Name: watershed planning within a quantitative scenario analysis framework
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Nous remercions les nombreuses aides de terrain et de laboratoire qui ont été impliqués dans divers aspects de ce travail, en particulier Donna Hartman, Aaron Maxwell, Eric Miller, et Alison Anderson. Le financement de cette étude a été fourni par le US Geological Survey grâce au soutien de l&#39;Environmental Protection Agency des États-Unis (EPA) Région III. Cette étude a été partiellement développé sous la science pour atteindre les résultats Fellowship numéro de la convention d&#39;aide FP-91766601-0 décerné par l&#39;US EPA. Bien que la recherche décrite dans cet article a été financé par l&#39;US EPA, il n&#39;a pas été soumis à requis par les pairs et de la politique de l&#39;examen de l&#39;agence et, par conséquent, ne reflète pas nécessairement les vues de l&#39;agence, et aucune approbation officielle devrait être déduite.

1. Sites cibles pour l&#39;inclusion dans l&#39;évaluation des bassins versants <ol><li> Identifier les activités dominantes d&#39;utilisation des terres dans la cible à 8 chiffres code d&#39;unité hydrologique (HUC) des bassins versants qui ont un impact physico - chimiques et la condition biologique 3, 7. Note: Cette méthode suppose une connaissance pré-existante des facteurs de stress importants dans le bassin versant d&#39;intérêt. Toutefois, la consultation des organismes de réglementat...

<ol>
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Nous fournissons un cadre pour l&#39;évaluation et la gestion des effets cumulatifs de multiples activités d&#39;utilisation des terres dans les bassins versants fortement touchés. L&#39;approche décrite ici les adresses précédemment identifiées limites associées à la gestion des systèmes aquatiques dans les bassins versants fortement touchés 5-6. Plus particulièrement, la conception des bassins versants ciblés d&#39;évaluation (c. -à- échantillonnage le long stresseur individuel et c...

