Name: watershed planning within a quantitative scenario analysis framework
Uploaded: 2016-07-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework at JoVE.com

私たちは、この仕事のさまざまな側面に関与していた多数のフィールドと実験室ヘルパー、特にドナ・ハートマン、アーロン・マックスウェル、エリック・ミラー、およびアリソン・アンダーソンに感謝します。この研究のための資金は、米国環境保護庁（EPA）領域IIIからの支援を通じて米国地質調査所によって提供されました。本研究の一部は数FP-91766601から0は、米国EPAによって授与された結果フェローシップの支援協定を達成するために、科学の下で開発されました。この資料に記載された研究は、米国EPAによって資金を供給されてきたが、政府機関の必要なピアと政策見直しを行っていないと、したがって、必ずしも機関の見解を反映するものではない、と公式承認が推測されるべきではありません。

1.標的部位流域評価に含めるための<ol><li>物理化学的および生物学的状態3、7に影響を与えているターゲット8桁水文単位コード（HUC）流域内で支配的な土地利用の活動を特定します。 注：この方法は、関心のある流域内の重要なストレス要因の既存の知識を前提としています。しかし、この努力を助けることができるシステムに精通している規制当局や流域のグループ?...

<ol>
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E., Westbrook, C. J., Noble, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bringing+science+into+river+systems+cumulative+effects+assessment+practice.">Bringing science into river systems cumulative effects assessment practice.</a> Environ. Impact Asses. 31, 172-179 (2011).</li><li>Duinker, P. N., Greig, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+cumulative+effects+assessment+in+Canada:+ailments+and+ideas+for+redeployment.">The importance of cumulative effects assessment in Canada: ailments and ideas for redeployment.</a> Environ. Manage. 37, 153-161 (2006).</li><li>Merriam, E. R., Petty, J. T., Strager, M. P., Maxwell, A. E., Ziemkiewicz, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Landscape-based+cumulative+effects+models+for+predicting+stream+response+to+mountaintop+mining+in+multistressor+Appalachian+watersheds.">Landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting stream response to mountaintop mining in multistressor Appalachian watersheds.</a> Freshwater Science. 34, 1006-1019 (2015).</li><li>Duinker, P. N., Greig, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scenario+analysis+in+environmental+impact+assessment:+improving+explorations+of+the+future.">Scenario analysis in environmental impact assessment: improving explorations of the future.</a> Environ. Impact Asses. 27, 206-219 (2007).</li><li>Kepner, W. G., Ramsey, M. M., Brown, E. S., Jarchow, M. E., Dickinson, K. J. M., Mark, A. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+system+of+naming+habitat+types+in+streams,+with+examples+of+habitat+utilization+by+salmonids+during+low+streamflow.">A system of naming habitat types in streams, with examples of habitat utilization by salmonids during low streamflow.</a> Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information. Proceedings of a symposium held 28-30 October, 1981. , 62-73 (1982).</li><li>Wentworth, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+scale+of+grade+and+class+terms+for+clastic+sediments.">A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments.</a> J. Geol. 30, 377-392 (1922).</li><li>Petty, J. T., Freund, J., Lamothe, P., Mazik, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+instream+habitat+in+the+upper+Shavers+Fork+basin+at+multiple+spatial+scales.">Quantifying instream habitat in the upper Shavers Fork basin at multiple spatial scales.</a> Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fisheries and Wildlife Agencies. 55, 81-94 (2001).</li><li>Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B. D., Stribling, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EPA/841-B-99-022.">EPA/841-B-99-022.</a> Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish. 2nd edition. , (1999).</li><li>Merritt, R. W., Cummins, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 4th edition. , (2008).</li><li>Crawley, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistics: an introduction using R. , (2005).</li><li>Zeileis, A., Hothorn, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+Checking+in+Regression+Relationships.">Diagnostic Checking in Regression Relationships.</a> R News. 2, 7-10 (2002).</li><li>Maxwell, A. E., Strager, M. P., Yuill, C., Petty, J. T., Merriam, E. R., Mazzarella, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disturbance+mapping+and+landscape+modeling+of+mountaintop+mining+using+ArcGIS.">Disturbance mapping and landscape modeling of mountaintop mining using ArcGIS.