Name: kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling
Uploaded: 2016-08-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

We thank Erin Bradley and Liz Cole for their assistance in the field. Field work, thin-section preparation and material for the sandbox model was supported by Franklin &amp; Marshall College's Committee on Grants.

1. Innsamling av makrofeltdata <ol><li> Før drive feltarbeid, bruke flyfoto / topografiske kart for å identifisere den generelle trenden av fjellene (definert av dagens Ridge Crest), tverrgående soner, feil og andre lineasjoner på macroscale (figur 2). <ol><li> Bruk samme skala topografiske kart og flyfoto, slik at mønstre kan sammenlignes direkte. Bruk 1: 24000 skala kart og fotografier. </li></ol></li><li> Merk og markere mesoklimatisk funksjoner på kartene (antenne og / eller topografiske) so...

<ol>
	<li>Marshak, S., Wilkerson, M. S., Hsui, H. T., KR, M. c. C. l. a. y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+curved+fold-thrust+belts:+Insights+from+simple+physical+and+analytical.">Generation of curved fold-thrust belts: Insights from simple physical and analytical.</a> modelsThrust Tectonics. , 83-92 (1992).</li><li>Mitra, G., S, S. e. n. g. u. p. t. a. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+salients+in+a+fold-and-thrust+belt:+the+effects+of+sedimentary+basin+geometry,+strain+distribution+and+critical+taper.">Evolution of salients in a fold-and-thrust belt: the effects of sedimentary basin geometry, strain distribution and critical taper.</a> Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales. , 59-90 (1997).</li><li>Weil, A., Sussman, A., A, S. u. s. s. m. a. n., A, W. e. i. l. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classifying+curved+orogens+based+on+timing+relationships+between+structural+development+and+vertical+axis+rotations.">Classifying curved orogens based on timing relationships between structural development and vertical axis rotations.</a> Orogenic curvature Geol. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+uncertainty+in+normalized+Fry+plots+using+a+bootstrap+approach.">Estimating uncertainty in normalized Fry plots using a bootstrap approach.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 24 (2), 311-322 (2002).</li><li>De Paor, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Interactive+Program+for+Doing+Fry+Strain+Analysis+on+the+Macintosh+Microcomputer.">An Interactive Program for Doing Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer.</a> J. of Geol. Ed. 37 (3), 171-180 (1989).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+kinematics+expressed+in+fracture+patterns:+An+example+from+the+Anti-Atlas+fold-belt,+Morocco.">Folding kinematics expressed in fracture patterns: An example from the Anti-Atlas fold-belt, Morocco.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 30 (11), 1396-1404 (2008).</li><li>Reches, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three-dimensional+strain+fields:+II.+Theoretical+analysis.">Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields: II. Theoretical analysis.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 133-156 (1983).</li><li>Reches, Z., Dieterich, J. 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Geol. 47 (2), 133-155 (2012).</li><li>Kwon, S., Mitra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+kinematic+history+at+an+oblique+ramp,+Leamington+zone,+Sevier+belt,+Utah.">Three-dimensional kinematic history at an oblique ramp, Leamington zone, Sevier belt, Utah.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 28 (3), 474-493 (2006).</li><li>Casas, A. M., Simon, J. L., Seron, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+deflection+in+a+tectonic+compressional+field:+A+model+for+the+northeastern+Iberian+chain,+Spain.">Stress deflection in a tectonic compressional field: A model for the northeastern Iberian chain, Spain.</a> J. of Geophys. Res. 97, 7183-7192 (1992).</li><li>Apotria, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrust+sheet+rotation+and+out-of-plane+strains+associated+with+oblique+ramps:+An+example.">Thrust sheet rotation and out-of-plane strains associated with oblique ramps: An example.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 17 (5), 647-662 (1995).</li><li>Hubbert, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+Scale+Models+as+Applied+to+the+Study+of+Geological+Structures.">Theory of Scale Models as Applied to the Study of Geological Structures.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 48 (10), 1459-1520 (1937).</li><li>Sch&#246;pfen, M. P. J., Steyrer, H. P., Koyi, H. 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Den sentrale Utah segment av Sevier fold-thrust belte, og sin nordlige grense, serverer Leamington tverrsonen som en ideell naturlig laboratorium for å studere fremtredende-fordypningen veikryss (figur 1). Langs dette krysset, forblir transport retning konstant og skyve arkene er uavbrutt over krysset, så den eneste variabelen er den underliggende kjelleren geometri 5. Her presenterer vi en metode for å analysere denne typen fremtredende-fordypningen krysset ve...

