 비드를 스트렙 타비 딘에 의해 고정된다. 결합 된 핵 인자 용출 29,48 통해 직접 수집됩니다. 바인딩 예측이어서 단백질에 특이적인 항체를 사용하여 웨스턴 블롯에 의해 평가 될 수있다. 후속하여 검증 할 수있는 명백한 예측 또는 너무 많은 예측, 질량 분석법을 이용하여 후보의 TF를 식별하기 위해 프로테오믹스 코어로 전송 될 수 DAPA 실험 변이체 풀 - 다운에서 용리가없는 경우에서, 이들은 전술 행동 양식. articl의 나머지 부분에서즉, 유전자 변형 및 DAPA EMSA 분석 상세한 프로토콜이 제공된다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom DNA Oligonucleotides</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.idtdna.com/site/order/oligoentry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP366-500</td>
			<td>KCl, for CE buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (1M)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td>For CE and NE buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA (0.5M), pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>R1021</td>
			<td>For CE, NE, and annealing buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-1</td>
			<td>NaCl, for NE buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl (1M), pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>BP1756-100</td>
			<td>For annealing buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (1X)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT21040CM</td>
			<td>PBS, for cell wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DL-Dithiothreitol solution (1M)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>646563</td>
			<td>Reducing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>36978</td>
			<td>Protease Inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>78420</td>
			<td>Prevents dephosphorylation of TFs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonidet P-40 Substitute</td>
			<td>IBI Scientific</td>
			<td>IB01140</td>
			<td>NP-40, for nuclear extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>For measuring protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Odyssey EMSA Buffer Kit</td>
			<td>Licor</td>
			<td>829-07910</td>
			<td>Contains all necessary EMSA buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBE Gels, 6%, 12 Wells</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>EC6265BOX</td>
			<td>For EMSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBE Buffer (10X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>B52</td>
			<td>For EMSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FactorFinder Starting Kit</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-092-318</td>
			<td>Contains all necessary DAPA buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Licor Odyssey CLx</td>
			<td>Licor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recommended scanner for DAPA/EMSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td>Contains 10,000 units/mL of penicillin, 10,000 &#181;g/mL of streptomycin, and 25 &#181;g/mL of Fungizone&#174; Antimycotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>26140-079</td>
			<td>FBS, for culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>22400-071</td>
			<td>Contains L-glutamine and 25mM HEPES</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

screening for functional non-coding genetic variants using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa) and dna-affinity precipitation assay (dapa)

Population and family-based genetic studies typically result in the identification of genetic variants that are statistically associated with a clinical disease or phenotype. For many diseases and traits, most variants are non-coding, and are thus likely to act by impacting subtle, comparatively hard to predict mechanisms controlling gene expression. Here, we describe a general strategic approach to prioritize non-coding variants, and screen them for their function. This approach involves computational prioritization using functional genomic databases followed by experimental analysis of differential binding of transcription factors (TFs) to risk and non-risk alleles. For both electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) analysis of genetic variants, a synthetic DNA oligonucleotide (oligo) is used to identify factors in the nuclear lysate of disease or phenotype-relevant cells. For EMSA, the oligonucleotides with or without bound nuclear factors (often TFs) are analyzed by non-denaturing electrophoresis on a tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) polyacrylamide gel. For DAPA, the oligonucleotides are bound to a magnetic column and the nuclear factors that specifically bind the DNA sequence are eluted and analyzed through mass spectrometry or with a reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Western blot analysis. This general approach can be widely used to study the function of non-coding genetic variants associated with any disease, trait, or phenotype.

해물의 품질을 특징으로 관련이있는 EMSA 또는 방위 사업 청, 그리고 다양성을 수행 할 때이 절에서 무엇을 기대해야하는지의 대표적인 결과가 제공된다. 예를 들어, 여러 번 동결 융해 단백질 시료 것은 변성 될 수 있다는 것을 제안하고있다. 이러한 &quot;동결 - 해동&quot;사이클의 맥락에서 EMSA 분석 재현성을 탐색하기 위해, 하나 이상의 유전 적 변형에 다른 두 개의 35 염?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay DAPA at JoVE.com

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay DAPA

We present a strategic plan and protocol for identifying non-coding genetic variants affecting transcription factor (TF) DNA binding. A detailed experimental protocol is provided for electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) analysis of genotype-dependent TF DNA binding.

전기 영동 이동성 분석 (EMSA) 및 Shift 키를 사용하여 기능 비 코딩 유전자 변형에 대한 심사 DNA 화성 강수 분석 (DAPA)

Population and family-based genetic studies typically result in the identification of genetic variants that are statistically associated with a clinical ...

