Name: applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to examine effector translocation efficiency by coxiella burnetii during sirna silencing
Uploaded: 2016-07-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing at JoVE.com

This work was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grants (Grant ID 1062383 and 1063646) awarded to HJN. EAL is supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award.

注：所有涉及贝氏柯克斯体 RSA439 NMII的生长或操作过程应在物理遏制二级实验室，并在遵守当地指南的生物安全柜中进行。下面描述的反向转染和易位试验工作流程的示意图示于图2。 1. C.制备burnetii文化表达CBU0077融合到β-内酰胺酶（pBlaM-CBU0077）（第1天） <ol><li>准备1X ACCM-2 6： <ol><li>结合表1中列出的组分。调整用6M的NaOH...

分泌系统，以及细菌效应蛋白这些系统输送到宿主细胞的细胞质中，是许多致病性细菌利用独特复制壁龛内建立的感染的重要毒力的组成部分。许多研究小组的重点是研究细菌效应和宿主蛋白和宿主细胞通路的影响，这些效应都之间的相互作用。非常有限的研究，如果有的话，已研究了宿主蛋白是必要成功细菌效应易位的潜力。 在这项研究中，我们使用了专，细胞内病原体<e...

贝氏柯克斯体是一种独特的细胞内病原体引起人畜共患的人类感染Q热。此疾病与延伸从无症状的血清转化到威胁生命的慢性感染，往往表现为心内膜炎年曝光1后临床 ​​表现的广谱相关联。人类感染主要通过与反刍动物感染的主要储存器，特别是奶牛，绵羊和山羊污染气溶胶的吸入发生。虽然感染贝氏在这些动物通常是亚临床型，感染可能引发流产和分娩流体和胎盘中的相当细菌量会污染当地环境1。巨大的负担，这种污染的一个例子可能对公共健康和农业产业化中的Q热疫情发生在荷兰2最近观察。 2007年之间，2010年，Q热4000人感染病例被确诊，这爆发挂山羊养殖场3显著污染。另外， 贝氏是潜在的生物武器，如划分由美国疾病控制和预防中，由于细菌的和必要的低感染剂量的环境稳定性造成严重的发病率和死亡率4。 贝氏存在于两个阶段：第一阶段的生物体，从天然来源分离的，是非常强毒和II期生物体在体内高度衰减。例如，在贝氏柯克斯体九里期生物体几个体外通路，制作了第二阶段的细菌包含一个不可逆转的染色体缺失导致截短的脂多糖（LPS）5。本品系，C. burnetii NMII，是表型上类似的I期的组织培养模型，并提供一个更安全的模式l对于研究人员研究实验室5发病贝氏 。近年来几个突破进展迅速贝氏遗传学领域。最值得注意的是，无菌媒体的发展（酸化柠檬酸半胱氨酸介质- ACCM-2）已经允许贝氏的无细胞生长在液体和固体培养基上6,7。这导致了包括可诱导的基因表达系统，穿梭载体和随机转座子系统8-11可贝氏遗传工具直接改进。最近，两种方法靶向的基因的失活也已经开发铺平用于检查特定毒力基因的候选12的方式。 肺泡巨噬细胞以下内化， 贝氏复制到高号码的膜-结合的隔室中称为含液泡（CCV）的Coxiella-。该CCV需要主机内吞贩运日粗糙的早期和晚期内涵体，直到成熟为溶酶体衍生的细胞器13。在这整个过程中，CCV获得，要么出现瞬时或保持与液泡相关联，包括但不限于，Rab5的，RAB7，CD63和LAMP-1月13日至15日宿主因素。在宿主细胞内的贝氏复制完全依赖于一个全功能点/ ICM型IVB分泌系统（T4SS）8,16,17。此分泌系统是祖先相关的共轭系统多蛋白质结构和跨越细菌和液泡膜提供细菌蛋白，称为效应，到宿主细胞质18。在贝氏 T4SS在功能上非常相似的特点以及IVB型点/ ICM分泌嗜肺军团菌 19,20制度。有趣的是，不会发生T4SS和随后的效应易位激活直到贝氏达到酸性溶酶体衍生细胞器，大约8小时后感染17,21。迄今为止，已有超过130点/ ICM效应已经确定9,17,22-24。许多这些效应的宿主细胞内的贝氏在复制过程中可能发挥重要作用;然而，只有少数的效应已在功能上表征25-29。 在这项研究中，我们利用依赖于通过在宿主细胞的细胞质内的β内酰胺酶的活性的CCF2-AM FRET底物（以下简称为BLAM基板）（ 图1）的裂解的基于荧光易位测定。感兴趣的基因融合到TEM-1上的报道质粒，提供组成型表达β内酰胺酶（BLAM）。的BLAM基板由两种荧光团（香豆素和荧光素），该形成FRET对。在荧光素和在不存在效应易位绿色荧光发射的FRET香豆素结果的激励;然而，如果该布拉M-效应融合蛋白易位到宿主胞质，所得β内酰胺酶活性裂解BLAM基板的β内酰胺环，分离FRET对生产下列激发的蓝色荧光发射。这种易位试验得到了证明作为一种方法，从各种不同的细胞内外的细菌，其中包括C.确定的效应蛋白burnetii，L.肺 ，L. longbeachae， 沙眼衣原体 ，肠致病性大肠杆菌 ， 沙门氏菌和布鲁氏菌 17,30-35。 为了确定对效应贝氏易位主机特定因素的作用下，我们采用了称为RNA干扰基因沉默一套行之有效的方法，特别是小干扰RNA（siRNA）。原本在秀丽隐杆线虫鉴定，RNA干扰是用于先天防卫厅一个保守的内源性细胞过程对病毒NSE以及基因调节36,37。序列特异性的siRNA结合后，mRNA的降解通过RISC发生（RNA诱导的沉默复合物），导致特异性基因沉默或击倒38。在这项研究中，将siRNA用于靶向两个主机的蛋白质，RAB5A和Rab7A，这是内吞途径的重要调节剂。沉默的效应易位RAB5A和Rab7A的影响是用C.确定burnetii pBlaM-CBU0077。 CBU0077被选定为它以前被证明由17 贝氏的点/ ICM分泌系统易位。 同时利用siRNA的基因沉默和这里所描述的fluorescencebased易位检测，我们开始建立的效应蛋白通过在贝氏的易位宿主因素的作用。这种方法可以适用于宽范围的具有类似secretio细胞内和细胞外的细菌N个系统负责效应蛋白的易位。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="760">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0759</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium citrate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S4641</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Potassium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">60218</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">442611</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C5080</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Iron sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S93248</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S9625</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">L-cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C6852</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Bacto-neopeptone</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211681</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Casamino acids</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1424</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Methyl beta cyclodextrin</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C4555</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">RPMI + Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">61870-036</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">ACCM-2 medium component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Chloramphenicol</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0378</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For bacterial culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">ON-TARGETplus Non-targeting Control Pool (OTP)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-001810-10-05</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Non-targeting control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">siGENOME Human PLK1 (5347) siRNA - SMARTpool</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-003290-01-005</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Causes cell death; measure of transfection efficiency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">siGENOME Human RAB5A (5968) siRNA - SMARTpool</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-004009-00-0005</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">siGENOME Human RAB7A (7879) siRNA - SMARTpool</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-010388-00-0005</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:343px;">5X siRNA buffer</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B-002000-UB-100</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Use sterile RNase-free water to dilute 5X siRNA buffer to 1X siRNA buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">DharmaFECT-1 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-2001-01</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Opti-MEM + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">51985-034</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Reduced-serum medium used for transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">DMEM + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10567-014</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For cell culture and infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30071.03</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Can use alternate equivalent product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For storage of Coxiella strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">0.05% Trypsin + EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25300-054</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:343px;">dH2O</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For dilution of samples and standards for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">Quick-gDNA Mini Prep</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ZYMO Research</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D3007</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Can use alternate equivalent product to extract gDNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:343px;">SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Bioline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BIO-98020</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Can use alternate equivalent qPCR master mix product for qPCR reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:343px;">LiveBLAzer FRET-B/G Loading kit with CCF2-AM</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K1032</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For measurement of translocation using fluorescence and generation of the 6X loading solution (contains Solution A, B, C and DMSO)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">106469</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Probenicid solution component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">71505</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Probenicid solution component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">di-Sodium hydrogen orthophosphate</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">106586</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Probenicid solution component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Probenicid</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8761</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Probenicid solution component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:343px;">DRAQ5 Fluorescent Probe Solution (5 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">62251</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Nuclei stain to determine cell viablity. Use 1:4000 diluted in PBS.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:343px;">4% PFA (paraformaldehyde) solution in PBS</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P6148</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Fixing solution for HeLa 229 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:343px;">25cm2 tissue culture flask with vented cap</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430639</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For growth of bacterial strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:343px;">96 Well Flat Clear bottom Black Polystyrene TC-Treated Microplates, Individually wrapped, with Lid, Sterile</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3603</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:343px;">75cm2 tissue culture flask with vented cap</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430641</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For growth of HeLa 229 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:343px;">175cm2 tissue culture flask with vented cap</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">431080</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For growth of HeLa 229 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Haemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For quantification of HeLa 229 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Tear-A-Way 96 Well PCR plates</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">4titude</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4ti-0750/TA</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For qPCR reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">8-Lid chain, flat</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">65.989.002</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For qPCR reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Bench top microfuge</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Bench top vortex</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Orbital mixer</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5810 R</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For pelleting bacterial culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:343px;">Nanodrop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For gDNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:343px;">Mx3005P QPCR machine</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Aligent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">401456</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For quantification of Coxiella genomes in 7 day culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:343px;">ClarioSTAR microplate reader</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">BMG LabTech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">For measurement of fluorescence</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

