Name: characterization of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by imaging flow cytometry: a comparison between two monocyte isolation protocols
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells by Imaging Flow Cytometry: A Comparison between Two Monocyte Isolation Protocols at JoVE.com

This research is supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, award K99/R00 AA021264. Additional lab support as part of startup package has been received from the Department of Immunology, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, and FIU- Office of Research and Economic Development. Gianna Casteleiro was supported by NIH/NIGMS R25 GM061347. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

全体的にヒト血液の研究をレビューし、IRBプロトコル承認＃のIRB-13から0440 FIUの治験審査委員会（IRB）によって承認されています。ヒトロイコパックは、マイアミ、フロリダ州のコミュニティ血液バンクから購入しました。 標準的な密度勾配法によるPBMCの1の単離<ol><li> T75フラスコ中の1×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水で血液の1希釈：1を実行します。 </li><li>ピペット注意深く15...

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単離したヒト血液からMDDCsを生成する既知の難しさに基づいて、本研究はMDDCsを生成するための2つのよく確立された方法の総合的な比較を提供することを目的としました。比較第一の方法は、ガラスやプラスチック（接着法）21,22,27に接着する単球の能力を活用することによってMDDCsを生成するための十分に確立された伝統的な方法です。付着方法は、迅速かつ費用効果的であり、複?...

