Name: watershed planning within a quantitative scenario analysis framework
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نشكر الحقلية والمعملية العديد من المساعدين الذين شاركوا في مختلف جوانب هذا العمل، ولا سيما دونا هارتمان، هارون ماكسويل، اريك ميلر، وأليسون أندرسون. تم تمويل هذه الدراسة من قبل هيئة المسح الجيولوجي الامريكية من خلال دعم من وكالة حماية البيئة الأمريكية (EPA) المنطقة الثالثة. وقد وضعت هذه الدراسة جزئيا تحت العلم لتحقيق نتائج زمالة عدد اتفاقية المساعدة FP-91766601-0 التي تمنحها وكالة حماية البيئة في الولايات المتحدة. على الرغم من أن الأبحاث المذكورة في هذه المقالة تم تمويله من قبل وكالة حماية البيئة الأمريكية، لم يخضع لوكالة الأقران وسياسة المراجعة المطلوبة، وبالتالي لا تعكس بالضرورة وجهة نظر الوكالة، وينبغي الاستدلال لا موافقة رسمية.

1. مواقع المستهدفة للإدراج في تقييم مصادر المياه <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التعرف على أنشطة استخدام الأراضي المهيمنة داخل الهدف 8 أرقام مستجمعات المياه الهيدرولوجي شفرة الوحدة (HUC) التي تؤثر الفيزيائية والبيولوجية حالة 3 و 7. ملاحظة: ت?...

<ol>
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نحن نوفر إطارا لتقييم وإدارة الآثار التراكمية للأنشطة استخدام الأراضي متعددة في مستجمعات المياه أثرت بشكل كبير. النهج الموصوفة هنا عناوين حددت سابقا القيود المرتبطة بإدارة النظم المائية في مستجمعات المياه أثرت بشكل كبير 5-6. وأبرزها، واستهدفت تصميم تقييم مستج...