</a> Proceedings of the ESRI International User Conference. , (2011).</li><li>Gerritsen, J., Burton, J., Barbour, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A stream condition index for West Virginia wadeable streams. , (2000).</li><li>Pond, G. J., Passmore, M. E., Borsuk, F. A., Reynolds, L., Rose, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Downstream+effects+of+mountaintop+coal+mining:+comparing+biological+conditions+using+family-+and+genus-level+macroinvertebrate+bioassessment+tools.">Downstream effects of mountaintop coal mining: comparing biological conditions using family- and genus-level macroinvertebrate bioassessment tools.</a> J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 27, 717-737 (2008).</li><li>Luo, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecological+forecasting+and+data+assimilation+in+a+data-rich+era.">Ecological forecasting and data assimilation in a data-rich era.</a> Ecol. Appl. 21, 1429-1442 (2011).</li><li>Petty, J. T., Strager, M. P., Merriam, E. R., Ziemkiewicz, P. F., Craynon, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scenario+analysis+and+the+Watershed+Futures+Planner:+predicting+future+aquatic+condiditons+in+an+intensively+mined+Appalachian+watershed.">Scenario analysis and the Watershed Futures Planner: predicting future aquatic condiditons in an intensively mined Appalachian watershed.</a> Environmental Considerations in Energy Productions. , 5-19 (2013).</li><li>Daraio, J. A., Bales, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+land+use+and+climate+change+on+stream+temperature+I:+daily+flow+and+stream+temperature+projections.">Effects of land use and climate change on stream temperature I: daily flow and stream temperature projections.</a> J. Am. Water Resour. As. 50, 1155-1176 (2014).</li><li>Mantyka-Pringle, C. S., Martin, T. G., Moffatt, D. B., Linke, S., Rhodes, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+and+predicting+the+combined+effects+of+climate+change+and+land-use+change+on+freshwater+macroinvertebrates+and+fish.">Understanding and predicting the combined effects of climate change and land-use change on freshwater macroinvertebrates and fish.</a> J. Appl. Ecol. 51, 572-581 (2014).</li><li>Piggott, J. J., Townsend, C. R., Matthaei, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Climate+warming+and+agricultural+stressors+interact+to+determine+stream+macroinvertebrate+community+dynamics.">Climate warming and agricultural stressors interact to determine stream macroinvertebrate community dynamics.</a> Glob. Change Biol. 21, 1897-1906 (2015).</li><li>Elith, J., Leathwick, J. R., Hastie, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+working+guide+to+boosted+regression+trees.">A working guide to boosted regression trees.</a> J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 802-813 (2008).</li><li>Mattson, K. M., Angermeier, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+human+impacts+and+ecological+integrity+into+a+risk-based+protocol+for+conservation+planning.">Integrating human impacts and ecological integrity into a risk-based protocol for conservation planning.</a> Environ. Manage. 39, 125-138 (2007).</li><li>(US, U. S. E. P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EPA+841-B-11-002.">EPA 841-B-11-002.</a> USEPA. Identifying and protecting healthy watersheds. Concepts, assessments, and management approaches. , (2012).</li><li>Merriam, E. R., Petty, J. T., Strager, M. P., Maxwell, A. E., Ziemkiewicz, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+contaminant+mixtures+in+multi-stressor+Appalachian+riverscapes.">Complex contaminant mixtures in multi-stressor Appalachian riverscapes.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , (2015).</li></ol>

私たちは頻繁に影響を受け流域内の複数の土地利用活動の累積的影響を評価し、管理するためのフレームワークを提供します。本明細書に記載されたアプローチは重く影響を受け流域5-6の水生システムの管理に関連する以前に同定された制限に対処します。最も顕著なのは、対象となる流域アセスメントの設計（ すなわち 、個人と組み合わせストレッサーに沿ってサンプリン...