樹状細胞（DC）は、先天性および適応免疫系の重要なメディエーターです。それらは、一次免疫応答を誘導し、免疫記憶の発達を促進するように機能します。これらの細胞は、抗原捕捉、移動およびT細胞刺激の主な原因であり、したがって、DCの.Manipulation異なる治療するための研究分野の広範囲にわたって、臨床設定で利用できる1とプロフェッショナル抗原提示細胞（APC）と呼ばれますそのようなHIV 6,7、癌8などの炎症性疾患、自己免疫疾患9、およびアレルギー応答10。 DCはまた、アルコール依存11-14、薬物依存13,15、及びHIV感染および物質乱用16-19の組み合わせに関連するものなどの未知のメカニズムおよび経路を解決するために、薬物乱用の研究に使用されています。これらの継続的な研究と今後の調査研究Inは免疫学の分野は、研究のために非常に重要なDCの試験管内世代で行います。総血単核細胞20の1％ -しかし、彼らは0.1を構成するように、ヒトの血液からのDCの単離に関連するいくつかの困難があります。 現在までに、樹状細胞のインビトロ生成のための十分に確立された方法のいくつかは、22の選別、磁気活性化細胞、蛍光活性化セルソーティングとして単球21,22のプラスチックまたはガラス付着、密度勾配遠心分離23、特定のマーカーに基づく分離で構成され24、デキストラン被覆磁性ナノ粒子25、および完全に自動化された負の細胞選択26を使用して高度に精製された単球の迅速な単離を使用して、CD14 +単球の陽性選択。しかし、選択の最良の方法は、議論の余地が。したがって、DCの生成技術を改善するために、いくつかの方法は、開発されていますこれらの細胞の純度が大きく、末梢血単核細胞（PBMC）27から単離され精製されたCD34 +前駆細胞と単球から分化により増加させることができます。前に述べたように、単球由来樹状細胞（MDDCs）を生成するために広く使用され、人気の方法は、ガラスやプラスチック（接着法）21,22,27に接着する単球の能力を探ることです。付着方法は、複雑な装置の使用を必要としない迅速かつ簡単な方法です。しかし、この方法のいくつかの欠点は、リンパ球汚染、低柔軟性、および単球過渡操作28を含みます。付着方法に代わる方法としては、特にネガティブ選択26によってPBMCから単球を単離するために設計されたヒト単球濃縮キットを使用して、総PBMCから単球の磁気分離です。この手順の間、不要な細胞には、四量体による除去の対象とされています抗体複合体とデキストラン被覆磁性粒子。この分離方法の利点は、不要な標識された細胞は、標的細胞が自由に列を必要とすることなく、新たなチューブに注ぎ出しすることができるが、磁石を用いて分離されることです。現在までに、ユニークな細胞集団にラベルを付けることができ、特定のモノクローナル抗体の利用可能性と、磁気分離技術は、単に追加の方法が、免疫学の分野では珍しい細胞の単離の必要はないとなっています。例えば、市販の常磁性MACS-ナノ粒子とソーティングなど磁気細胞などの技術は、研究と臨床応用22,29のための新たなアプローチの開発を促進しました。さらに、単球の接着およびMACS技術方法からDCの生成を比較した最近の調査研究は、単球22,30分離MACSを使用して、より高いDC純度および生存率を示しました。 現在の研究のプレゼント市販のヒト単球濃縮キットを使用してネガティブ選択により付着および2）単球の単離によって1）単球の単離：PBMCから単離した単球からのヒトDCの生成のための2つの方法の間の比較。この研究は、接着方法によって単離された単球と比較した場合、単球を単離するためのネガティブ選択磁気分離手順は、単球の生存率に有意な差を有する単球の最も高い収量を生成することを示す証拠を提供します。ターンでは、7日後、磁気分離によって単離された単球は、MDDCの生存率に影響を与えることなく、有意に高い増殖能と二重陽性（のCD11c + / CD14 +）の表現型を発現する細胞の高い量とMDDCsに分化しました。それは同時に、増殖およびCD11cに分化することができる単球を生成するために、両方の技術の能力を実証するため、全体的に、現在の研究では、+上で参照した以前の研究とは異なり彼らの生存能力を損なうことなく、培養中7日後MDDCs（&gt; 70％）。また、現在のアプローチは、フローサイトメトリーを撮像して異なるのCD11c / CD14 MDDCs集団の初回の特徴付けを提供します。 DCは免疫学の分野の研究について焦点役割を果たしているので、それらが誘導されている方法を検討し、どのような方法は、 インビトロでそれらを分離し、培養するために使用されている場合要約すると、異なるパラメータを考慮しなければなりません。そこで、本研究では、二つの異なる単球の単離の方法とどのようにこれらの方法は差動で、最終的に、樹状細胞の生存率、増殖、および表現型に影響を与える単球の生存率および収量に影響を与えるの洞察を提供することを目的とします。これらの知見は、免疫学の分野に大きく貢献するとDCの単離、精製、およびキャラクタリゼーションの詳細なプロトコルを提供します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1435">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:535px;">Ficoll-Paque</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:231px;">17-5442-03</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">Must be used at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">ACK Lysing buffer</td>
			<td>Quality Biological</td>
			<td>118-156-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">RPMI 1640 medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>22400-089</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
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			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
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		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">RoboSep buffer</td>
			<td>StemCell</td>
			<td>20104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">EasySep Human monocyte enrichment kit</td>
			<td>StemCell</td>
			<td>19059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">TC20 Automated cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>145-0101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">FITC-Dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>FD4-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Trypan blue stain (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Synergy 2 multi-mode reader</td>
			<td>Biotek</td>
			<td>7131000</td>
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			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">XTT Sodium salt bioreagent (XTT)</td>
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			<td>X4626-100MG</td>
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			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide bioreagent (DMS)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8418-500ML</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>m5655-500MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Phenazine Methosulfate (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9626-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Inactivated (HI) Human Serum</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>S1-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Accuri</td>
			<td>653119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">FlowSight Amnis Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>100300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterization of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by imaging flow cytometry: a comparison between two monocyte isolation protocols

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and pathogenesis of inflammation. Isolation and study of DCs have been important in biological research because of their distinctive features. Although they are essential key mediators of the immune system, DCs are very rare in blood, accounting for approximately 0.1 - 1% of total blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, alternatives for isolation methods rely on the differentiation of DCs from monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The utilization of proper isolation techniques that combine simplicity, affordability, high purity, and high yield of cells is imperative to consider. In the current study, two distinct methods for the generation of DCs will be compared. Monocytes were selected by adherence or negatively enriched using magnetic separation procedure followed by differentiation into DCs with IL-4 and GM-CSF. Monocyte and MDDC viability, proliferation, and phenotype were assessed using viability dyes, MTT assay, and CD11c/ CD14 surface marker analysis by imaging flow cytometry. Although the magnetic separation method yielded a significant higher percentage of monocytes with higher proliferative capacity when compared to the adhesion method, the findings have demonstrated the ability of both techniques to simultaneously generate monocytes that are capable of proliferating and differentiating into viable CD11c+ MDDCs after seven days in culture. Both methods yielded &gt; 70% CD11c+ MDDCs. Therefore, our results provide insights that contribute to the development of reliable methods for isolation and characterization of human DCs.