تغيير البشري من المناظر الطبيعية هو من بين أكبر التهديدات الحالية للنظم الإيكولوجية المائية في جميع أنحاء العالم 1. في كثير من المناطق، إلا أن استمرار تدهور بالمعدلات الحالية يؤدي إلى ضرر لا يمكن إصلاحه في الموارد المائية، مما يحد في نهاية المطاف قدرتها على توفير خدمات النظم الإيكولوجية التي لا تقدر بثمن والتي لا يمكن تعويضها. وبالتالي، هناك حاجة ماسة لأدوات ومنهجيات قادرة على إدارة النظم المائية في مستجمعات المياه تطوير 2-3. هذا مهم بشكل خاص نظرا إلى أن المديرين غالبا ما المكلفة الحفاظ على الموارد المائية في مواجهة الضغوط الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية لمواصلة أنشطة التنمية. إدارة النظم المائية في المناطق النامية بنشاط يتطلب القدرة على التنبؤ الآثار المحتملة لأنشطة التنمية المقترحة في سياق موجودة مسبقا المناظر الطبيعية والبشرية المنشأ سمات 3 و 4. ويتمثل التحدي الرئيسي لشركة أقواتإدارة الموارد جيم داخل مستجمعات المياه المتدهورة بشدة هو القدرة على تحديد وإدارة معقدة (أي المضافة أو التفاعلية) الآثار التراكمية للضغوطات متعددة استخدام الأراضي على مستويات مكانية ذات الصلة 2 و 5. وعلى الرغم من التحديات الراهنة، ومع ذلك، يجري إدراجها تقييم الآثار التراكمية إلى المبادئ التوجيهية التنظيمية في جميع أنحاء العالم 5-6. تقييم فاصلا خططت لأخذ عينات من مجموعة كاملة من الشروط فيما يتعلق الضغوطات متعددة استخدام الأراضي يمكن أن تنتج بيانات قادرة على وضع نماذج الآثار التراكمية معقدة 7. وعلاوة على ذلك، تتضمن هذه النماذج ضمن إطار تحليل السيناريو [التنبؤ بالتغيرات البيئية في إطار مجموعة التنمية واقعية أو المقترحة أو إدارة مستجمعات المياه (استعادة والتخفيف) سيناريوهات] لديه القدرة على تحسين كبير لإدارة الموارد المائية في مستجمعات المياه أثرت بشكل كبير 3، 5، 8 -9. أبرزها، يتيح تحليل السيناريويحتاج إلى إطار لإضافة الموضوعية والشفافية في اتخاذ القرارات الإدارية من خلال دمج المعلومات العلمية (العلاقات البيئية والنماذج الإحصائية)، والأهداف التنظيمية، وأصحاب المصلحة في إطار صنع القرار واحد 3 و 9. نقدم منهجية لتقييم وإدارة الآثار التراكمية للأنشطة متعددة استخدام الأراضي في إطار تحليل السيناريو. علينا أولا أن تصف كيفية استهداف بشكل مناسب على مواقع لتضمينها ضمن تقييم مصادر المياه على أساس الضغوطات استخدام الأراضي المعروفة. وصفنا تقنيات الحقلية والمعملية للحصول على بيانات عن الآثار البيئية لأنشطة متعددة استخدام الأراضي. وصفنا لفترة وجيزة تقنيات النمذجة لإنتاج القائم على المشهد الآثار التراكمية النماذج. وأخيرا، ونحن نناقش كيفية دمج نماذج الآثار التراكمية ضمن إطار تحليل السيناريو وإثبات فائدة هذه المنهجية في مساعدة القرارات التنظيمية (على سبيل المثال، تسمح وبقيةخطبة) ضمن مستجمعات المياه الملغومة بشكل مكثف في جنوب غرب ولاية فرجينيا.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:436px;">Slack Invert Sampling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Wildco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3-425-N56</td>
			<td style="width:448px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HDPE Square Jars</td>
			<td>US Plastic Corp</td>
			<td>66188</td>
			<td>32oz./for storing fixed, composite invertebrate samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethyl Alcohol 190 Proof</td>
			<td>PHARMCO-AAPER</td>
			<td>111000190</td>
			<td>For fixing and storing invertebrate samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5in. by 20in. Macroinvertebrate sub-samplilng grid</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This item cannot be purchased and must be made in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereomicroscope Stemi 2000 with stand C LED</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>000000-1106-133</td>
			<td>For macroinvertebrate sorting and identification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific Nalgene Reusable Filter Holders with Receiver</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-740-23A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immobilon-NC Transfer Membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>HATF04700</td>
			<td>Triton-free, mixed cellulose exters, 0.45um, 47mm, disc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Actron Vacuum Pump Brake Bleeder Kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Auto Parts</td>
			<td>CP7835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitric Acid Solution</td>
			<td>HACH</td>
			<td>254049</td>
			<td>1:1, 500mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oblong NDPE Wide Mouth Bottles</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1229Z38</td>
			<td>250 mL/for collection of water samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:436px;">650 Multi-parameter display, standard memory</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">650-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">600XL Sonde with temperature/conductivity sensor</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>065862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH calibration buffer pack</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>603824</td>
			<td>2 pints each of pH 4, 7, &#38; 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">conductivity standard</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>065270</td>
			<td>1 quart, 1000 uS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flo-Mate 2000</td>
			<td>TTT Environmental</td>
			<td>2000-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Keson English/Metric Open Reel Fiberglass Tape</td>
			<td>Forestry Suppliers</td>
			<td>40025</td>
			<td>300&#39;/100m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ArcGIS 10.3.1</td>
			<td>ESRI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