Fold-thrust belter er sammensatt av salients (eller segmenter), hvor thrust ark i tilstøtende salients er dekoblet av utsparinger eller tverrgående soner 1,2,3. Overgangen fra fremtredende til fordypning kan være markert kompleks, med en mangefasettert pakke med strukturer, og kan holde kritiske ledetråder for å brette-thrust belte utvikling. I denne artikkelen vi undersøke nøye en fremtredende-fordypningen krysset, ved hjelp av en kombinasjon av Multiscale feltdata og en sandkasse modell, for bedre å forstå hvordan deformasjon kan innpasses innenfor fold-thrust belter. Krysset av den sentrale Utah segmentet og Leamington tverrgående sone er en ideell naturlig laboratorium for å studere fremtredende-fordypningen kryss av flere grunner (figur 1). Først steinene eksponert innenfor segmentet fortsette uavbrutt, inn i den tverrgående sone 4. Så kan deformasjon mønstre spores kontinuerlig, og sammenlignes på tvers i krysset. S<html> econd, steinene er i hovedsak monomineralic, så variasjon i feilmønstre er ikke et resultat av heterogeniteter innenfor enhetene, men i stedet gjenspeiler den generelle folding og stakk innenfor studieområdet 4. Tredje, Elastico-friksjonsmekanismer, som kataklastiske flyt, assistert deformasjon hele feltet området, noe som åpner for direkte sammenligninger av mesoskala feilmønstre 4. Til slutt forble den generelle transportretning kontinuerlig langs lengden av segmentet og tverrgående sone; derfor variasjoner i forkorte retning påvirket ikke bevarte deformasjoner mønstre 4. Alle disse faktorene redusere antall variable som kan ha påvirket av deformasjonen langs segmentet og tverrgående sone. Som et resultat, anta at vi de bevarte strukturene som dannes først og fremst på grunn av en endring i den underliggende kjeller geometrien 5. pload / 54318 / 54318fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figur 1. Eksempel på indeksen kartet. Den Sevier fold-fremstøt belte av vestlige USA, som viser store salients, segmenter, utsparinger og tverrgående soner. Figur 2 er indikert ved eske område (modifisert fra Ismat og Toeneboehn 7). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Klikk her for å vise en større versjon av dette tallet.</a> Folding og stakk innenfor det sentrale Utah segmentet og Leamington tverrgående sone, fant sted på dybder &lt;15 km, dvs. innenfor Elastico-friksjons regime, hvor deformasjon skjedde primært ved frembrudd-skala (&lt;1 m) feil og kataklastiske strømmer 4,6 . Fordi transport og folding av thrust arket fant sted hovedsakelig av Elastico-friksjonsmekanismer, spår vi at en detaljert feilanalyse kan gi ytterligere innsikt i den kinematiske historien om Leamington tverrgående sone og th<html> e underliggende kjeller geometri. For å teste denne hypotesen, har vi samlet og analysert feilmønstre bevart i bergarter innenfor den nordlige delen av det sentrale Utah segmentet og hele Leamington tverrgående sone (figur 2). <img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig2.jpg" /> Figur 2. Eksempel på makro topografisk kart. Skygge-lettelse topografisk kart av eske området i figur 1. De 4 Regions er atskilt med faste, hvite linjer. Sengetøy kontakter mellom proterozoikum Caddy Canyon kvartsitt (PCC), er proterozoic Mutual kvartsitt (PCM) og Cambrian Tintic kvartsitt (Ct) vist. Stiplede linjene viser utviklingen av fjellene innenfor dette området. På følgende steder vises med nummererte svarte firkanter. Førsteordenslineasjoner er vist med solide grå linjer (modifisert fra Ismat og Toeneboehn 7).ftp_upload / 54318 / 54318fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Klikk her for å se en større versjon av dette tallet. Sandbox eksperimenter ble utført for å sammenligne mot, og supplere, feil data. En trykkblokk sandbox modell, med frontal og skrå ramper, ble brukt til å hjelpe våre analyser av strukturer