L&#39; altération anthropogénique des paysages naturels est parmi les plus grandes menaces actuelles pour les écosystèmes aquatiques à travers le monde 1. Dans de nombreuses régions, la dégradation continue au rythme actuel se traduira par des dommages irréparables aux ressources aquatiques, en fin de compte limiter leur capacité à fournir des services écosystémiques inestimables et irremplaçables. Ainsi, il y a un besoin critique d&#39;outils et de méthodologies capables de gérer les systèmes aquatiques dans les bassins versants en développement 2-3. Cela est particulièrement important étant donné que les gestionnaires sont souvent chargés de la conservation des ressources aquatiques face à des pressions socio-économiques et politiques de poursuivre les activités de développement. Gestion des systèmes aquatiques dans les régions en développement activement exige une capacité à prédire les effets probables des activités de développement proposées dans le cadre de la pré-existante paysage naturel et anthropique attributs 3, 4. Un défi majeur pour AquaTla gestion des ressources ic dans les bassins hydrographiques fortement dégradées est la capacité à quantifier et gérer complexes (ie, additifs ou interactifs) effets cumulatifs de multiples utilisation des terres de stress à des échelles spatiales pertinentes 2, 5. Malgré les défis actuels, cependant, les évaluations des effets cumulatifs sont incorporés dans les lignes directrices réglementaires à travers le monde 5-6. Évaluations des bassins versants ciblés conçus pour goûter à la gamme complète des conditions à l&#39; égard de l&#39; utilisation des terres multiples facteurs de stress peuvent produire des données capables de modéliser les effets cumulatifs complexes 7. En outre, l&#39; intégration de ces modèles dans un cadre d&#39;analyse de scénarios [prévoir les changements écologiques dans une gamme de développement réaliste ou proposée ou de la gestion des bassins versants (restauration et atténuation) scénarios] a le potentiel d&#39;améliorer considérablement la gestion des ressources aquatiques dans les bassins hydrographiques fortement touchés 3, 5, 8 -9. Plus particulièrement, l&#39;analyse de scénarios fournitun cadre pour l&#39; ajout d&#39; objectivité et de transparence aux décisions de gestion en intégrant l&#39; information scientifique (relations écologiques et des modèles statistiques), les objectifs réglementaires et les besoins des intervenants dans un cadre de prise de décision unique 3, 9. Nous présentons une méthodologie pour l&#39;évaluation et la gestion des effets cumulatifs de multiples activités d&#39;utilisation des terres dans un cadre d&#39;analyse de scénarios. Nous décrivons d&#39;abord comment cibler convenablement les sites à inclure dans l&#39;évaluation des bassins versants en fonction des facteurs de stress connus d&#39;utilisation des terres. Nous décrivons les techniques de terrain et de laboratoire pour obtenir des données sur les effets écologiques de multiples activités d&#39;utilisation des terres. Nous décrivons brièvement les techniques de modélisation pour produire des modèles basés sur le paysage-effets cumulatifs. Enfin, nous discutons de la façon d&#39;intégrer les modèles des effets cumulatifs dans un cadre d&#39;analyse de scénarios et de démontrer l&#39;utilité de cette méthode en aidant les décisions réglementaires (par exemple, l&#39; autorisation et le reposoraison) au sein d&#39;un bassin versant intensivement exploité dans le sud de la Virginie Occidentale.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1173">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:436px;">Slack Invert Sampling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Wildco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3-425-N56</td>
			<td style="width:448px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HDPE Square Jars</td>
			<td>US Plastic Corp</td>
			<td>66188</td>
			<td>32oz./for storing fixed, composite invertebrate samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethyl Alcohol 190 Proof</td>
			<td>PHARMCO-AAPER</td>
			<td>111000190</td>
			<td>For fixing and storing invertebrate samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5in. by 20in. Macroinvertebrate sub-samplilng grid</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This item cannot be purchased and must be made in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereomicroscope Stemi 2000 with stand C LED</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>000000-1106-133</td>
			<td>For macroinvertebrate sorting and identification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific Nalgene Reusable Filter Holders with Receiver</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-740-23A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immobilon-NC Transfer Membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>HATF04700</td>
			<td>Triton-free, mixed cellulose exters, 0.45um, 47mm, disc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Actron Vacuum Pump Brake Bleeder Kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Auto Parts</td>
			<td>CP7835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitric Acid Solution</td>
			<td>HACH</td>
			<td>254049</td>
			<td>1:1, 500mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oblong NDPE Wide Mouth Bottles</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1229Z38</td>
			<td>250 mL/for collection of water samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:436px;">650 Multi-parameter display, standard memory</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">650-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">600XL Sonde with temperature/conductivity sensor</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>065862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH calibration buffer pack</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>603824</td>
			<td>2 pints each of pH 4, 7, &#38; 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">conductivity standard</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>065270</td>
			<td>1 quart, 1000 uS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flo-Mate 2000</td>
			<td>TTT Environmental</td>
			<td>2000-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Keson English/Metric Open Reel Fiberglass Tape</td>
			<td>Forestry Suppliers</td>
			<td>40025</td>
			<td>300&#39;/100m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ArcGIS 10.3.1</td>
			<td>ESRI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

watershed planning within a quantitative scenario analysis framework

Il y a un besoin critique d&#39;outils et de méthodologies capables de gérer les systèmes aquatiques dans les bassins hydrographiques fortement touchés. Les efforts actuels sont souvent en deçà en raison d&#39;une incapacité à quantifier et prédire les effets cumulatifs complexes des scénarios actuels et futurs d&#39;utilisation des terres à des échelles spatiales pertinentes. Le but de ce manuscrit est de fournir des méthodes pour procéder à une évaluation des bassins versants ciblés qui permet aux gestionnaires de ressources pour produire des modèles basés sur le paysage-effets cumulatifs pour une utilisation dans un cadre de gestion de l&#39;analyse de scénarios. Les sites sont d&#39;abord sélectionnés pour l&#39;inclusion dans l&#39;évaluation des bassins versants par l&#39;identification des sites qui tombent le long de gradients indépendants et des combinaisons de facteurs de stress connus. techniques de terrain et de laboratoire sont ensuite utilisées pour obtenir des données sur les propriétés physiques, chimiques et effets biologiques des multiples activités d&#39;utilisation des terres. analyse de régression multiple linéaire est ensuite utilisé pour produire des modèles à base de paysage-effets cumulatifs pour prédire l&#39;aquaconditions tic. Enfin, les méthodes pour intégrer des modèles d&#39;effets cumulatifs dans un cadre d&#39;analyse de scénarios pour la gestion et les décisions réglementaires de guidage (par exemple, l&#39; autorisation et l&#39; atténuation) dans les bassins versants en développement activement sont discutées et démontrées pour 2 sous-bassins versants de la région minière de montagne du centre des Appalaches. L&#39;approche d&#39;évaluation et de gestion des bassins versants fournie ici permet aux gestionnaires de ressources pour faciliter l&#39;activité économique et le développement tout en protégeant les ressources aquatiques et la production opportunité pour les avantages écologiques nets par le biais de mesures correctives ciblées.