watershed planning within a quantitative scenario analysis framework

هناك حاجة ماسة لأدوات ومنهجيات قادرة على إدارة النظم المائية في مستجمعات المياه أثرت بشكل كبير. كثيرا ما تقع الجهود الحالية قصيرة نتيجة لعدم القدرة على تحديد والتنبؤ الآثار التراكمية معقدة من سيناريوهات استخدام الأراضي الحالية والمستقبلية في النطاقات المكانية ذات الصلة. والهدف من هذا المخطوط هو توفير وسائل لإجراء تقييم مستجمعات المياه المستهدفة التي تمكن مديري الموارد لإنتاج القائم على المشهد الآثار التراكمية نماذج لاستخدامها في إطار سيناريو إدارة التحليل. ويتم اختيار مواقع لأول مرة لإدراجها ضمن تقييم مصادر المياه عن طريق تحديد المواقع التي تقع على طول التدرجات مستقلة ومجموعات من الضغوطات المعروفة. ثم يتم استخدام تقنيات الحقلية والمعملية للحصول على بيانات الفيزيائية والكيميائية، والآثار البيولوجية لأنشطة متعددة استخدام الأراضي. ثم يتم استخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي المتعدد لإنتاج القائم على المشهد الآثار التراكمية نماذج للتنبؤ المائيةشروط التشنج. وأخيرا، وتناقش طرق لدمج نماذج الآثار التراكمية ضمن إطار تحليل السيناريو لإدارة وتوجيه القرارات التنظيمية (على سبيل المثال، تسمح والتخفيف) في مستجمعات المياه بنشاط بتطوير وأظهرت ل2 مستجمعات المياه الفرعية في منطقة التعدين الجبل في وسط أبالاتشيا. نهج تقييم إدارة مستجمعات المياه وتوفيرها هنا تمكن مديري الموارد لتسهيل النشاط الاقتصادي والتنمية مع حماية الموارد المائية وإنتاج فرص الفوائد البيئية الصافية من خلال المعالجة المستهدفة.

وقد تم اختيار 24،000 مستجمعات NHD كمواقع الدراسة داخل نهر الفحم، فيرجينيا الغربية (الشكل 2): أربعون 1. وقد تم اختيار مواقع الدراسة لتشمل تأثير مجموعة من التعدين السطحي (٪ مساحة الأرض 24)، والتنمية السكنية [كثافة الهيكل (no./km 2)]، والتعدين...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework at JoVE.com

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

هناك حاجة ماسة لأدوات ومنهجيات قادرة على إدارة النظم المائية في مواجهة الظروف المستقبلية غير مؤكدة. ونحن نقدم طرق لإجراء تقييم مستجمعات المياه المستهدفة التي تمكن مديري الموارد لإنتاج القائم على المشهد الآثار التراكمية نماذج لاستخدامها في إطار سيناريو إدارة التحليل.

