Name: kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling
Uploaded: 2016-08-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

We thank Erin Bradley and Liz Cole for their assistance in the field. Field work, thin-section preparation and material for the sandbox model was supported by Franklin &amp; Marshall College's Committee on Grants.

1.大尺度现场数据收集<ol><li>开展野外工作之前，使用航拍照片/地形图，以确定在宏观尺度（ 图2）山（由现代脊饰定义），横带，断层和其他线理的总体趋势。 <ol><li>这样的模式可以直接比较使用类似比例尺地形图和航空照片。使用1：24,000比例尺的地图和照片。 </li></ol></li><li>在该领域中使用的地图（天线和/或地形）标签，并突出宏观尺度的特征。在空中拍摄的照片，用锋利的变...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+uncertainty+in+normalized+Fry+plots+using+a+bootstrap+approach.">Estimating uncertainty in normalized Fry plots using a bootstrap approach.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 24 (2), 311-322 (2002).</li><li>De Paor, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Interactive+Program+for+Doing+Fry+Strain+Analysis+on+the+Macintosh+Microcomputer.">An Interactive Program for Doing Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer.</a> J. of Geol. Ed. 37 (3), 171-180 (1989).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+kinematics+expressed+in+fracture+patterns:+An+example+from+the+Anti-Atlas+fold-belt,+Morocco.">Folding kinematics expressed in fracture patterns: An example from the Anti-Atlas fold-belt, Morocco.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 30 (11), 1396-1404 (2008).</li><li>Reches, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three-dimensional+strain+fields:+II.+Theoretical+analysis.">Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields: II. Theoretical analysis.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 133-156 (1983).</li><li>Reches, Z., Dieterich, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three+dimensional+strain+fields:+1.+Failure+of+rocks+in+polyaxial,+servo-control+experiments.">Faulting of rocks in three dimensional strain fields: 1. Failure of rocks in polyaxial, servo-control experiments.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 111-132 (1983).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+fracture+porosity+and+permeability+during+folding+by+cataclastic+flow:+Implications+for+syntectonic+fluid+flow.">Evolution of fracture porosity and permeability during folding by cataclastic flow: Implications for syntectonic fluid flow.</a> Rocky Mount. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrust+sheet+rotation+and+out-of-plane+strains+associated+with+oblique+ramps:+An+example.">Thrust sheet rotation and out-of-plane strains associated with oblique ramps: An example.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 17 (5), 647-662 (1995).</li><li>Hubbert, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+Scale+Models+as+Applied+to+the+Study+of+Geological+Structures.">Theory of Scale Models as Applied to the Study of Geological Structures.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 48 (10), 1459-1520 (1937).</li><li>Sch&#246;pfen, M. P. J., Steyrer, H. P., Koyi, H. 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在塞维尔褶皱冲断带的中部犹他州段，其北界，在利明顿的横向区域作为理想的天然实验室，研究凸槽结（ 图1）。沿着这条交界处，输送方向保持恒定，并且推力片是跨过该结不间断，所以唯一变量是底层地下室几何5。 这里，我们提出通过组合与推块沙箱模型，它复制场区的大型几何现场收集多尺度故障数据以分析这种类型的凸凹结的方法。沙箱模型?...