The overall goal of this experimental strategy is to investigate the functionality of disease associated non-coding variants. This method can help answer key questions in genomics, such as how genetic variants that don't actually change amino acid sequence, still contribute to disease phenotype. The main advantage of this technique is that is provides a streamlined process for assessing genetic variance for function activity and gives insight into regulatory proteins and pathways effected.This technique can benefit the investigation of any disease with a candidate causal variant. Because the procedure for analyzing these variants is universal regardless of the phenotype being studied. Though this method can provide insight into human disease, it can also be applied to mutations in any organism.Nuclear lysates will be prepared from B-lymphoblastoid cells in this experiment, however this procedure can be applied to most cell lines. After counting cells using a hemocytometer, spin down the desired number of cells for lysing. Aspirate the media, add 10 milliliters of ice-cold PBS, and spin down the cells again.Wash the cells a second time with PBS, and remove the PBS after the spin. Resuspend the cell palate in ice-cold PBS using one milliliter of PBS per 10 to the seventh cells. Aliquot one milliliter of the cell suspension to 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tubes, so that each tube contains 10 to the seventh cells in PBS.Centrifuge for two minutes and aspirate off the PBS. Add to a working stock of CE buffer, one millimolar dithiothreitol, or DTT, 1X phosphatase inhibitor, and 0.5 millimolar Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, or PMSF. Resuspend each cell palette with 400 microliters of this buffer, and incubate on ice for 15 minutes.Add 25 microliters of 10%Nonidet P-40 to each microcentrifuge tube, and mix by pipetting. Centrifuge at four degrees Celsius and maximum speed for three minutes. Decant and discard the supernatant.Next, add to a working stock of NE-buffer, one millimolar DTT, 1X phosphoaase inhibitor, and one millimolar PMSF. Resuspend each cell palate with 30 microliters of this buffer, and mix by vortexing. Incubate at 4 degrees Celsius, in a tube rotator, for 10 minutes.Centrifuge for two minutes. Collect the clear supernatant, which is the nuclear lysate. Aliquot the nuclear lysate before storing at minus 80 degrees Celsius to avoid multiple freeze thaw cycles that may degrade the protein.Begin this procedure by preparing a 50 nanomolar working stock of the oligonucleotide, as described in the protocol text. Place the oligos in a heat block at 90 degrees Celsius for five minutes. After five minutes, turn off the heat block and allow the oligos to slowly cool down to room temperature for at least one hour prior to use.Next prepare the electrophoretic mobility shift assay or EMSA gel. Remove the slide from a pre-cast, six percent tris-borate-EDTA, or TBE gel, and rinse under deionized water several times to remove any buffer from the wells. Assemble the gel electrophoresis apparatus, and check for leaks by filling the inner chamber with 0.5X TBE buffer.If no buffer leaks into the outer chamber, fill the outer chamber, roughly, two thirds of the way. Pre-run the gel at 100 volts for 60 minutes. When the pre-run is complete, flush each well with 200 microliters of 0.5X TBE buffer.Prepare a binding buffer master mix. In a microcentrifuge tube, mix these reagents that are common to all reactions. 10X binding buffer, DTT polysorbate, Poly(dI-dC)and salmon sperm DNA.To set up the EMSA reactions, add nuclease-free water to each microcentrifuge tube, such that the final volume, following addition of all reagents, will be 20 microliters. Add the appropriate amount of master mix to each microcentrifuge tube. Add eight micrograms of nuclear lysate to the appropriate microcentrifuge tubes.Include tubes containing the oligo, without nuclear extract, as negative controls. Add 50 femtomoles of oligo to the appropriate microcentrifuge tubes, and flick to mix. Briefly spin the contents to the bottom of the tube.Incubate all tubes, for 20 minutes, at room temperature. Next, add two microliters of 10X orange loading dye to each microcentrifuge tube. Pipette up and down to mix.Load the samples into the pre-run, six percent, TBE gel by pipetting up and down to mix, and then expelling each sample into a separate well. Run the gel at 80 volts for approximately 60 to 75 minutes, until the orange dye has migrated two thirds to three quarters of the way down the gel. When the run is complete, use a gel knife to pry the plastic cassette open.Remove the gel from the cassette and place it in a container with 0.5 percent TBE buffer to keep it from drying out. Place the gel on the surface of an infrared and chemiluminescence imaging system. Eliminate any bubbles or contaminants that will disrupt the image.Scan the gel using the scanning system software as described in the protocol text. To begin this procedure, prepare a five micromolar oligo working stock as described in the protocol text. Place the oligos in a heat block at 95 degrees Celsius for five minutes.After five minutes, turn off the heat block and allow the oligos to slowly cool down to room temperature prior to use. Warm the following buffers to room temperature:binding buffer, low stringency wash buffer, high stringency wash buffer, and elution buffer. Prepare the binding mixtures for each variant.Mix one volume of nuclear lysate with two volumes of binding buffer. Add 1X phosphatase inhibitor, 0.5 millimolar PMSF, and 1X binding enhancer. Add 10 microliters of five micromolar biotinylated capture DNA to each binding mixture.Mix by flicking the tube several times. Incubate the binding mixtures for 20 minutes at room temperature. Next, add 100 microliters of streptavidin MicroBeads to each binding mixture.Incubate for 10 minutes at room temperature. For each oligo probe being tested, place a binding column in the magnetic separator. Make sure the columns are labelled with the variant oligo that was used in the binding mixture.Place a microcentrifuge tube directly under each binding column, and apply 100 microliters of binding buffer to rinse the column. Pipette the contents of each binding mixture into separate columns. Allow the liquid to flow completely through the column into the microcentrifuge tube.Apply 100 microliters of low stringency wash buffer to the column and wait until the column reservoir is empty. Apply 100 microliters of low stringency wash buffer to the column again. Apply 100 microliters of high stringency wash buffer to the column, and wait until the column reservoir is empty.Apply 100 microliters of high stringency wash buffer to the column again. Add 30 microliters of native elution buffer to the column and let stand for five minutes. Finally add an additional 50 microliters of native elution buffer to elute the bound transcription factors.In order to explore the reproducibility of EMSA results, and the consequences of freeze thaw cycles, oligos containing the reference, or non-reference allele of a genetic variant were used to probe the same preparation of B-lymphocyte nuclear extract after multiple cycles of freezing and thawing. The blue arrow indicates the free probe. Binding of the transcription factors to the oligo is seen as a band in the top half of the gel, indicated by the red arrow.These results indicate that freezing and thawing this particular nuclear extract up to five times has, seemingly, no effect on the integrity of the proteins. It is also important to optimize the signal to noise ratio for the EMSA. Various concentrations of oligos were used to probe a single preparation of nuclear lysate.An increase in the intensity of the band, up to 100 femtomoles of oligo was observed. Representative results from a study of a lupus associated risk allele are shown here. The transcription factor, STAT 1, was first identified by DAPA followed by proteomic analysis.A DAPA western blot then confirmed the identity of STAT 1, and the higher binding of the phosphorylated form of STAT 1 to the lupus risk oligo. Following this procedure, other techniques, such as mass spectrometry and western blot can be performed. This will help us to identify the regulatory protein showing allele dependent binding.Reporter assays like luciferase can also be used to investigate changes in gene expression as a function of allele.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay (DAPA)

