Name: kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling
Uploaded: 2016-08-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

We thank Erin Bradley and Liz Cole for their assistance in the field. Field work, thin-section preparation and material for the sandbox model was supported by Franklin &amp; Marshall College's Committee on Grants.

1. Collecte des données de terrain Macro- <ol><li> Avant d&#39; effectuer le travail de terrain, utiliser des photographies aériennes / cartes topographiques pour identifier la tendance générale des montagnes (définies par la crête crête moderne de jour), les zones transversales, les défauts et autres linéations à l&#39;échelle macroscopique (Figure 2). <ol><li> Utilisez des cartes topographiques à l&#39;échelle similaire et des photographies aériennes, de sorte que les modèles peuvent ...

<ol>
	<li>Marshak, S., Wilkerson, M. S., Hsui, H. T., KR, M. c. C. l. a. y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+curved+fold-thrust+belts:+Insights+from+simple+physical+and+analytical.">Generation of curved fold-thrust belts: Insights from simple physical and analytical.</a> modelsThrust Tectonics. , 83-92 (1992).</li><li>Mitra, G., S, S. e. n. g. u. p. t. a. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+salients+in+a+fold-and-thrust+belt:+the+effects+of+sedimentary+basin+geometry,+strain+distribution+and+critical+taper.">Evolution of salients in a fold-and-thrust belt: the effects of sedimentary basin geometry, strain distribution and critical taper.</a> Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales. , 59-90 (1997).</li><li>Weil, A., Sussman, A., A, S. u. s. s. m. a. n., A, W. e. i. l. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classifying+curved+orogens+based+on+timing+relationships+between+structural+development+and+vertical+axis+rotations.">Classifying curved orogens based on timing relationships between structural development and vertical axis rotations.</a> Orogenic curvature Geol. Soc. of Am. Special Paper. 383, 205-223 (2004).</li><li>Ismat, Z., Mitra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+by+cataclastic+flow+at+shallow+crustal+levels+in+the+Canyon+Range,+Sevier+orogenic+belt,+west-Central+Utah.">Folding by cataclastic flow at shallow crustal levels in the Canyon Range, Sevier orogenic belt, west-Central Utah.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 23 (2-3), 355-378 (2001).</li><li>Tull, J., Holm, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+evolution+of+a+major+Appalachian+salient-recess+junction:+Consequences+of+oblique+collisional+convergence+across+a+continental+margin+transform+fault.">Structural evolution of a major Appalachian salient-recess junction: Consequences of oblique collisional convergence across a continental margin transform fault.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 117 (3), 482-499 (2005).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Block+supported+cataclastic+flow+within+the+upper+crust.">Block supported cataclastic flow within the upper crust.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 56, 118-128 (2013).</li><li>Ismat, Z., Toeneboehn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformation+along+a+salient-transverse+zone+junction:+An+example+from+the+Leamington+transverse+zone,Utah,+Sevier+fold-thrust+belt+(USA).">Deformation along a salient-transverse zone junction: An example from the Leamington transverse zone,Utah, Sevier fold-thrust belt (USA).</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 75, 60-79 (2015).</li><li>Reed, F. S., Mergner, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+Rock+Thin+Sections.">Preparation of Rock Thin Sections.</a> Amer. Mineral. 38, 1184-1203 (1953).</li><li>Underwood, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Quantitative Stereology. , (1970).</li><li>Fry, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Random+point+distribution+and+strain+measurement+in+rock.">Random point distribution and strain measurement in rock.</a> Tectonophys. 60 (1), 89-105 (1979).