自然景観の人為的改変は、世界1を通して水界生態系への最大の現在の脅威の一つです。多くの地域では、現在のレートで継続的な劣化は、最終的には非常に貴重とかけがえのない生態系サービスを提供する能力を制限し、水産資源に回復不能な損傷が発生します。このように、ツールおよび開発流域2-3内の水生システムを管理することのできる方法論のための重要な必要性があります。これは、管理者は、多くの場合、開発活動を継続するための社会経済的および政治的圧力に直面して水産資源を節約する使命を帯びていることを考えると、特に重要です。 積極的に開発途上地域内の水生システムの管理は、3属性4既存の自然と人為的景観のコンテキスト内で提案された開発活動の可能性が高い効果を予測する能力が必要です。aquatする主な課題ひどく劣化した流域内のICのリソース管理は、複雑な（ すなわち 、添加剤またはインタラクティブ）を定量化し、管理する能力である、関連する空間スケール2に複数の土地利用のストレス要因の累積効果、5。現在の課題があるにもかかわらず、しかし、累積的影響の評価は中に組み込まれています世界5-6を通じて規制ガイドライン。 複雑な累積的影響7をモデル化することが可能なデータを生成することができ、複数の土地利用のストレス要因に対する条件の全範囲をサンプリングするように設計された標的型流域の評価。また、[現実的または提案の開発や流域管理（回復と緩和）の範囲の下で生態系の変化を予測シナリオ]をシナリオ分析の枠組みの中でそのようなモデルを組み込むことは非常に大きく影響を受ける流域3、5、8内の水生資源管理を改善する可能性があります-9。最も注目すべきは、シナリオ分析を提供します科学的情報（生態学的関係および統計モデル）、規制の目標、および利害関係者を組み込むことにより、経営の意思決定に客観性と透明性を追加するためのフレームワークでは、単一の意思決定フレームワーク3、9の中にいる必要があります。 私たちは、シナリオ分析の枠組み内で複数の土地利用活動の累積的影響を評価し、管理するための方法論を提示します。まず適切に知られている土地利用のストレス要因に基づいて、流域アセスメント内の包含のための部位を標的とする方法について説明します。我々は、複数の土地利用活動の生態影響に関するデータを取得するためのフィールドと実験室の技法を説明します。我々は簡単に風景ベースの累積的効果モデルを生成するためのモデリング技法を説明します。最後に、我々は、シナリオ分析の枠組み内での累積効果モデルを組み込む方法を議論し、（規制の意思決定を支援するには、例えば、許可し、残りを、この方法論の有用性を実証します南部ウェストバージニア州で集中的に採掘された流域内の演説）。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1173">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:436px;">Slack Invert Sampling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Wildco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3-425-N56</td>
			<td style="width:448px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HDPE Square Jars</td>
			<td>US Plastic Corp</td>
			<td>66188</td>
			<td>32oz./for storing fixed, composite invertebrate samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethyl Alcohol 190 Proof</td>
			<td>PHARMCO-AAPER</td>
			<td>111000190</td>
			<td>For fixing and storing invertebrate samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5in. by 20in. Macroinvertebrate sub-samplilng grid</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>This item cannot be purchased and must be made in house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereomicroscope Stemi 2000 with stand C LED</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>000000-1106-133</td>
			<td>For macroinvertebrate sorting and identification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific Nalgene Reusable Filter Holders with Receiver</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-740-23A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immobilon-NC Transfer Membrane</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>HATF04700</td>
			<td>Triton-free, mixed cellulose exters, 0.45um, 47mm, disc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Actron Vacuum Pump Brake Bleeder Kit</td>
			<td>Advanced Auto Parts</td>
			<td>CP7835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitric Acid Solution</td>
			<td>HACH</td>
			<td>254049</td>
			<td>1:1, 500mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oblong NDPE Wide Mouth Bottles</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1229Z38</td>
			<td>250 mL/for collection of water samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:436px;">650 Multi-parameter display, standard memory</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">650-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">600XL Sonde with temperature/conductivity sensor</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>065862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH calibration buffer pack</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>603824</td>
			<td>2 pints each of pH 4, 7, &#38; 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">conductivity standard</td>
			<td>Fondriest Environmental</td>
			<td>065270</td>
			<td>1 quart, 1000 uS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flo-Mate 2000</td>
			<td>TTT Environmental</td>
			<td>2000-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Keson English/Metric Open Reel Fiberglass Tape</td>
			<td>Forestry Suppliers</td>
			<td>40025</td>
			<td>300&#39;/100m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ArcGIS 10.3.1</td>
			<td>ESRI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

