Name: kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling
Uploaded: 2016-08-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

We thank Erin Bradley and Liz Cole for their assistance in the field. Field work, thin-section preparation and material for the sandbox model was supported by Franklin &amp; Marshall College's Committee on Grants.

1. جمع Macroscale بيانات الحقول <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قبل إجراء العمل الميداني، واستخدام الصور الجوية / الخرائط الطبوغرافية لتحديد الاتجاه العام للجبال (التي حددتها قمة التلال في العصر الحديث)، ومناطق عرضية، أخطاء وlineations أخرى في macroscale (الش?...

<ol>
	<li>Marshak, S., Wilkerson, M. S., Hsui, H. T., KR, M. c. 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Soc. of Am. Special Paper. 383, 205-223 (2004).</li><li>Ismat, Z., Mitra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+by+cataclastic+flow+at+shallow+crustal+levels+in+the+Canyon+Range,+Sevier+orogenic+belt,+west-Central+Utah.">Folding by cataclastic flow at shallow crustal levels in the Canyon Range, Sevier orogenic belt, west-Central Utah.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 23 (2-3), 355-378 (2001).</li><li>Tull, J., Holm, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+evolution+of+a+major+Appalachian+salient-recess+junction:+Consequences+of+oblique+collisional+convergence+across+a+continental+margin+transform+fault.">Structural evolution of a major Appalachian salient-recess junction: Consequences of oblique collisional convergence across a continental margin transform fault.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 117 (3), 482-499 (2005).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Block+supported+cataclastic+flow+within+the+upper+crust.">Block supported cataclastic flow within the upper crust.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 56, 118-128 (2013).</li><li>Ismat, Z., Toeneboehn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformation+along+a+salient-transverse+zone+junction:+An+example+from+the+Leamington+transverse+zone,Utah,+Sevier+fold-thrust+belt+(USA).">Deformation along a salient-transverse zone junction: An example from the Leamington transverse zone,Utah, Sevier fold-thrust belt (USA).</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 75, 60-79 (2015).</li><li>Reed, F. S., Mergner, J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+uncertainty+in+normalized+Fry+plots+using+a+bootstrap+approach.">Estimating uncertainty in normalized Fry plots using a bootstrap approach.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 24 (2), 311-322 (2002).</li><li>De Paor, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Interactive+Program+for+Doing+Fry+Strain+Analysis+on+the+Macintosh+Microcomputer.">An Interactive Program for Doing Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer.</a> J. of Geol. Ed. 37 (3), 171-180 (1989).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+kinematics+expressed+in+fracture+patterns:+An+example+from+the+Anti-Atlas+fold-belt,+Morocco.">Folding kinematics expressed in fracture patterns: An example from the Anti-Atlas fold-belt, Morocco.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 30 (11), 1396-1404 (2008).</li><li>Reches, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three-dimensional+strain+fields:+II.+Theoretical+analysis.">Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields: II. Theoretical analysis.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 133-156 (1983).</li><li>Reches, Z., Dieterich, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three+dimensional+strain+fields:+1.+Failure+of+rocks+in+polyaxial,+servo-control+experiments.">Faulting of rocks in three dimensional strain fields: 1. Failure of rocks in polyaxial, servo-control experiments.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 111-132 (1983).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+fracture+porosity+and+permeability+during+folding+by+cataclastic+flow:+Implications+for+syntectonic+fluid+flow.">Evolution of fracture porosity and permeability during folding by cataclastic flow: Implications for syntectonic fluid flow.</a> Rocky Mount. Geol. 47 (2), 133-155 (2012).</li><li>Kwon, S., Mitra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+kinematic+history+at+an+oblique+ramp,+Leamington+zone,+Sevier+belt,+Utah.">Three-dimensional kinematic history at an oblique ramp, Leamington zone, Sevier belt, Utah.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 28 (3), 474-493 (2006).</li><li>Casas, A. M., Simon, J. L., Seron, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+deflection+in+a+tectonic+compressional+field:+A+model+for+the+northeastern+Iberian+chain,+Spain.">Stress deflection in a tectonic compressional field: A model for the northeastern Iberian chain, Spain.</a> J. of Geophys. Res. 97, 7183-7192 (1992).</li><li>Apotria, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrust+sheet+rotation+and+out-of-plane+strains+associated+with+oblique+ramps:+An+example.">Thrust sheet rotation and out-of-plane strains associated with oblique ramps: An example.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 17 (5), 647-662 (1995).</li><li>Hubbert, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+Scale+Models+as+Applied+to+the+Study+of+Geological+Structures.">Theory of Scale Models as Applied to the Study of Geological Structures.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 48 (10), 1459-1520 (1937).</li><li>Sch&#246;pfen, M. P. J., Steyrer, H. P., Koyi, H. A., Mancktelow, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+modeling+of+strike-slip+faults+and+the+self-similar+behavior.">Experimental modeling of strike-slip faults and the self-similar behavior.</a> Tectonic Modeling: A volume in honor of Hans Ramberg Geol. Soc. of Am. Mem. 193, 21-27 (2001).</li><li>Kwon, S., Mitra, G., Sussman, A., Weil, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+distribution,+strain+history+and+kinematic+evolution+associated+with+the+formation+of+arcuate+salients+in+fold-thrust+belts:+the+example+of+the+Provo+salient,+Sevier+orogeny,+Utah.">Strain distribution, strain history and kinematic evolution associated with the formation of arcuate salients in fold-thrust belts: the example of the Provo salient, Sevier orogeny, Utah.</a> Orogenic curvature Geol. Soc. of Am. Special Paper. 383, 205-223 (2004).</li><li>Elliott, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motion+of+thrust+sheets.">The motion of thrust sheets.</a> J. of Geophys. Res. 81, 949-963 (1976).</li></ol>