</li><li>McNaught, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+uncertainty+in+normalized+Fry+plots+using+a+bootstrap+approach.">Estimating uncertainty in normalized Fry plots using a bootstrap approach.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 24 (2), 311-322 (2002).</li><li>De Paor, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Interactive+Program+for+Doing+Fry+Strain+Analysis+on+the+Macintosh+Microcomputer.">An Interactive Program for Doing Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer.</a> J. of Geol. Ed. 37 (3), 171-180 (1989).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+kinematics+expressed+in+fracture+patterns:+An+example+from+the+Anti-Atlas+fold-belt,+Morocco.">Folding kinematics expressed in fracture patterns: An example from the Anti-Atlas fold-belt, Morocco.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 30 (11), 1396-1404 (2008).</li><li>Reches, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three-dimensional+strain+fields:+II.+Theoretical+analysis.">Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields: II. Theoretical analysis.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 133-156 (1983).</li><li>Reches, Z., Dieterich, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three+dimensional+strain+fields:+1.+Failure+of+rocks+in+polyaxial,+servo-control+experiments.">Faulting of rocks in three dimensional strain fields: 1. Failure of rocks in polyaxial, servo-control experiments.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 111-132 (1983).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+fracture+porosity+and+permeability+during+folding+by+cataclastic+flow:+Implications+for+syntectonic+fluid+flow.">Evolution of fracture porosity and permeability during folding by cataclastic flow: Implications for syntectonic fluid flow.</a> Rocky Mount. Geol. 47 (2), 133-155 (2012).</li><li>Kwon, S., Mitra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+kinematic+history+at+an+oblique+ramp,+Leamington+zone,+Sevier+belt,+Utah.">Three-dimensional kinematic history at an oblique ramp, Leamington zone, Sevier belt, Utah.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 28 (3), 474-493 (2006).</li><li>Casas, A. M., Simon, J. L., Seron, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+deflection+in+a+tectonic+compressional+field:+A+model+for+the+northeastern+Iberian+chain,+Spain.">Stress deflection in a tectonic compressional field: A model for the northeastern Iberian chain, Spain.</a> J. of Geophys. Res. 97, 7183-7192 (1992).</li><li>Apotria, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrust+sheet+rotation+and+out-of-plane+strains+associated+with+oblique+ramps:+An+example.">Thrust sheet rotation and out-of-plane strains associated with oblique ramps: An example.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 17 (5), 647-662 (1995).</li><li>Hubbert, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+Scale+Models+as+Applied+to+the+Study+of+Geological+Structures.">Theory of Scale Models as Applied to the Study of Geological Structures.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 48 (10), 1459-1520 (1937).</li><li>Sch&#246;pfen, M. P. J., Steyrer, H. P., Koyi, H. A., Mancktelow, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+modeling+of+strike-slip+faults+and+the+self-similar+behavior.">Experimental modeling of strike-slip faults and the self-similar behavior.</a> Tectonic Modeling: A volume in honor of Hans Ramberg Geol. Soc. of Am. Mem. 193, 21-27 (2001).</li><li>Kwon, S., Mitra, G., Sussman, A., Weil, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+distribution,+strain+history+and+kinematic+evolution+associated+with+the+formation+of+arcuate+salients+in+fold-thrust+belts:+the+example+of+the+Provo+salient,+Sevier+orogeny,+Utah.">Strain distribution, strain history and kinematic evolution associated with the formation of arcuate salients in fold-thrust belts: the example of the Provo salient, Sevier orogeny, Utah.</a> Orogenic curvature Geol. Soc. of Am. Special Paper. 383, 205-223 (2004).</li><li>Elliott, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motion+of+thrust+sheets.">The motion of thrust sheets.</a> J. of Geophys. Res. 81, 949-963 (1976).</li></ol>