watershed planning within a quantitative scenario analysis framework

ツールと重く影響を受け流域内の水生システムを管理することのできる方法論のための重要な必要性があります。現在の努力は、多くの場合、関連する空間スケールでの現在および将来の土地利用シナリオの複雑な累積的効果を定量化し、予測不能の結果として不十分です。本稿の目的は、シナリオ分析の管理フレームワーク内で使用するための風景ベース累積効果モデルを生成するためにリソースマネージャを可能にする標的流域の評価を行うための方法を提供することです。サイトが最初の独立勾配と知られているストレス要因の組み合わせに沿って落下する部位を同定することにより、流域アセスメント内で含めるために選択されています。フィールドおよび実験技術は、物理的、化学的、および複数の土地利用活動の生物学的影響に関するデータを得るために使用されます。重回帰分析は、次いで、水を予測するための景観基準の累積効果モデルを生成するために使用されますチック条件。最後に、積極的に開発する流域内のシナリオ分析管理と規制の意思決定を導くためのフレームワーク（ 例えば、許可および軽減）内の累積効果モデルを組み込むための方法は、中央アパラチアの山頂マイニング領域内の2つのサブ流域のための議論と実証されています。本明細書に提供される流域評価と管理のアプローチは、水産資源を保護し、目標と改善を通じてネット生態系便益の機会を生成しながら、経済・開発活動を促進するために、リソースマネージャを有効にします。

フォーティ1：24,000 NHD流域は、ウェストバージニア（ 図2）、石炭川内の研究拠点として選ば ​​れました。研究サイトは露天掘り（％の土地面積24）、住宅開発[構造密度（no./km 2）]、および地下採鉱[国家汚染物排出除去システム（NPDES）許可密度（なしの範囲の影響をまたがるように選択しました。 /キロ2）]それぞれの主要な?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework at JoVE.com

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

ツールおよび不確実な将来の状況に直面して水生システムを管理することのできる方法論のための重要な必要性があります。私たちは、シナリオ分析管理フレームワーク内で使用するための景観基準の累積効果モデルを生成するためにリソースマネージャを有効に標的と流域の評価を行うための方法を提供します。