مستجمعات المياه التخطيط ضمن إطار التحليل الكمي السيناريو

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

The overall goal of this methodology is to provide researchers and resource managers with a framework for accessing and managing aquatic systems within actively developing watersheds affected by multiple land use activities. The watershed assessment planning approach described in this video will benefit researchers and aquatic resource managers by enabling characterization and prediction of cumulative impacts associated with multiple land use activities. A main advantage of this technique is that it incorporates a cumulative analysis framework within a GI space scenario analysis framework.This allows managers to interactively access the outcomes of regulatory decisions, such as permitting and mitigation. For example, the presented approach makes it possible to facilitate both economic and development activity, while also producing that benefits to aquatic ecosystems through targeted remediation of other stressors. In preparation, select landscape-based measures of dominant land use activities within the targeted watershed, such as land cover attributes within the National Land Cover Database.Then, in the GIS, open the NHD catchment file for the targeted area. Before beginning the summarization, ensure that each catchment has a unique identifier. To begin, allocate vector land use data to each polygon catchment.Use the tabulate intersection tool to calculate landscape attributes for each catchment. Select the catchments layer as the input zone feature, the unique identifier as the zone field, and the vector land use data as the input class feature. Next, allocate raster land use data to each catchment.Use the tabulate area tool to calculate the attributes for each catchment. Select the catchment's layer as the feature zone data, the unique identifier as the zone field, and the land cover data set as the input raster. Now, join the tabulated land use attributes to the catchment layer.Right click on the catchment layer in the table of contents. In the dialogue box, select joins and relates and then join. Select the tabulated vector output as the table to be joined and then select the catchment unique identifier as the field that the join will be based on.Repeat this step to join the tabulated raster output. Then, accumulate all the landscape attributes and the area field for each catchment using an automated script. This step calculates total upstream basin areas and landscape attributes and can be accomplished for one to 100, 000 scale NHD catchments using the catchment attribute allocation and accumulation tool.Select NHD catchments as study sites based on their landscape attributes. First, create a scatter plot of all the NHD catchments with respect to their accumulated values of major land use activities. Select approximately 40 catchments as study sites within each eight digit hydrologic unit code watershed.These sites should represent the full range of influences from the dominant land use activities found within the target watershed. Select sites within independent stressor gradients, which are sites influenced by single land use activity. Also, select sites with stressor combinations which are influenced by multiple land use activities.Be sure that the sites are well distributed in the watershed and independent of one another with respect to their downstream drainage. Ensure that sites falling within each individual and combined stressor gradient also have similar average basin areas. In the field, delineate the sampling reach as 40 times the active channel width with maximum and minimum length of 300 and 150 meters.Begin with collecting water samples. Choose moving water characteristic of the entire sampling site. First, obtain instantaneous measures of dissolved oxygen, specific conductivity, temperature, and pH, using hand held sensors.Next, collect a filtered sample. First, rinse the filtration equipment with deionized water. Then, filter 250 milliliters of water for analysis of dissolved metals and fix the sample to a pH of less than two to ensure that the metals remain dissolved in the solution.Next, collect 250 milliliters of unfiltered water by completely submerging a sample bottle into the water column. Gentle squeeze the bottle to expunge any remaining air and simultaneously place the cap on the sample bottle. If necessary, fix the sample to a pH of less than two to kill biological activity that might affect the analytes.Select the analytes based on local land use activities. Collect a negative control once during each sampling event by following all water sampling protocols to obtain samples of deionized water. This is to ensure there is no cross-contamination between sampling sites.Store all water samples at four degrees Celsius. The next procedure is to measure discharge at each sample site. To do this, first divide the waded stream width into equally sized increments using a depth gauge rod, measure the depth as the distance from the stream bed to the water surface, then, using a current meter, measure the water's velocity at 60%of the water's depth.Now, calculate the discharge as the sum of all the products of the velocity, depth, and width at each section. To sample the macro invertebrate at each site, take kick samples from four separate riffles distributed throughout the full length of the sampling reach. At each location, place the kick net perpendicular to the stream flow and by foot, disturb a 50 square centimeter area immediately upstream to collect matter in the kick net.Once the four samples are collected, combine them and immediately preserve them with 95%ethanol. The next procedure is to measure the physical habitat quality and complexity throughout the stream reach by taking measurements at equally spaced points along the thow wake, which is the location within the stream channel with the most rapid flow. Finally, count all pieces of large woody debris within the active channel.Sub-sample the organisms contained within each macroinvertebrate sample obtained at the test site. Place the entire composite sample into a 100 square inch gridded sorting tray and randomly assign each square inch of the grid a number from one to 100. Remove organisms and debris from a randomly selected grid location and using a stereo microscope, count and identify all organisms.Continue to count and identify organisms from randomly selected grid locations until the total number of sorted individuals is between 160 and 240. Identify the organism to genus using a macroinvertebrate key. Then, compile the genus level abundance data into community metrics to use as response variables for statistical modeling.Such variables include total richness and percent EPT. After using the data to construct statistical models that predict the physical, chemical and biological conditions, use the GIS software to visualize the predictions. First, join the predictions to the NHD catchments.Right click on the catchments layer in the table of contents and select joins and relates and then join. Select the model predictions as the table to be joined and select the catchment unique identifier as the field that the join will be based on. Next, right click on the catchments layer and select properties.In the layer properties dialogue box, click on the symbology tab and select quantities. Select the predicted value of interest as the value field and click apply. If needed, use the classify option to manually change the range values to match recognized ecological criteria.Now, conduct scenario analysis. Update the current landscape data set by directly editing the catchment layers attribute table with the field calculator function. For example, change a previously forested catchment to mining land cover.Users can also edit multiple catchments to quantify likely effects of multiple activities occurring across large spatial scales. Another editing option not shown here is to edit the original vector or raster landscape data sets. Now, using procedures already presented, reallocate and re-accumulate the updated land use attributes for all NHD catchments.Predict in-stream conditions as function of the updated landscape data set and visualize predicted conditions. 41 to 24, 000 scale NHD catchments were selected as study sites within the Coal River, West Virginia. The study sites were selected to span a range of influences including surface mining, residential development, and underground mining.After collecting data and constructing statistical models, two sub-watersheds with similar surface mining were analyzed for various land use development and mitigation scenarios. What sets Drawdy Creek apart form Laurel Fork is that Drawdy Creek is influenced by residential structures and underground mining. Scenario analysis suggested that Laurel Fork can assimilate a 21%increase in surface mining land cover or 22 residential structures prior to biological impairment.Before chemical impairment occurs, Laurel Creek could assimilate a 14%increase in surface mining land or eight underground mines. In contrast, the outflow of Drawdy Creek is predicted to exceed both the chemical and biological criteria, so mitigating scenarios were tested. Neither fully mitigating the effect of residential development, nor fully mitigating underground mining was enough to meet biological or chemical criteria.Instead, it was predicted that to successfully make the Drawdy Creek outflow meet biological and chemical criteria, residential development and underground mining would need to be mitigated by 94 and 75%respectively, as noted by the dashed lines. This approach addresses previously identified limitations associated with managing aquatic systems and actively developing watersheds. Notably, the targeted watershed assessment produces data capable of quantifying complex cumulative effects at relevant spatial scales and it integrates models with existing GIS capabilities to create an easily interpretable and implementable scenario analysis framework.It'll be important for us to place this methodology within an adaptive management framework where we make predictions and then access management activities over time, and particularly moving forward, we would like to incorporate the effects of climate change and incorporate these effects into our future scenario models. This framework is applicable to regions and watersheds impacted by any number of land use activities and can be used to conserve aquatic resources in the face of socio-economic and political pressures to continue development activities.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