applying fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to examine effector translocation efficiency by coxiella burnetii during sirna silencing

贝氏柯克斯体 ，Q热的病原体，是一种细胞内病原体依赖于IV型点/ ICM分泌系统建立一个复制的利基。效应的队列，通过该系统转移进入宿主细胞来操纵主机进程和允许建立用于复制一个独特溶酶体衍生的液泡的。这里提出的方法涉及的两个成熟的技术相结合：使用的siRNA特异性基因沉默和使用依赖于β内酰胺酶活性的基于FRET的衬底效应易位测定。运用这两种方法，我们可以开始了解宿主因素在细菌分泌系统的功能和效应易位的作用。在此研究中，我们检查RAB5A和Rab7A，无论是内吞贩卖通路的重要调节器的作用。我们表明，沉默在效应translocatio下降或者蛋白质结果的表达氮效率。这些方法可以很容易地修改，以研究其他细胞内外的病原体也利用分泌系统。以这种方式，所涉及的细菌效应易位宿主因子的全局图像可以显现出来。

对于这项研究中，C.被选定burnetii pBlaM-CBU0077菌株作为CBU0077先前已经证明是贝氏点/ ICM分泌系统17的易位效应。在感染前，的基因组/毫升在七天C.总数burnetii pBlaM-CBU0077培养，使用qPCR列举。 图4展示了循环阈值的一个例子来自标准和样品定量PCR如下预期（CT）的值。如在4.3.3中描述的Ct值（在扩增曲线（ ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing at JoVE.com

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

调查细菌病原体和宿主之间的相互作用是生物学研究的一个重要领域。在这里，我们描述了必要的技术测量使用布拉姆基板的siRNA的基因沉默过程中贝氏柯克斯体效应易位。

应用荧光共振能量转移（FRET）审查效应转运效率由<em&gt;贝氏柯克斯体</em&gt; siRNA沉默中

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an intracellular pathogen that relies on a Type IV Dot/Icm Secretion System to establish a ...