Light/dark Transition Test for Mice

마우스에 대한 진한 / 라이트 전환 테스트

Although all of the mouse genome sequences have been determined, we do not yet know the functions of most of these genes. Gene-targeting techniques, ...

연구

생물학

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

칙의 배아에서 신경 유도에 대한 분석

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

마우스에 대한 고가 플러스 메이즈

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Dissection of Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus from Adult Mouse

성인 마우스 Hippocampal 이가있는 이랑의 해부

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its ...

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

유전자 협회의 기능 기초를 테스트하는 Allele 특정 유전자 발현 분석

The number of significant genetic associations with common complex traits is constantly increasing. However, most of these associations have not been ...

A Fluorescent Screening Assay for Identifying Modulators of GIRK Channels

GIRK 채널의 변조기를 식별을위한 형광 검사 분석

G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK) channels function as cellular mediators of a wide range of hormones and neurotransmitters and are expressed in ...

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

에 박테리아 기능 네트워크 및 경로를 매핑<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt; 합성 유전자 배열을 사용하여

Phenotypes  are determined by a complex series of physical (e.g. protein-protein) and  functional (e.g. gene-gene or genetic) interactions (GI)1. While ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

집에서 만든 듀얼 글로우 루시 페라 제 분석 실험을 사용하여 높은 처리량 기능 검사

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide

갭 접합부 시험에 대한 기능 분석; 인듐 - 주석 산화물에 자기편 세포의 전기 천공 법 (electroporation)

In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. ...

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) for the Study of RNA-Protein Interactions: The IRE/IRP Example

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA for the Study of RNA-Protein Interactions: The IRE/IRP Example

IRE / IRP 예 : RNA - 단백질 상호 작용의 연구에 대한 전기 이동 기동성 교대 분석 실험 (EMSA)

RNA/protein interactions are critical for post-transcriptional regulatory pathways. Among the best-characterized cytosolic RNA-binding proteins are iron ...