تحليل الأحماض الدهنية المحتوى والتركيب في الطحالب الدقيقة

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

تقنية لدراسة المفصلية والمجتمعات الميكروبية داخل شجرة الأنسجة

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

بروتوكول لإجراء محاكاة لدراسة هطول الأمطار والجريان السطحي للتربة

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

قياس الجريان غازات الاحتباس الحراري من الأراضي الزراعية عن طريق الغرف ثابت

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

استخدام الوامئات (ذوات الجناحين) العذراء سلخ بمثابة بروتوكول Bioassessment السريع لالمسطحات المائية العائمة السطحية

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

والمائية الميكروبية Metaproteomics سير العمل: من الخلايا إلى زيتية الببتيدات مناسبة لتحليل يستند الطيف، جنبا إلى جنب الشامل

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

بروتوكول لجمع وبناء Lysimeters الأساسية التربة

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

تعديل وتطبيق ورقة المنفاخ-VAC لأخذ العينات مجال المفصليات

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Individual Culturing of Tigriopus Copepods and Quantitative Analysis of Their Mate-guarding Behavior

Individual Culturing of Tigriopus Copepods and Quantitative Analysis of Their Mate-guarding Behavior

استزراع الفردية الكانفاس تيجريوبوس والتحليل الكمي لسلوكهم حراسة ماتي

Copepods of the genus Tigriopus, which are common zooplankton in rocky tide pools, show precopulatory mate-guarding behavior where a male clasps a ...

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

تصور حقل التدفق حول خط أنابيب تهتز داخل ثقب التوازن

An experimental method is presented in this paper to facilitate visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and ...