الجزء يوتا المركزية للسفير] حزام أضعاف قوة الدفع، والحدود الشمالية، وتخدم منطقة عرضية يمينجتون باعتبارها مختبرا طبيعيا مثاليا لدراسة تقاطعات البارزة-عطلة (الشكل 1). على طول هذا التقاطع، لا يزال الاتجاه النقل المستمر وأوراق الدفع ودون انقطاع عبر تقاطع، وبال...

وتتكون أضعاف التوجه أحزمة من اصبعي (أو شرائح)، حيث تنفصل أوراق الدفع في اصبعي المجاورة التي كتبها استراحة أو مناطق عرضية 1،2،3. الانتقال من البارزة لعطلة قد تكون معقدة بشكل ملحوظ، التي تنطوي على مجموعة متعددة الجوانب من الهياكل، وربما يحمل أدلة حاسمة لأضعاف قوة الدفع تنمية الحزام. في هذه الورقة، وندرس بعناية تقاطع البارزة، العطلة، وذلك باستخدام مزيج من البيانات الميدانية المتعددة النطاقات ونموذجا رمل، من أجل فهم أفضل لكيفية تشوه يمكن استيعابها ضمن أحزمة أضعاف قوة الدفع. تقاطع الجزء يوتا الوسطى ومنطقة عرضية يمينجتون هو وسيلة مختبرا طبيعيا مثاليا لدراسة تقاطعات البارزة-عطلة لعدة أسباب (الشكل 1). أولا، الصخور المكشوفة ضمن قطاع تستمر، دون انقطاع، في منطقة عرضية 4. لذلك، يمكن تتبع أنماط تشوه باستمرار، ومقارنة عبر تقاطع. S<html> econd، الصخور هي أساسا monomineralic، لذلك الاختلاف في أنماط خطأ ليست نتيجة لالتغاير داخل الوحدات، ولكن بدلا من ذلك تعكس قابلة للطي الكلي ودفع داخل منطقة الدراسة (4). ، آليات elastico الاحتكاك الثالثة، مثل تدفق cataclastic، ساعد تشوه في جميع أنحاء منطقة الميدان، مما يسمح للمقارنات مباشرة لأنماط خطأ متوسطة النطاق 4. وأخيرا، لا يزال الاتجاه النقل العام والمتواصل على طول قطاع ومنطقة عرضية. وبالتالي، لم الاختلافات في تقصير الاتجاه لا تؤثر على أنماط تشوه الحفاظ 4. كل هذه العوامل تقليل عدد المتغيرات التي قد تؤثر على تشوه على طول الجزء ومنطقة عرضية. ونتيجة لذلك، فإننا نخلص إلى أن الهياكل الحفاظ شكلت أساسا بسبب تغيير في الطابق السفلي الأساسية الهندسة 5. pload / 54318 / 54318fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; الشكل 1. مثال على خريطة المؤشر. الحزام سفير] أضعاف فحوى غرب الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والتي تبين اصبعي الرئيسية، قطاعات والتعطيل ومناطق عرضية الشكل 2 يتضح من منطقة محاصر (معدلة من عصمت وToeneboehn 7). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a> للطي والجة ضمن قطاع يوتا الوسطى ومنطقة عرضية يمينجتون، وقعت في أعماق &lt;15 كم، أي داخل النظام، elastico الاحتكاك، حيث حدث تشوه في المقام الأول على نطاق ونتوء (&lt;1 م) أخطاء وcataclastic تدفق 4،6 . لأن استغرق النقل وقابلة للطي ورقة التوجه في المقام الأول عن طريق آليات elastico الاحتكاك، نتوقع أن التحليل خطأ مفصل يمكن أن توفر مزيد من التبصر في التاريخ الحركية للمنطقة والعشرين عرضية يمينجتون<html> البريد الكامنة الهندسة الطابق السفلي. من أجل اختبار هذه الفرضية، قمنا بجمع وتحليل أنماط خطأ في الحفاظ على الصخور في الجزء الشمالي من قطاع يوتا الوسطى وفي جميع أنحاء منطقة عرضية يمينجتون (الشكل 2). <img alt="الشكل (3)" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig2.jpg" /> الشكل 2. مثال على خريطة طبوغرافية macroscale. المظللة للإغاثة خريطة طبوغرافية المنطقة محاصر في الشكل 1. يتم فصل المناطق عن طريق 4 خطوط بيضاء صلبة. ، وتظهر البروتيروزوي الكوارتز المتبادل (PCM) والكمبري Tintic الكوارتز (ط) الاتصالات الفراش بين الكوارتز البروتيروزوي العلبة كانيون (PCC). وتشير الخطوط المتقطعة اتجاه الجبال في هذه المنطقة. وتظهر فروع مع المربعات السوداء مرقمة. وتظهر lineations الأول النظام مع خطوط رمادية صلبة (معدلة من عصمت وToeneboehn 7).ftp_upload / 54318 / 54318fig2large.jpg &quot;الهدف =&quot; _ فارغة &quot;&gt; الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم. أجريت تجارب رمل لمقارنة ضد، وتكملة، البيانات خطأ. نموذج رمل دفع كتلة، مع أمامي ومنحرف سلالم، وكان يستخدم لمساعدة تحليلاتنا للهياكل المحفوظة في وحولها، ومنطقة عرضية يمينجتون (الشكل 3) 7. أهداف هذا النهج هي أربعة أضعاف: 1) تحديد ما إذا كانت أنماط خطأ متوسطة النطاق متناسقة، 2) تحديد ما إذا كان يدعم نموذج رمل، ويفسر البيانات الميدانية، 3) تحديد ما إذا كان نموذج رمل يوفر المزيد من التفاصيل حول الهياكل التي ليست لوحظ في هذا المجال، و4) تقييم ما إذا كان هذا المنهج التجريبي الميداني المشترك هو مفيد وسهلة لتكرار. <img alt="الشكل (3)" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3.jpg" /> الشكل 3. مثال على دفع كتلة ممركز Odel. صورة من نموذج رمل فارغة. وصفت المنحدر الجنوبي أمامي (SFR)، المنحدر المائل (أو)، شمال منحدر مدرج طولي أمامي (NFR)، والأقاليم الأربعة (1-4) (معدلة من عصمت وToeneboehn 7). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1362">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">fiberboard</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:800px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">finishing lacquer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">epoxy</td>
			<td>Epoxy technology</td>
			<td>Parts A and B: 301-2 2LB</td>
			<td>best if warmed to 80&#186; - 125&#186;. If warming is not possible, it will cure fine, it will just take 1 week, rather than 1 day.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ramp wood-pine</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">painters tape</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit joints</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">countersunk fasteners</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sand paper</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">play sand</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best if homogenous grain size, ~0.5mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">food coloring</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best to use one color and a dark color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic mesh/grid</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">square cross oins</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank screw</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank handle</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sheet metal</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dividers bars</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history within these junctions is best preserved in areas where thrust sheets extend from a salient through an adjacent recess. We examine one such junction within the Sevier fold-thrust belt (western United States) along the Leamington transverse zone, northern Utah. Deformation within this junction took place by faulting and cataclastic flow. Here, we describe a protocol that examines these fault patterns to better understand the kinematic history of the field area. Fault data is supplemented by analog sandbox experiments. This study suggests that, in detail, deformation within the overlying thrust sheet may not directly reflect the underlying basement structure. We demonstrate that this combined field-experimental approach is easy, accessible, and may provide more details to the deformation preserved in the crust than other more expensive methods, such as computer modeling. In addition, the sandbox model may help to explain why and how these details formed. This method can be applied throughout fold-thrust belts, where upper-crustal rocks are well preserved. In addition, it can be modified to study any part of the upper crust that has been deformed via elastico-frictional mechanisms. Finally, this combined approach may provide more details as to how fold-thrust belts maintain critical-taper and serve as potential targets for natural resource exploration.