<html> 磁気分離により単球の収量は遵守法による単球の収量に比べて高いです PBMCおよび単球の分離の分離の日にトリパンブルー排除法により図1の表示PBMCおよび単球細胞数で示されたデータ。磁気分離により単離された単球がPBMCの最大25％を占めながら、平均して、接着方法によって単離された?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells by Imaging Flow Cytometry: A Comparison between Two Monocyte Isolation Protocols at JoVE.com

Characterization of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells by Imaging Flow Cytometry: A Comparison between Two Monocyte Isolation Protocols

This study compares two different methods of human monocyte isolation for obtaining in vitro dendritic cells (DCs). Monocytes are selected by adherence or negatively enriched by magnetic separation. Monocyte yield and viability along with MDDC viability, proliferation and CD11c/CD14 surface marker expression will be compared between both methods.

イメージングフローサイトメトリーによるヒト単球由来樹状細胞の特徴付け：二つの単球の分離プロトコルの比較

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and ...

The overall goal of this study is to compare two different methods of human monocyte isolation for dendritic cell generation in vitro and to characterize the CT11c, CT14 cell surface expression of the resulting monocyte derived populations by imaging flow cytometry. These monocytes isolation protocols can contribute to the development of reliable methods for the purification of human dendritic cells for research and clinical applications. The main advantage of these protocols is that they facilitate the isolation of human monocytes and their differentiation into viable and functional monocyte derived cells.In addition, this is the first study to characterize the specific population of monocyte derived dendritic cells by single cell imaging flow cytometry. This method can also be applied as an alternative for the isolation of other rare cells at an adequate yield for downstream research applications. Visual demonstration of these methods is critical as it can be challenging to handle the blood samples safely without the appropriate instruction and experience.Begin by diluting the blood sample to a one to one ratio with PBS in a T75 flask. Then, add 15 milliliters of density gradient solution into a 50 milliliter centrifuge tube and carefully layer 25 to 30 milliliters of the diluted blood over the gradient. To achieve a proper separation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, load the blood onto the density gradient solution quickly, but carefully and without mixing the layers.Separate the cells by centrifugation, followed by the transfer of the white blood cell interface layer into a new 50 milliliter conical tube. Wash the cells two times in PBS, re-suspending the final pellet in 10 milliliters of ammonium chloride potassium lysing buffer for 15 minutes at 4 degrees celsius. Then wash the cells two more times in PBS.To isolate monocytes by the adherence method, culture five times 10 to the seven cells of the resulting PBMC pellet per 10 milliliters of complete medium in a new T75 flask for two hours at 37 degrees celsius and five percent carbon dioxide in a humidified incubator. At the end of the incubation, discard the non-adherent floating cells and gently wash the adherent cells two times with PBS. Then, feed the adherent cells with complete cell culture medium supplemented with human GMCSF and IL4 and return the culture to the incubator for five to seven days.To isolate the monocytes by magnetic separation, after collecting the PBMC by density gradient separation transfer the white blood cell layer to a five milliliter polystyrene tube and re-suspend the cells in PBS at a five times 10 to seven cells per milliliter concentration. Next, add 50 microliters of a human monocyte enrichment cocktail per milliliter to the cells with mixing and incubate the cells with the cocktail at four degrees celsius for 10 minutes. Then add 50 microliters of magnetic particles per milliliter of cells with careful mixing and incubate the cells at 4 degrees celsius for five minutes.At the end of the second incubation, add PBS to the cells to bring the total volume up to two point five milliliters and mix by pipetting two to three times. Then place the polystyrene tube in an appropriate magnetic device at room temperature. After two and a half minutes, with the tube still in the magnet, decant the purified monocyte fraction into a new 15 milliliter conical tube.Then culture the purified monocytes and complete cell culture medium supplemented with GMCSF and IL4 for five to seven days as just demonstrated. After seven days of differentiation, dispense one times 10 to the six cell aliquats of the monocyte derived dendritic cells into the appropriate number of one point five milliliter tubes, and add 50 microliters of heat inactivated human serum to each sample to block any non-specific finding. After 10 minutes, centrifuge the cells and re-suspend the pellets in the appropriate fluorescence conjugated primary antibodies for 20 minutes at four degrees celsius protected from light.Then wash the cells two times in one milliliter of PBS, resuspending the pellets in 100 microliters of PBS per one times ten to the six cells. Just before the analysis, add one microliter of DAPI to each tube. Then, read the samples on a single cell imaging flow cytometer according to the manufacturer's instructions.On average, monocytes isolated by the adherence method account for approximately six point two percent of the total peripheral blood monocyte cell, or PBMC, population, while the monocytes isolated by magnetic separation account for up to 25 percent of the total PBMC. Monocytes isolated by either method are equally viable. MDDCs differentiated from monocytes purified by both methods were first gated based on DAPI negative or viable cells from total single cells, followed by gating of each cell population.Both isolation methods yielded a low single CD14 positive population and both methods yielded a high total CD11c positive population. Further phenotypic analysis was performed on all the CD11c positive cells and even though magnetic isolation gives a higher percentage of double positive CD11c positive CD14 positive cells, this effect was non-significant when compared with the adherence method. These double positive CD11c positive, CD14 positive cells may be early stage differentiated MDDCs that have not yet dropped the CD14 monocytic marker.When analyzing the single CD11c positive cells, the adherence method gives the highest yield of CD11c positive, CD14 negative cells. These single positive cells may be late stage differentiated MDDCs. Once mastered, the adherence and magnetic isolation techniques can be completed in three to four and one to two hours respectively if they are performed properly.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to have fresh dendritic cell differentiation cytokines every 48 hours when the medium is replenished. Working with biohazard fluids such as blood, can be extremely harmful, and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment and disposal methods should always be taken when performing these procedures. This study paves the way for researchers in the field of immunology to explore the use of human monocytes and dendritic cells for therapeutic treatment.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to optimize human monocyte isolation for generating different populations of monocyte derived cells in vitro.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1&#946; in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