bevart i, og rundt, Leamington tverrgående sone (figur 3) 7. Formålet med denne tilnærmingen er fire-fold: 1) finne ut om mesoskala feil mønstre er konsekvent, 2) avgjøre om sandbox modellen støtter og forklarer feltdata, 3) avgjøre om sandbox modellen gir flere detaljer om strukturer som ikke er observert i felten, og 4) vurdere hvorvidt denne kombinerte felt eksperimentell metode er nyttig og lett å replikere. <img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3.jpg" /> Figur 3. Eksempel på trykk-blokk mOdel. Foto av tomt sandbox modell. Den sørlige frontal rampe (SFR), skrå rampe (OR), nordlige frontal rampe (NFR), og de ​​fire regioner (1-4) er merket (modifisert fra Ismat og Toeneboehn 7). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Klikk her for å se en større versjon av dette tallet.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1362">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">fiberboard</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:800px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">finishing lacquer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">epoxy</td>
			<td>Epoxy technology</td>
			<td>Parts A and B: 301-2 2LB</td>
			<td>best if warmed to 80&#186; - 125&#186;. If warming is not possible, it will cure fine, it will just take 1 week, rather than 1 day.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ramp wood-pine</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">painters tape</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit joints</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">countersunk fasteners</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sand paper</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">play sand</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best if homogenous grain size, ~0.5mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">food coloring</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best to use one color and a dark color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic mesh/grid</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">square cross oins</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank screw</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank handle</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sheet metal</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dividers bars</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history within these junctions is best preserved in areas where thrust sheets extend from a salient through an adjacent recess. We examine one such junction within the Sevier fold-thrust belt (western United States) along the Leamington transverse zone, northern Utah. Deformation within this junction took place by faulting and cataclastic flow. Here, we describe a protocol that examines these fault patterns to better understand the kinematic history of the field area. Fault data is supplemented by analog sandbox experiments. This study suggests that, in detail, deformation within the overlying thrust sheet may not directly reflect the underlying basement structure. We demonstrate that this combined field-experimental approach is easy, accessible, and may provide more details to the deformation preserved in the crust than other more expensive methods, such as computer modeling. In addition, the sandbox model may help to explain why and how these details formed. This method can be applied throughout fold-thrust belts, where upper-crustal rocks are well preserved. In addition, it can be modified to study any part of the upper crust that has been deformed via elastico-frictional mechanisms. Finally, this combined approach may provide more details as to how fold-thrust belts maintain critical-taper and serve as potential targets for natural resource exploration.