定量的シナリオ分析フレームワーク内の流域計画

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

The overall goal of this methodology is to provide researchers and resource managers with a framework for accessing and managing aquatic systems within actively developing watersheds affected by multiple land use activities. The watershed assessment planning approach described in this video will benefit researchers and aquatic resource managers by enabling characterization and prediction of cumulative impacts associated with multiple land use activities. A main advantage of this technique is that it incorporates a cumulative analysis framework within a GI space scenario analysis framework.This allows managers to interactively access the outcomes of regulatory decisions, such as permitting and mitigation. For example, the presented approach makes it possible to facilitate both economic and development activity, while also producing that benefits to aquatic ecosystems through targeted remediation of other stressors. In preparation, select landscape-based measures of dominant land use activities within the targeted watershed, such as land cover attributes within the National Land Cover Database.Then, in the GIS, open the NHD catchment file for the targeted area. Before beginning the summarization, ensure that each catchment has a unique identifier. To begin, allocate vector land use data to each polygon catchment.Use the tabulate intersection tool to calculate landscape attributes for each catchment. Select the catchments layer as the input zone feature, the unique identifier as the zone field, and the vector land use data as the input class feature. Next, allocate raster land use data to each catchment.Use the tabulate area tool to calculate the attributes for each catchment. Select the catchment's layer as the feature zone data, the unique identifier as the zone field, and the land cover data set as the input raster. Now, join the tabulated land use attributes to the catchment layer.Right click on the catchment layer in the table of contents. In the dialogue box, select joins and relates and then join. Select the tabulated vector output as the table to be joined and then select the catchment unique identifier as the field that the join will be based on.Repeat this step to join the tabulated raster output. Then, accumulate all the landscape attributes and the area field for each catchment using an automated script. This step calculates total upstream basin areas and landscape attributes and can be accomplished for one to 100, 000 scale NHD catchments using the catchment attribute allocation and accumulation tool.Select NHD catchments as study sites based on their landscape attributes. First, create a scatter plot of all the NHD catchments with respect to their accumulated values of major land use activities. Select approximately 40 catchments as study sites within each eight digit hydrologic unit code watershed.These sites should represent the full range of influences from the dominant land use activities found within the target watershed. Select sites within independent stressor gradients, which are sites influenced by single land use activity. Also, select sites with stressor combinations which are influenced by multiple land use activities.Be sure that the sites are well distributed in the watershed and independent of one another with respect to their downstream drainage. Ensure that sites falling within each individual and combined stressor gradient also have similar average basin areas. In the field, delineate the sampling reach as 40 times the active channel width with maximum and minimum length of 300 and 150 meters.Begin with collecting water samples. Choose moving water characteristic of the entire sampling site. First, obtain instantaneous measures of dissolved oxygen, specific conductivity, temperature, and pH, using hand held sensors.Next, collect a filtered sample. First, rinse the filtration equipment with deionized water. Then, filter 250 milliliters of water for analysis of dissolved metals and fix the sample to a pH of less than two to ensure that the metals remain dissolved in the solution.Next, collect 250 milliliters of unfiltered water by completely submerging a sample bottle into the water column. Gentle squeeze the bottle to expunge any remaining air and simultaneously place the cap on the sample bottle. If necessary, fix the sample to a pH of less than two to kill biological activity that might affect the analytes.Select the analytes based on local land use activities. Collect a negative control once during each sampling event by following all water sampling protocols to obtain samples of deionized water. This is to ensure there is no cross-contamination between sampling sites.Store all water samples at four degrees Celsius. The next procedure is to measure discharge at each sample site. To do this, first divide the waded stream width into equally sized increments using a depth gauge rod, measure the depth as the distance from the stream bed to the water surface, then, using a current meter, measure the water's velocity at 60%of the water's depth.Now, calculate the discharge as the sum of all the products of the velocity, depth, and width at each section. To sample the macro invertebrate at each site, take kick samples from four separate riffles distributed throughout the full length of the sampling reach. At each location, place the kick net perpendicular to the stream flow and by foot, disturb a 50 square centimeter area immediately upstream to collect matter in the kick net.Once the four samples are collected, combine them and immediately preserve them with 95%ethanol. The next procedure is to measure the physical habitat quality and complexity throughout the stream reach by taking measurements at equally spaced points along the thow wake, which is the location within the stream channel with the most rapid flow. Finally, count all pieces of large woody debris within the active channel.Sub-sample the organisms contained within each macroinvertebrate sample obtained at the test site. Place the entire composite sample into a 100 square inch gridded sorting tray and randomly assign each square inch of the grid a number from one to 100. Remove organisms and debris from a randomly selected grid location and using a stereo microscope, count and identify all organisms.Continue to count and identify organisms from randomly selected grid locations until the total number of sorted individuals is between 160 and 240. Identify the organism to genus using a macroinvertebrate key. Then, compile the genus level abundance data into community metrics to use as response variables for statistical modeling.Such variables include total richness and percent EPT. After using the data to construct statistical models that predict the physical, chemical and biological conditions, use the GIS software to visualize the predictions. First, join the predictions to the NHD catchments.Right click on the catchments layer in the table of contents and select joins and relates and then join. Select the model predictions as the table to be joined and select the catchment unique identifier as the field that the join will be based on. Next, right click on the catchments layer and select properties.In the layer properties dialogue box, click on the symbology tab and select quantities. Select the predicted value of interest as the value field and click apply. If needed, use the classify option to manually change the range values to match recognized ecological criteria.Now, conduct scenario analysis. Update the current landscape data set by directly editing the catchment layers attribute table with the field calculator function. For example, change a previously forested catchment to mining land cover.Users can also edit multiple catchments to quantify likely effects of multiple activities occurring across large spatial scales. Another editing option not shown here is to edit the original vector or raster landscape data sets. Now, using procedures already presented, reallocate and re-accumulate the updated land use attributes for all NHD catchments.Predict in-stream conditions as function of the updated landscape data set and visualize predicted conditions. 41 to 24, 000 scale NHD catchments were selected as study sites within the Coal River, West Virginia. The study sites were selected to span a range of influences including surface mining, residential development, and underground mining.After collecting data and constructing statistical models, two sub-watersheds with similar surface mining were analyzed for various land use development and mitigation scenarios. What sets Drawdy Creek apart form Laurel Fork is that Drawdy Creek is influenced by residential structures and underground mining. Scenario analysis suggested that Laurel Fork can assimilate a 21%increase in surface mining land cover or 22 residential structures prior to biological impairment.Before chemical impairment occurs, Laurel Creek could assimilate a 14%increase in surface mining land or eight underground mines. In contrast, the outflow of Drawdy Creek is predicted to exceed both the chemical and biological criteria, so mitigating scenarios were tested. Neither fully mitigating the effect of residential development, nor fully mitigating underground mining was enough to meet biological or chemical criteria.Instead, it was predicted that to successfully make the Drawdy Creek outflow meet biological and chemical criteria, residential development and underground mining would need to be mitigated by 94 and 75%respectively, as noted by the dashed lines. This approach addresses previously identified limitations associated with managing aquatic systems and actively developing watersheds. Notably, the targeted watershed assessment produces data capable of quantifying complex cumulative effects at relevant spatial scales and it integrates models with existing GIS capabilities to create an easily interpretable and implementable scenario analysis framework.It'll be important for us to place this methodology within an adaptive management framework where we make predictions and then access management activities over time, and particularly moving forward, we would like to incorporate the effects of climate change and incorporate these effects into our future scenario models. This framework is applicable to regions and watersheds impacted by any number of land use activities and can be used to conserve aquatic resources in the face of socio-economic and political pressures to continue development activities.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