Quarante 1: 24.000 captages NHD ont été choisis comme sites d&#39;étude au sein de la rivière Coal, Virginie - Occidentale (figure 2). Les sites d&#39;étude ont été choisis pour couvrir une gamme d&#39; influence de l&#39; exploitation minière de surface (% de la superficie des terres 24), le développement résidentiel [densité de structure (no./km 2)], et l&#39; exploitation minière souterraine [système pollution décharge national d&#3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework at JoVE.com

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

Il y a un besoin critique d&#39;outils et de méthodologies capables de gérer les systèmes aquatiques face à des conditions futures incertaines. Nous fournissons des méthodes pour procéder à une évaluation des bassins versants ciblés qui permet aux gestionnaires de ressources pour produire des modèles basés sur le paysage-effets cumulatifs pour une utilisation dans un cadre de gestion de l&#39;analyse de scénarios.

Bassin versant de la planification au sein d&#39;un cadre d&#39;analyse quantitative Scénario

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

The overall goal of this methodology is to provide researchers and resource managers with a framework for accessing and managing aquatic systems within actively developing watersheds affected by multiple land use activities. The watershed assessment planning approach described in this video will benefit researchers and aquatic resource managers by enabling characterization and prediction of cumulative impacts associated with multiple land use activities. A main advantage of this technique is that it incorporates a cumulative analysis framework within a GI space scenario analysis framework.This allows managers to interactively access the outcomes of regulatory decisions, such as permitting and mitigation. For example, the presented approach makes it possible to facilitate both economic and development activity, while also producing that benefits to aquatic ecosystems through targeted remediation of other stressors. In preparation, select landscape-based measures of dominant land use activities within the targeted watershed, such as land cover attributes within the National Land Cover Database.Then, in the GIS, open the NHD catchment file for the targeted area. Before beginning the summarization, ensure that each catchment has a unique identifier. To begin, allocate vector land use data to each polygon catchment.Use the tabulate intersection tool to calculate landscape attributes for each catchment. Select the catchments layer as the input zone feature, the unique identifier as the zone field, and the vector land use data as the input class feature. Next, allocate raster land use data to each catchment.Use the tabulate area tool to calculate the attributes for each catchment. Select the catchment's layer as the feature zone data, the unique identifier as the zone field, and the land cover data set as the input raster. Now, join the tabulated land use attributes to the catchment layer.Right click on the catchment layer in the table of contents. In the dialogue box, select joins and relates and then join. Select the tabulated vector output as the table to be joined and then select the catchment unique identifier as the field that the join will be based on.Repeat this step to join the tabulated raster output. Then, accumulate all the landscape attributes and the area field for each catchment using an automated script. This step calculates total upstream basin areas and landscape attributes and can be accomplished for one to 100, 000 scale NHD catchments using the catchment attribute allocation and accumulation tool.Select NHD catchments as study sites based on their landscape attributes. First, create a scatter plot of all the NHD catchments with respect to their accumulated values of major land use activities. Select approximately 40 catchments as study sites within each eight digit hydrologic unit code watershed.These sites should represent the full range of influences from the dominant land use activities found within the target watershed. Select sites within independent stressor gradients, which are sites influenced by single land use activity. Also, select sites with stressor combinations which are influenced by multiple land use activities.Be sure that the sites are well distributed in the watershed and independent of one another with respect to their downstream drainage. Ensure that sites falling within each individual and combined stressor gradient also have similar average basin areas. In the field, delineate the sampling reach as 40 times the active channel width with maximum and minimum length of 300 and 150 meters.Begin with collecting water samples. Choose moving water characteristic of the entire sampling site. First, obtain instantaneous measures of dissolved oxygen, specific conductivity, temperature, and pH, using hand held sensors.Next, collect a filtered sample. First, rinse the filtration equipment with deionized water. Then, filter 250 milliliters of water for analysis of dissolved metals and fix the sample to a pH of less than two to ensure that the metals remain dissolved in the solution.Next, collect 250 milliliters of unfiltered water by completely submerging a sample bottle into the water column. Gentle squeeze the bottle to expunge any remaining air and simultaneously place the cap on the sample bottle. If necessary, fix the sample to a pH of less than two to kill biological activity that might affect the analytes.Select the analytes based on local land use activities. Collect a negative control once during each sampling event by following all water sampling protocols to obtain samples of deionized water. This is to ensure there is no cross-contamination between sampling sites.Store all water samples at four degrees Celsius. The next procedure is to measure discharge at each sample site. To do this, first divide the waded stream width