Flyfoto ble brukt til å dele opp feltet området i fire regioner (1-4), basert på utviklingen av den moderne fjellryggen crest (figur 2). Multi-skala feil data er sammenlignet mellom disse fire regioner. Forutsatt at disse trend endringene reflekterer de underliggende kjeller geometri, er den skrå rampe posisjonert inne Regioner 2 og 3, hvor fjellet tendens skrå til den Sevier fold-thrust belte. Gjennom de fire regionene, fant vi at mesoskala feil bevare en deformasj...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Kinematic histories of fold-thrust belts are typically based on careful examinations of high-grade metamorphic rocks within a salient. We provide a novel method of understanding fold-thrust belts by examining salient-recess junctions. We analyze the oft-ignored upper crustal rocks using a combined approach of detailed fault analysis with experimental sandbox modeling.

Kinematisk History of en Salient-fordypning Junction Utforsket gjennom en kombinert tilnærming av feltdata og Analog Sandbox modellering

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to track the deformation of thrust sheets as they move over oblique ramps. This method can help answer key questions in the field, such as how thrust sheets evolve in complex settings. The main advantages of this technique are that it is simple, inexpensive, and can be compared directly to the field data.This video shows how to use a push-block sandbox to replicate micro-scale faults found in the field. Field identification of micro-scale faults is covered in the text protocol, as is the general construction of the sandbox. To load the sandbox, use standard play sand, which is relatively homogeneous, with an average grain size of 5 milimeters.Prepare the sand by dying half of it. First, fill a 5 gallon bucket a quarter full. Then mix in enough black food coloring to make the sand a uniform dark green, which is easily distinguishable from the sand's original color.Upon drying the sand, as described in the text protocol, load the box with alternating layers of colored and uncolored sand, and ensure that each layer's leveled after it is added. The thicknesses of the sand pack that provides the clearest and most reproducible results should be arrived at empirically. This example shows a 3.5 centimeter sand pack with alternating colors every 6 centimeters.Next, gently press a plastic mesh composed of half inch of half inch squares onto the sand to produce a grid indentation. Then, insert square cross pins two inches apart throughout the sand. Next, mount a camera to view the entire sandbox.Now, push the sand with the crank-driven push-block to recreate shortening seen in the field. Move the push-block slowly enough that changes in the sand can be carefully documented. The speed should not affect the results.While pushing the sand, track the deformation by observing the shape changes of the squares, and track the amount of transport and vertical rotation by observing the motion of the pins. Repeat this process until the formed structures resemble those preserved in nature. Once the sandbox results mimic those preserved in nature, collect sample data.First, remove all cross pins from the sand. Then, to make samples, separate in epoxy portions of the deformed sand. This requires pre-cut sheet metal dividers.The bottom edge of the dividers must be made to match the angle of the ramp where the sample is to be taken and must fully extend the length of the ramp. The divider must also be taller than the sand pack. Before using a divider, cover it with painter's tape for easy cleanup.One end of the divider must be closer to control the flow of the epoxy, and the other end of the divider must be open to minimized disturbances to the sand pack. Next, fasten the divider using 1/4 inch by four inch screws, sheets with 3/8 inch diameter aluminum tubing. In this case, two dividers are used.One is placed on the oblique ramp, the other covers the frontal oblique ramp junction. Now, pour warm epoxy over the sand within the divider until no more epoxy can be absorbed, so the sand is fully saturated and will not come apart. After several days of drying, slide the dividers out of the sandbox, then lift the epoxied samples out from the surrounding sand.Using a rock saw, cut the samples perpendicularly and parallel to the strike of the ramps. Then, using permanent marker, highlight the bedding, folds, and faults within the exposed slices. A field study found four adjacent regions, each with mesoscale faults.The faults preserve a deformation fabric, which was penetrative and homogeneous at the mesoscale. The fault patterns were also unique within each region, which supported the macroscale assumption that an oblique ramp underlies regions two and three, and suggested that the conjugate-conjugate fault analysis was reliable. Using a sandbox model, a break was formed that was comparable to the position and orientation of the boundary between regions two and three on the macroscale maps.This supported the notion that the break in the overlying thrust sheet may have formed via a complex interaction of an eastward-moving thrust sheet over an oblique ramp. Analysis of epoxied sandbox samples was also supportive. Samples taken from the frontal ramp region accommodated transport to the east, while samples from the oblique ramp region accommodated transport to the southeast.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to build, run, and modify sandbox models to replicate a specific field area. Once mastered, this technique can be done in one week if performed properly. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of structural geology to explore the usefulness of fault data and how these data can be further interpreted with the aid of models.Thanks for watching and good luck with your models.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

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