微細藻類中の脂肪酸含量および組成の分析

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

環境学

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

ツリー組織内節足動物と微生物群集を研究するための技術

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

土壌流出を研究する降雨シミュレーションを行うためのプロトコル

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

静的チャンバを用いて農用地の土壌からの温室効果ガスフラックスの測定

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Use of Chironomidae (Diptera) Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

Use of Chironomidae Diptera Surface-Floating Pupal Exuviae as a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Water Bodies

水域のためのユスリカ（双翅目）簡易生物調査プロトコルとして表面フローティング蛹脱皮殻の使用

Rapid bioassessment protocols using benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages have been successfully used to assess human impacts on water quality. ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

水生微生物Metaproteomicsワークフロー：細胞からのトリプシンペプチドのタンデム質量分析ベースの分析に適し

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

土壌コアLysimetersを収集し、構築するためのプロトコル

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

節足動物のフィールドサンプリングのためのリーフブロワー-VACの変更と応用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Individual Culturing of Tigriopus Copepods and Quantitative Analysis of Their Mate-guarding Behavior

Individual Culturing of Tigriopus Copepods and Quantitative Analysis of Their Mate-guarding Behavior

Tigriopusカイアシ類と仲間を守る行動の定量分析の個別培養

Copepods of the genus Tigriopus, which are common zooplankton in rocky tide pools, show precopulatory mate-guarding behavior where a male clasps a ...

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

平衡スカウトホール内の振動パイプライン周辺の流れ場の可視化

An experimental method is presented in this paper to facilitate visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and ...