褶皱冲断带是由salients（或段），其中在毗邻salients推力纸张由凹槽或横向区1,2,3脱钩的。从突出到凹陷的过渡可能会明显复杂，涉及到结构的多方面的套件，可以存放重要线索褶皱冲断带的发展。在本文中，我们仔细检查一个凸槽交界处，使用多尺度的现场数据和沙箱模型的组合，以更好地了解变形如何容纳褶皱冲断带之内。 中央犹他州段和利明横向区域的交界处是理想的天然实验室用于研究凸凹接合部有几个原因（ 图1）。首先，将段内露出的岩石继续，不中断，进入横向区4。所以，变形图案可以连续跟踪和穿过结比较。小号<html>的Econd，岩石基本上是单矿物，所以在故障模式的变化是不是单元内的非均质性的结果，而是反映了总体折叠和研究区域4内推压。第三，elastico-摩擦机制，如碎裂流，辅助变形整个场区，允许的尺度故障模式4直接比较。最后，总的输送方向保持沿着段和横向区域的长度连续的;因此，在缩短方向的变化不影响保留变形图案4。所有这些因素最小化的可能已影响到沿区段和横向区域中的变形的变量数。作为结果，我们推测，保留结构形成，主要是因为在底层基底几何学5的变化。 PLOAD / 54318 / 54318fig1.jpg“/&gt; 图1.索引图的例子。美国西部的塞维尔褶皱冲断带，呈现出大salients，段凹陷和横向的区域。由图2中方框区域（从伊斯马特·和Toeneboehn 7修改）表示。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看更大的版本这个数字。</a> 折叠和中央犹他州段和横利明顿区域内逆冲，发生在深度&lt;15公里处， 即 elastico-摩擦制度，其中主要的变形发生由露头尺度范围内（&lt;1米）断层和碎裂流4,6 。由于推力板的运输和折叠发生主要是由elastico-摩擦的机制，我们预测了详细的故障分析可提供进一步洞察利明顿的横向区域，次的运动历史<html> Ë底层地下室几何。为了检验这一假设，我们已收集并分析中央犹他州段的北部分内和整个利明横向区（ 图2）中的岩石保存故障模式。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig2.jpg" /> 图2.宏观尺度地形图的实施例。在图1中方框区域的上色浮雕地形图。4区域是由白色实线分开。元古宙球童峡谷石英岩（PCC）之间的床上用品的接触，相互元古代石英岩（PCM）和寒武纪Tintic石英岩（CT）所示。虚线显示山脉在此区域内的趋势。站点位置显示有编号的黑色方块。一阶线理都用实灰线（从伊斯马特·和Toeneboehn 7修改）。ftp_upload / 54318 / 54318fig2large.jpg“目标=”_空白“&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 沙箱进行了实验来比较，和补充，故障数据。阿推块沙箱模型，额叶和倾斜坡道，被用来帮助我们保留在结构的分析，和周围的横向利明顿区（ 图3），7。这种方法的目标是四倍：1）确定尺度故障模式是一致的，2）确定所述沙箱模型支持并解释现场数据，3）确定如果沙箱模型提供在不属于结构的更多细节在现场观察到的，和4）评价该组合场实验方法是否是有用和容易复制。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3.jpg" /> 图3的推块M实施例奥德尔。照片空沙箱模式。南部斜坡额叶（SFR），斜斜坡（OR），北斜前方（NFR），以及四个区域（1-4）被标记（由伊斯马特·和Toeneboehn 7修改）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图这个数字。</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1362">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">fiberboard</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:800px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">finishing lacquer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">epoxy</td>
			<td>Epoxy technology</td>
			<td>Parts A and B: 301-2 2LB</td>
			<td>best if warmed to 80&#186; - 125&#186;. If warming is not possible, it will cure fine, it will just take 1 week, rather than 1 day.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ramp wood-pine</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">painters tape</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit joints</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">countersunk fasteners</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sand paper</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">play sand</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best if homogenous grain size, ~0.5mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">food coloring</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best to use one color and a dark color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic mesh/grid</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">square cross oins</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank screw</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank handle</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sheet metal</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dividers bars</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history within these junctions is best preserved in areas where thrust sheets extend from a salient through an adjacent recess. We examine one such junction within the Sevier fold-thrust belt (western United States) along the Leamington transverse zone, northern Utah. Deformation within this junction took place by faulting and cataclastic flow. Here, we describe a protocol that examines these fault patterns to better understand the kinematic history of the field area. Fault data is supplemented by analog sandbox experiments. This study suggests that, in detail, deformation within the overlying thrust sheet may not directly reflect the underlying basement structure. We demonstrate that this combined field-experimental approach is easy, accessible, and may provide more details to the deformation preserved in the crust than other more expensive methods, such as computer modeling. In addition, the sandbox model may help to explain why and how these details formed. This method can be applied throughout fold-thrust belts, where upper-crustal rocks are well preserved. In addition, it can be modified to study any part of the upper crust that has been deformed via elastico-frictional mechanisms. Finally, this combined approach may provide more details as to how fold-thrust belts maintain critical-taper and serve as potential targets for natural resource exploration.

空中拍摄的照片被用于现场区域划分为四个区域（1-4），基于现代山嵴顶的趋势（ 图2）。多尺度故障数据这四个地区进行比较。假定这些趋势变化反映底层基底的几何形状，倾斜的斜坡位于区域2和3中，内，其中山趋势倾斜于塞维尔折叠推力带。在整个四个区域，我们发现，中尺度的故障保护变形织物是渗透和均匀的尺度（ 即，岩石的立方米），并代...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Kinematic histories of fold-thrust belts are typically based on careful examinations of high-grade metamorphic rocks within a salient. We provide a novel method of understanding fold-thrust belts by examining salient-recess junctions. We analyze the oft-ignored upper crustal rocks using a combined approach of detailed fault analysis with experimental sandbox modeling.