استخدمت الصور الجوية لتقسيم منطقة الحقل إلى أربع مناطق (1-4)، استنادا إلى اتجاه الحديثة قمة الجبل (الشكل 2). تتم مقارنة البيانات خطأ على نطاق ومتعددة بين هذه المناطق الأربعة. على افتراض أن هذه التغييرات الاتجاه تعكس هندسة الطابق السفلي الأساس...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Kinematic histories of fold-thrust belts are typically based on careful examinations of high-grade metamorphic rocks within a salient. We provide a novel method of understanding fold-thrust belts by examining salient-recess junctions. We analyze the oft-ignored upper crustal rocks using a combined approach of detailed fault analysis with experimental sandbox modeling.

الحركية التاريخ من مفرق البارزة-عطلة استكشافها من خلال نهج موحد للبيانات الميدانية والنظير رمل النمذجة

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to track the deformation of thrust sheets as they move over oblique ramps. This method can help answer key questions in the field, such as how thrust sheets evolve in complex settings. The main advantages of this technique are that it is simple, inexpensive, and can be compared directly to the field data.This video shows how to use a push-block sandbox to replicate micro-scale faults found in the field. Field identification of micro-scale faults is covered in the text protocol, as is the general construction of the sandbox. To load the sandbox, use standard play sand, which is relatively homogeneous, with an average grain size of 5 milimeters.Prepare the sand by dying half of it. First, fill a 5 gallon bucket a quarter full. Then mix in enough black food coloring to make the sand a uniform dark green, which is easily distinguishable from the sand's original color.Upon drying the sand, as described in the text protocol, load the box with alternating layers of colored and uncolored sand, and ensure that each layer's leveled after it is added. The thicknesses of the sand pack that provides the clearest and most reproducible results should be arrived at empirically. This example shows a 3.5 centimeter sand pack with alternating colors every 6 centimeters.Next, gently press a plastic mesh composed of half inch of half inch squares onto the sand to produce a grid indentation. Then, insert square cross pins two inches apart throughout the sand. Next, mount a camera to view the entire sandbox.Now, push the sand with the crank-driven push-block to recreate shortening seen in the field. Move the push-block slowly enough that changes in the sand can be carefully documented. The speed should not affect the results.While pushing the sand, track the deformation by observing the shape changes of the squares, and track the amount of transport and vertical rotation by observing the motion of the pins. Repeat this process until the formed structures resemble those preserved in nature. Once the sandbox results mimic those preserved in nature, collect sample data.First, remove all cross pins from the sand. Then, to make samples, separate in epoxy portions of the deformed sand. This requires pre-cut sheet metal dividers.The bottom edge of the dividers must be made to match the angle of the ramp where the sample is to be taken and must fully extend the length of the ramp. The divider must also be taller than the sand pack. Before using a divider, cover it with painter's tape for easy cleanup.One end of the divider must be closer to control the flow of the epoxy, and the other end of the divider must be open to minimized disturbances to the sand pack. Next, fasten the divider using 1/4 inch by four inch screws, sheets with 3/8 inch diameter aluminum tubing. In this case, two dividers are used.One is placed on the oblique ramp, the other covers the frontal oblique ramp junction. Now, pour warm epoxy over the sand within the divider until no more epoxy can be absorbed, so the sand is fully saturated and will not come apart. After several days of drying, slide the dividers out of the sandbox, then lift the epoxied samples out from the surrounding sand.Using a rock saw, cut the samples perpendicularly and parallel to the strike of the ramps. Then, using permanent marker, highlight the bedding, folds, and faults within the exposed slices. A field study found four adjacent regions, each with mesoscale faults.The faults preserve a deformation fabric, which was penetrative and homogeneous at the mesoscale. The fault patterns were also unique within each region, which supported the macroscale assumption that an oblique ramp underlies regions two and three, and suggested that the conjugate-conjugate fault analysis was reliable. Using a sandbox model, a break was formed that was comparable to the position and orientation of the boundary between regions two and three on the macroscale maps.This supported the notion that the break in the overlying thrust sheet may have formed via a complex interaction of an eastward-moving thrust sheet over an oblique ramp. Analysis of epoxied sandbox samples was also supportive. Samples taken from the frontal ramp region accommodated transport to the east, while samples from the oblique ramp region accommodated transport to the southeast.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to build, run, and modify sandbox models to replicate a specific field area. Once mastered, this technique can be done in one week if performed properly. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of structural geology to explore the usefulness of fault data and how these data can be further interpreted with the aid of models.Thanks for watching and good luck with your models.

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