Le segment Utah central du Sevier pli poussée ceinture, et sa limite nord, la zone transversale Leamington sert comme un laboratoire naturel idéal pour étudier les jonctions saillant-évidement (Figure 1). Le long de cette intersection, la direction de transport reste constante et les tôles de poussée sont sans interruption à travers la jonction, de sorte que la seule variable est la géométrie du sous - sol sous - jacent 5. Ici, nous présentons une métho...

Ceintures Fold-poussée se composent de saillies (ou segments), où les feuilles de poussée en reliefs adjacents sont découplés par des évidements ou des zones transversales 1,2,3. La transition du saillant d&#39;évidement peut être nettement complexe, impliquant une suite aux multiples facettes de structures, et peut détenir des indices critiques à plier poussée du développement de la ceinture. Dans cet article, nous examinons attentivement une jonction saillant-évidement, en utilisant une combinaison de données de terrain multi-échelles et un modèle de bac à sable, afin de mieux comprendre comment la déformation peut être logé à l&#39;intérieur des courroies de pliage-poussée. La jonction du segment Utah centrale et la zone transversale Leamington est un naturel laboratoire idéal pour étudier les jonctions saillant-évidement pour plusieurs raisons (figure 1). Tout d&#39; abord, les roches exposées dans le segment continuent, sans interruption, dans la zone transversale 4. Ainsi, les modèles de déformation peuvent être suivis en permanence, et comparées à travers la jonction. S<html> euxième, les roches sont essentiellement monominérale, donc la variation des modèles de défaut ne sont pas le résultat d&#39;hétérogénéités au sein des unités, mais reflètent le pliage global et poussée dans la zone d&#39;étude 4. , Les mécanismes de Elastico-frottement tiers, comme les flux de cataclastic, assistés de déformation dans toute la zone de champ, ce qui permet des comparaisons directes des modèles de défaut mésoéchelle 4. Enfin, la direction générale de transport est restée constante sur toute la longueur du segment et de la zone transversale; Par conséquent, les variations de direction raccourcissant n&#39;a pas influencé les modèles de déformation conservés 4. Tous ces facteurs réduisent au minimum le nombre de variables qui peuvent avoir une incidence sur la déformation le long du segment et zone transversale. Par conséquent, nous supposons que les structures conservées constituées principalement en raison d&#39;une modification de la géométrie du sous - sol sous - jacent 5. pload / 54318 / 54318fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figure 1. Exemple de carte index. La courroie Sevier fois poussée de l&#39; ouest de Etats - Unis, montrant reliefs majeurs, des segments, des creux et des zones transversales. Figure 2 indiqué par zone encadrée (modifié de Ismat et Toeneboehn 7). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">S&#39;il vous plaît cliquer ici pour voir une</a> une <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">plus grande version de ce chiffre.</a> Pliage et fourrant dans le segment Utah centrale et de la zone transversale Leamington, a eu lieu à des profondeurs &lt;15 km, soit, au sein du régime de elastico-friction, où la déformation est produite principalement par affleurement échelle (&lt;1 m) défauts et cataclastic coulent 4,6 . Parce que le transport et le pliage de la feuille de poussée ont eu lieu principalement par des mécanismes de Elastico-friction, nous prévoyons qu&#39;une analyse détaillée des défauts peut fournir un éclairage supplémentaire sur l&#39;histoire cinématique de la zone et e transversale Leamington<html> e sous-jacente la géométrie du sous-sol. Afin de tester cette hypothèse, nous avons collecté et analysé les modèles de défaut conservés dans les roches dans la partie nord du segment Utah centrale et dans toute la zone transversale Leamington (Figure 2). <img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig2.jpg" /> Figure 2. Exemple de carte topographique macroscopique. Shaded-relief carte topographique zone encadrée sur la figure 1. Les 4 régions sont séparées par des lignes blanches solides. contacts Literie entre le quartzite Protérozoïque Caddy Canyon (PCC), Protérozoïque quartzite mutuelle (GCP) et Cambrian Tintic quartzite (Ct) sont présentés. Les lignes pointillées montrent la tendance des montagnes dans cette zone. L&#39;emplacement des sites sont présentés avec des carrés noirs numérotés. Premier ordre linéations sont représentés avec des lignes grises solides (modifiées de Ismat et Toeneboehn 7).ftp_upload / 54318 / 54318fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; S&#39;il vous plaît cliquer ici pour voir une version plus grande de cette figure. expériences Sandbox ont été réalisées à comparer, et de compléter les données de défaut. Un modèle de sandbox push-bloc, avec frontal et oblique rampes, a été utilisé pour aider nos analyses des structures conservées dans et autour de la zone transversale Leamington (figure 3) 7. Les objectifs de cette approche sont quatre fois: 1) déterminer si les motifs de défaut mésoéchelle sont compatibles, 2) déterminer si le modèle de sandbox soutient et explique les données de terrain, 3) déterminer si le modèle de bac à sable fournit plus de détails sur les structures qui ne sont pas observé dans le domaine, et 4) évaluer si cette méthode de champ expérimental combiné est utile et facile à reproduire. <img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3.jpg" /> Figure 3. Exemple de push-bloc modèle. Photo du modèle de bac à sable vide. La rampe sud frontale (SFR), rampe oblique (OR), au nord de rampe frontale (NFR), et les quatre régions (1-4) sont étiquetés (modifiés par Ismat et Toeneboehn 7). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">S&#39;il vous plaît</a> , <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">cliquez ici pour afficher une version plus grande cette figure.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1362">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">fiberboard</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:800px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">finishing lacquer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">epoxy</td>
			<td>Epoxy technology</td>
			<td>Parts A and B: 301-2 2LB</td>
			<td>best if warmed to 80&#186; - 125&#186;. If warming is not possible, it will cure fine, it will just take 1 week, rather than 1 day.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ramp wood-pine</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">painters tape</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit joints</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">countersunk fasteners</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sand paper</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">play sand</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best if homogenous grain size, ~0.5mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">food coloring</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best to use one color and a dark color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic mesh/grid</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">square cross oins</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank screw</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank handle</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sheet metal</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dividers bars</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history within these junctions is best preserved in areas where thrust sheets extend from a salient through an adjacent recess. We examine one such junction within the Sevier fold-thrust belt (western United States) along the Leamington transverse zone, northern Utah. Deformation within this junction took place by faulting and cataclastic flow. Here, we describe a protocol that examines these fault patterns to better understand the kinematic history of the field area. Fault data is supplemented by analog sandbox experiments. This study suggests that, in detail, deformation within the overlying thrust sheet may not directly reflect the underlying basement structure. We demonstrate that this combined field-experimental approach is easy, accessible, and may provide more details to the deformation preserved in the crust than other more expensive methods, such as computer modeling. In addition, the sandbox model may help to explain why and how these details formed. This method can be applied throughout fold-thrust belts, where upper-crustal rocks are well preserved. In addition, it can be modified to study any part of the upper crust that has been deformed via elastico-frictional mechanisms. Finally, this combined approach may provide more details as to how fold-thrust belts maintain critical-taper and serve as potential targets for natural resource exploration.