into equally sized increments using a depth gauge rod, measure the depth as the distance from the stream bed to the water surface, then, using a current meter, measure the water's velocity at 60%of the water's depth.Now, calculate the discharge as the sum of all the products of the velocity, depth, and width at each section. To sample the macro invertebrate at each site, take kick samples from four separate riffles distributed throughout the full length of the sampling reach. At each location, place the kick net perpendicular to the stream flow and by foot, disturb a 50 square centimeter area immediately upstream to collect matter in the kick net.Once the four samples are collected, combine them and immediately preserve them with 95%ethanol. The next procedure is to measure the physical habitat quality and complexity throughout the stream reach by taking measurements at equally spaced points along the thow wake, which is the location within the stream channel with the most rapid flow. Finally, count all pieces of large woody debris within the active channel.Sub-sample the organisms contained within each macroinvertebrate sample obtained at the test site. Place the entire composite sample into a 100 square inch gridded sorting tray and randomly assign each square inch of the grid a number from one to 100. Remove organisms and debris from a randomly selected grid location and using a stereo microscope, count and identify all organisms.Continue to count and identify organisms from randomly selected grid locations until the total number of sorted individuals is between 160 and 240. Identify the organism to genus using a macroinvertebrate key. Then, compile the genus level abundance data into community metrics to use as response variables for statistical modeling.Such variables include total richness and percent EPT. After using the data to construct statistical models that predict the physical, chemical and biological conditions, use the GIS software to visualize the predictions. First, join the predictions to the NHD catchments.Right click on the catchments layer in the table of contents and select joins and relates and then join. Select the model predictions as the table to be joined and select the catchment unique identifier as the field that the join will be based on. Next, right click on the catchments layer and select properties.In the layer properties dialogue box, click on the symbology tab and select quantities. Select the predicted value of interest as the value field and click apply. If needed, use the classify option to manually change the range values to match recognized ecological criteria.Now, conduct scenario analysis. Update the current landscape data set by directly editing the catchment layers attribute table with the field calculator function. For example, change a previously forested catchment to mining land cover.Users can also edit multiple catchments to quantify likely effects of multiple activities occurring across large spatial scales. Another editing option not shown here is to edit the original vector or raster landscape data sets. Now, using procedures already presented, reallocate and re-accumulate the updated land use attributes for all NHD catchments.Predict in-stream conditions as function of the updated landscape data set and visualize predicted conditions. 41 to 24, 000 scale NHD catchments were selected as study sites within the Coal River, West Virginia. The study sites were selected to span a range of influences including surface mining, residential development, and underground mining.After collecting data and constructing statistical models, two sub-watersheds with similar surface mining were analyzed for various land use development and mitigation scenarios. What sets Drawdy Creek apart form Laurel Fork is that Drawdy Creek is influenced by residential structures and underground mining. Scenario analysis suggested that Laurel Fork can assimilate a 21%increase in surface mining land cover or 22 residential structures prior to biological impairment.Before chemical impairment occurs, Laurel Creek could assimilate a 14%increase in surface mining land or eight underground mines. In contrast, the outflow of Drawdy Creek is predicted to exceed both the chemical and biological criteria, so mitigating scenarios were tested. Neither fully mitigating the effect of residential development, nor fully mitigating underground mining was enough to meet biological or chemical criteria.Instead, it was predicted that to successfully make the Drawdy Creek outflow meet biological and chemical criteria, residential development and underground mining would need to be mitigated by 94 and 75%respectively, as noted by the dashed lines. This approach addresses previously identified limitations associated with managing aquatic systems and actively developing watersheds. Notably, the targeted watershed assessment produces data capable of quantifying complex cumulative effects at relevant spatial scales and it integrates models with existing GIS capabilities to create an easily interpretable and implementable scenario analysis framework.It'll be important for us to place this methodology within an adaptive management framework where we make predictions and then access management activities over time, and particularly moving forward, we would like to incorporate the effects of climate change and incorporate these effects into our future scenario models. This framework is applicable to regions and watersheds impacted by any number of land use activities and can be used to conserve aquatic resources in the face of socio-economic and political pressures to continue development activities.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

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A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

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Environnement

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