ヒト単球由来樹状細胞におけるIL-1βを用いて活性化し、NLRP3ソーム活性の測定

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue ...

免疫・感染学

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

全血からのヒト単球由来樹状細胞の生成

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

フローサイトメトリーによる中枢神経系からのミクログリアおよび単球由来マクロファージの解析

Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of immune cells, in particular macrophages, in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. There are two main ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

離とマウスとヒトの肺胞マクロファージの体外培養

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis

全血によって人間の Monocyte のサブセットの解析フローのフローサイトメトリー解析

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can ...

Quantification of Monocyte Chemotactic Activity In Vivo and Characterization of Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages

生体内における単球血球活性の定量化と血液単球由来マクロファージの特性化

Tissue homeostasis and repair are critically dependent on the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages. Both under- and over-recruitment of ...

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

単純ヘルペスウイルス1型にオートファジーを調節するsiRNAエレクトロポレーション 1-感染単球由来樹状細胞

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induces autophagy in both, immature dendritic cells (iDCs) as well as mature dendritic cells (mDCs), whereas ...

Polarization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Cells and Analysis with Flow Cytometry upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Polarization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Cells and Analysis with Flow Cytometry upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

ヒト単球由来M1とM2の分極化と 結核 菌感染時のフローサイトメトリーによる解析

Human macrophages are primary host cells of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and thus have a central role in immune control of ...

Visualization of Inflammatory Caspases Induced Proximity in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

ヒト単球由来マクロファージにおける炎症性カスパーゼ誘導近接の可視化

Inflammatory caspases include caspase-1, -4, -5, -11, and -12 and belong to the subgroup of initiator caspases. Caspase-1 is required to ensure correct ...

Determination of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using Bovine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

ウシ単球由来樹状細胞を用いたワクチン免疫原性の決定

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the immune system. They patrol the organism looking for pathogens and ...