Les photographies aériennes ont été utilisées pour subdiviser la zone de champ en quatre régions (1-4), en fonction de la tendance de la crête de la montagne crête moderne (figure 2). données de défaut multi-échelle est comparée entre ces quatre régions. En supposant que ces changements de tendance reflètent la géométrie du sous-sol sous-jacent, la rampe oblique est positionnée dans les Régions 2 et 3, où la tendance des montagnes à l&#39;oblique Sevie...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Kinematic histories of fold-thrust belts are typically based on careful examinations of high-grade metamorphic rocks within a salient. We provide a novel method of understanding fold-thrust belts by examining salient-recess junctions. We analyze the oft-ignored upper crustal rocks using a combined approach of detailed fault analysis with experimental sandbox modeling.

Cinématique Histoire d&#39;une jonction Salient évidement Exploré par une approche combinée des données de terrain et Sandbox Modélisation Analogique

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to track the deformation of thrust sheets as they move over oblique ramps. This method can help answer key questions in the field, such as how thrust sheets evolve in complex settings. The main advantages of this technique are that it is simple, inexpensive, and can be compared directly to the field data.This video shows how to use a push-block sandbox to replicate micro-scale faults found in the field. Field identification of micro-scale faults is covered in the text protocol, as is the general construction of the sandbox. To load the sandbox, use standard play sand, which is relatively homogeneous, with an average grain size of 5 milimeters.Prepare the sand by dying half of it. First, fill a 5 gallon bucket a quarter full. Then mix in enough black food coloring to make the sand a uniform dark green, which is easily distinguishable from the sand's original color.Upon drying the sand, as described in the text protocol, load the box with alternating layers of colored and uncolored sand, and ensure that each layer's leveled after it is added. The thicknesses of the sand pack that provides the clearest and most reproducible results should be arrived at empirically. This example shows a 3.5 centimeter sand pack with alternating colors every 6 centimeters.Next, gently press a plastic mesh composed of half inch of half inch squares onto the sand to produce a grid indentation. Then, insert square cross pins two inches apart throughout the sand. Next, mount a camera to view the entire sandbox.Now, push the sand with the crank-driven push-block to recreate shortening seen in the field. Move the push-block slowly enough that changes in the sand can be carefully documented. The speed should not affect the results.While pushing the sand, track the deformation by observing the shape changes of the squares, and track the amount of transport and vertical rotation by observing the motion of the pins. Repeat this process until the formed structures resemble those preserved in nature. Once the sandbox results mimic those preserved in nature, collect sample data.First, remove all cross pins from the sand. Then, to make samples, separate in epoxy portions of the deformed sand. This requires pre-cut sheet metal dividers.The bottom edge of the dividers must be made to match the angle of the ramp where the sample is to be taken and must fully extend the length of the ramp. The divider must also be taller than the sand pack. Before using a divider, cover it with painter's tape for easy cleanup.One end of the divider must be closer to control the flow of the epoxy, and the other end of the divider must be open to minimized disturbances to the sand pack. Next, fasten the divider using 1/4 inch by four inch screws, sheets with 3/8 inch diameter aluminum tubing. In this case, two dividers are used.One is placed on the oblique ramp, the other covers the frontal oblique ramp junction. Now, pour warm epoxy over the sand within the divider until no more epoxy can be absorbed, so the sand is fully saturated and will not come apart. After several days of drying, slide the dividers out of the sandbox, then lift the epoxied samples out from the surrounding sand.Using a rock saw, cut the samples perpendicularly and parallel to the strike of the ramps. Then, using permanent marker, highlight the bedding, folds, and faults within the exposed slices. A field study found four adjacent regions, each with mesoscale faults.The faults preserve a deformation fabric, which was penetrative and homogeneous at the mesoscale. The fault patterns were also unique within each region, which supported the macroscale assumption that an oblique ramp underlies regions two and three, and suggested that the conjugate-conjugate fault analysis was reliable. Using a sandbox model, a break was formed that was comparable to the position and orientation of the boundary between regions two and three on the macroscale maps.This supported the notion that the break in the overlying thrust sheet may have formed via a complex interaction of an eastward-moving thrust sheet over an oblique ramp. Analysis of epoxied sandbox samples was also supportive. Samples taken from the frontal ramp region accommodated transport to the east, while samples from the oblique ramp region accommodated transport to the southeast.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to build, run, and modify sandbox models to replicate a specific field area. Once mastered, this technique can be done in one week if performed properly. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of structural geology to explore the usefulness of fault data and how these data can be further interpreted with the aid of models.Thanks for watching and good luck with your models.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become  increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences.  For many scientists without formal ...

Recherche

Environnement

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