The overall goal of this experimental procedure is to examine the impact of specific host processes on the ability of bacterial pathogens to translocate effector proteins. This method can help answer key questions in the field of cellular microbiology. Specifically how the host is involved in either blocking or promoting the delivery of bacterial virulence effectors into the host cell.The main advantage of this technique is that it combines two established techniques. Namely, siRNA gene silencing and reporter essay to measure bacterial protein translocation. To investigate the interplay between pathogens and the eukaryotic cell.This method provides insight into coxiella pathogensis and can also be applied to investigate the host pathogen interactions of other bacteria that depend on efficient protein translocation. For example, chlamydia, salmonella, and attaching interfacing E.coli. After culturing C.burnetii expressing CBU0077, fuse the betalactamase according to the text protocol in a 25 centimeter squared culture flask with a vented cap.Inoculate 10 milliliters of pre-warmed ACCM2 containing three micrograms per milliliter of chloramphenical with 20 microliters of the bacteria. Grow the culture at 37 degrees celsius with five percent carbon dioxide and 2.5 percent oxygen for seven days. To reverse transfect hela cells with siRNA and after preparing the siRNA according to the text protocol, place DMEM plus 10%FCS, 05 percent trypsin EDTA, and PBS in a 37 degrees celsius water bath for 30 minutes to warm prior to use.For each experimental siRNA transfection, combine 0.4 microliters of transfection reagent and 63.6 microliters of reduced serum media in an individual microfuge tube. Vortex all microfuge tubes and allow the components to complex for five minutes at room temperature. Add 16 microliters of each experimental siRNA to the corresponding microfuge tubes containing the transfection complex.Then vortex and incubate at room temperature for 20 minutes. During the 20 minutes incubation, add 20 microliters of the transfection reagent, reduced serum medium and siRNA mix into the appropriate wells of a sterile black, flat, clear bottomed 96 well tray. Also during the 20 minute incubation, use 10 milliliters of pre-warmed PBS to wash a monolayer of confluent or subconfluent hela cells in a 75 centimeter squared flask.Add one milliliter of 05 percent trypsin EDTA solution to the flask and incubate at 37 degrees celsius and five percent carbon dioxide for three to five minutes to detach the cells. Collect the cells in nine milliliters of pre-warmed DMEM with 10%FCS. Using a hemocytometer to count the cells.Then with DMEM 10%FCS, bring the cells to a final density of 4.9 times 10 to the four cells per milliliter. Immediately following the 20 minute incubation, pipette 80 microliters of the cells into each well of the 96 well plate containing the siRNA transfection mixture which will bring the cell density to 3.92 times 10 to the third cells per well. This is the most critical step in the procedure.It is very important that the hela cells are added to the siRNA transfection mixture immediately following the 20 minute incubation. Otherwise transfection efficiency can be compromised. Ensure the blank wells contain only 80 microliters of DMEM plus 10%FCS.Incubate the plate for 24 hours. Then, with a multi-channel adapter attached to a vacuum source, and a pipette, replace the medium with 100 microliters of fresh DMEM plus 10%FCS. Incubate the cells for an additional 48 hours.After seven days of growth in ACCM2, centrifuge the 10 milliliters of C.burnetii P BlaM CBU0077 culture at 15, 000 times g and room temperature for 15 minutes. After removing the supernatant, use 10 milliliters of pre-warmed DMEM FCS to re-suspend the pellet. Then use water to prepare one in ten and one in one hundred dilutions in a final volume of 100 microliters of the culture and set up QPCR according to the text protocol.After calculating the total genomes per milliliter in the C.burnetii P BlaM CBU0077 culture, use pre-warmed DMEM FCS to adjust the volume of the culture to two milliliters for a concentration of 1.88 times 10 to the eight bacteria per milliliter. Next, remove the medium from the blank and reverse transfected cells. Then add 50 microliters of the diluted bacteria to the appropriate wells and add 50 microliters of DMEM FCS to the blank and uninfected wells.After preparing the solutions for the BlaM substrate according to the text protocol, prepare a master mix by combining 1.8 microliters of solution A and 16.2 microliters of solution B.Mix the tube well by vortexing. Then add 237 microliters of solution C and 45 microliters of 0.1 molar probenecid. Vortex the tube again.Add 10 microliters of the Six X loading solution directly into all the blank and reverse transfected wells without removing the existing medium. Incubate the plate in the dark at room temperature for two hours. To determine the level of translocation, on a microplate reader, create a fluorescence intensity protocol using Endpoint as the reading mode.Select 96 well microplate, then under optic settings, select two multichromatics and for the first number preset, input 410-10 nanometers excitation and 520-10 emission. For the second number preset, input 410-10 nanometers excitation and 450-10 emission. Then ensure Well multichromatics is selected.Next, select Orbital Averaging with a diameter of three millimeters. Under Optic, select Bottom optic. Then under Speed and Precision, select Precise.This corresponds to eight regions per well. Adjust the plate layout by selecting the appropriate wells as blanks and sample wells. Then, select Start measurement.Remove the lid and place the tray into the plate reader. Ensure the gain value is adjusted to avoid reaching maximum fluorescence values by performing a gain adjustment on one of the infected wells that has been reverse transfected with OTP siRNA. Select Start measurement to measure all the appropriate wells using Bottom fluorescence at an excitation of 410 nanometers and emission of both 450 nanometers and 520 nanometers for blue and green fluorescence respectively.Analyze the results according to the text protocol. This figure demonstrates an example of the cycle threshold value expected from both standards and samples following QPCR to determine the total number of genomes per milliliter in the seven day C.burnetii culture. Based on this data, there were 2.31 times 10 to the eight genomes per milliliter in the 10 milliliter re-suspended bacterial culture.The result to silencing either Rab5A or Rab7A on effector translocation from three independent experiments after incubation of the reversed transfected cells with BlaM substrate is shown here. A significant decrease in the level of BlaM CBU0077 translocation occurred during silencing of both Rab5A and Rab7A compared to OTP control. As demonstrated in this graph, although treatment with either Rab5A or Rab7A results in a reduction in cell viability compared to OTP control, this reduction is not as severe as treatment with PLK1, a gene known to cause cell death when silenced.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to silence specific host targets using siRNA, and subsequently investigate the impact this has on bacterial effector protein translocation using FRET based reporter assay. This protocol has been optimized for both silencing of Rab GTPases in coxieller infection of hela cells. To utilize this method to target other host proteins, transfection conditions require optimization to ensure efficient gene silencing.Similarly to use this method with other bacterial pathogens, infection condition require optimization.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Detection of Toxin Translocation into the Host Cytosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance

表面等离子体共振检测到宿主细胞质的毒素易位

AB toxins consist of an enzymatic A subunit and a cell-binding B subunit1.  These toxins are secreted into the extracellular milieu, but they act upon ...

科研

免疫与感染

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

诱导小鼠肠道炎症由效应CD4的过继转移<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt;高</sup&gt; T细胞免疫缺陷小鼠

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

生成和多表型高内涵筛选<em&gt;贝氏柯克斯体</em&gt;转座子突变体

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence ...

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

施加诱导表达系统研究与细胞内信号细菌毒力因子的干扰

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a ...

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

分析<em&gt;小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌</em&gt;效应易位到宿主细胞中使用β-内酰胺酶效应融合体

Many gram-negative bacteria including pathogenic Yersinia spp. employ type III secretion systems to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic target ...

Measuring Phagosome pH by Ratiometric Fluorescence Microscopy

由成比例的荧光显微镜测量吞噬体pH值

Phagocytosis is a fundamental process through which innate immune cells engulf bacteria, apoptotic cells or other foreign particles in order to kill or ...

The Development of Lyophilized Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Reagents for the Detection of Coxiella burnetii

The Development of Lyophilized Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Reagents for the Detection of Coxiella burnetii

冻干环介导等温扩增试剂的检测中的发展<em&gt;贝氏柯克斯体</em

Coxiella burnetii, the agent causing Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium. PCR based diagnostic assays have been developed for detecting C. ...

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

流感血凝素特异抗体诱导的 Fc 介导效应函数的一种评估方法

Antibodies play a crucial role in coupling the innate and adaptive immune responses against viral pathogens through their antigen binding domains and ...

Visualizing Intracellular SNARE Trafficking by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

荧光寿命成像显微镜观察细胞内圈套的贩运

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are key for membrane trafficking, as they catalyze ...

Quantification of Efferocytosis by Single-cell Fluorescence Microscopy

单细胞荧光显微镜定量 Efferocytosis 的研究

Studying the regulation of efferocytosis requires methods that are able to accurately quantify the uptake of apoptotic cells and to probe the signaling ...