通过现场数据和模拟沙盒建模相结合的办法探索出了一条凸槽结的运动史

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to track the deformation of thrust sheets as they move over oblique ramps. This method can help answer key questions in the field, such as how thrust sheets evolve in complex settings. The main advantages of this technique are that it is simple, inexpensive, and can be compared directly to the field data.This video shows how to use a push-block sandbox to replicate micro-scale faults found in the field. Field identification of micro-scale faults is covered in the text protocol, as is the general construction of the sandbox. To load the sandbox, use standard play sand, which is relatively homogeneous, with an average grain size of 5 milimeters.Prepare the sand by dying half of it. First, fill a 5 gallon bucket a quarter full. Then mix in enough black food coloring to make the sand a uniform dark green, which is easily distinguishable from the sand's original color.Upon drying the sand, as described in the text protocol, load the box with alternating layers of colored and uncolored sand, and ensure that each layer's leveled after it is added. The thicknesses of the sand pack that provides the clearest and most reproducible results should be arrived at empirically. This example shows a 3.5 centimeter sand pack with alternating colors every 6 centimeters.Next, gently press a plastic mesh composed of half inch of half inch squares onto the sand to produce a grid indentation. Then, insert square cross pins two inches apart throughout the sand. Next, mount a camera to view the entire sandbox.Now, push the sand with the crank-driven push-block to recreate shortening seen in the field. Move the push-block slowly enough that changes in the sand can be carefully documented. The speed should not affect the results.While pushing the sand, track the deformation by observing the shape changes of the squares, and track the amount of transport and vertical rotation by observing the motion of the pins. Repeat this process until the formed structures resemble those preserved in nature. Once the sandbox results mimic those preserved in nature, collect sample data.First, remove all cross pins from the sand. Then, to make samples, separate in epoxy portions of the deformed sand. This requires pre-cut sheet metal dividers.The bottom edge of the dividers must be made to match the angle of the ramp where the sample is to be taken and must fully extend the length of the ramp. The divider must also be taller than the sand pack. Before using a divider, cover it with painter's tape for easy cleanup.One end of the divider must be closer to control the flow of the epoxy, and the other end of the divider must be open to minimized disturbances to the sand pack. Next, fasten the divider using 1/4 inch by four inch screws, sheets with 3/8 inch diameter aluminum tubing. In this case, two dividers are used.One is placed on the oblique ramp, the other covers the frontal oblique ramp junction. Now, pour warm epoxy over the sand within the divider until no more epoxy can be absorbed, so the sand is fully saturated and will not come apart. After several days of drying, slide the dividers out of the sandbox, then lift the epoxied samples out from the surrounding sand.Using a rock saw, cut the samples perpendicularly and parallel to the strike of the ramps. Then, using permanent marker, highlight the bedding, folds, and faults within the exposed slices. A field study found four adjacent regions, each with mesoscale faults.The faults preserve a deformation fabric, which was penetrative and homogeneous at the mesoscale. The fault patterns were also unique within each region, which supported the macroscale assumption that an oblique ramp underlies regions two and three, and suggested that the conjugate-conjugate fault analysis was reliable. Using a sandbox model, a break was formed that was comparable to the position and orientation of the boundary between regions two and three on the macroscale maps.This supported the notion that the break in the overlying thrust sheet may have formed via a complex interaction of an eastward-moving thrust sheet over an oblique ramp. Analysis of epoxied sandbox samples was also supportive. Samples taken from the frontal ramp region accommodated transport to the east, while samples from the oblique ramp region accommodated transport to the southeast.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to build, run, and modify sandbox models to replicate a specific field area. Once mastered, this technique can be done in one week if performed properly. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of structural geology to explore the usefulness of fault data and how these data can be further interpreted with the aid of models.Thanks for watching and good luck with your models.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

表面重建：一种先进的微气象法测量和处理油田规模能流密度数据

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become  increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences.  For many scientists without formal ...

科研

环境科学

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;与动态管法和被动采样的组合排放

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Extracting Metrics for Three-dimensional Root Systems: Volume and Surface Analysis from In-soil X-ray Computed Tomography Data

从在土X射线计算机断层扫描数据量和表面分析：提取指标三维根系

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

对于在野外条件下评估种子萌发，休眠和死亡率可靠的方法

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

传粉生态学的田间试验：为例<em&gt;血红石蒜</em&gt;变种。<em&gt;荪</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Use of a Filter Cartridge for Filtration of Water Samples and Extraction of Environmental DNA

滤芯水过滤样品和环境DNA的提取使用

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies ...

Development of Metarhizium anisopliae as a Mycoinsecticide: From Isolation to Field Performance

Development of Metarhizium anisopliae as a Mycoinsecticide: From Isolation to Field Performance

的发展<em&gt; Metarhizium anisopliae</em&gt;作为防腐剂：从隔离到现场表现

A major concern when developing commercial mycoinsecticides is the kill speed compared to that of chemical insecticides. Therefore, isolation and ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns (Sterna Hirundo)

A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo

监测常见燕鸥繁殖菌落的视频监控系统 (燕鸥家燕)

Many waterbird populations have faced declines over the last century, including the common tern (Sterna hirundo), a waterbird species with a widespread ...