Name: kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling
Uploaded: 2016-08-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

We thank Erin Bradley and Liz Cole for their assistance in the field. Field work, thin-section preparation and material for the sandbox model was supported by Franklin &amp; Marshall College's Committee on Grants.

1. Insamling av Hur mätplatsen Field Data <ol><li> Innan de utför fältarbete, använder flygbilder / topografiska kartor för att identifiera den allmänna trenden av bergen (som definieras av dagens Ridge Crest), tvärgående zoner, fel och andra lineations på makroskala (Figur 2). <ol><li> Använd liknande skala topografiska kartor och flygfoton, så att mönster kan direkt jämföras. Använd 1: 24.000 skala kartor och fotografier. </li></ol></li><li> Etikett och markera makroskala funktioner p...

<ol>
	<li>Marshak, S., Wilkerson, M. S., Hsui, H. T., KR, M. c. C. l. a. y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+curved+fold-thrust+belts:+Insights+from+simple+physical+and+analytical.">Generation of curved fold-thrust belts: Insights from simple physical and analytical.</a> modelsThrust Tectonics. , 83-92 (1992).</li><li>Mitra, G., S, S. e. n. g. u. p. t. a. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+salients+in+a+fold-and-thrust+belt:+the+effects+of+sedimentary+basin+geometry,+strain+distribution+and+critical+taper.">Evolution of salients in a fold-and-thrust belt: the effects of sedimentary basin geometry, strain distribution and critical taper.</a> Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales. , 59-90 (1997).</li><li>Weil, A., Sussman, A., A, S. u. s. s. m. a. n., A, W. e. i. l. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classifying+curved+orogens+based+on+timing+relationships+between+structural+development+and+vertical+axis+rotations.">Classifying curved orogens based on timing relationships between structural development and vertical axis rotations.</a> Orogenic curvature Geol. Soc. of Am. Special Paper. 383, 205-223 (2004).</li><li>Ismat, Z., Mitra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+by+cataclastic+flow+at+shallow+crustal+levels+in+the+Canyon+Range,+Sevier+orogenic+belt,+west-Central+Utah.">Folding by cataclastic flow at shallow crustal levels in the Canyon Range, Sevier orogenic belt, west-Central Utah.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 23 (2-3), 355-378 (2001).</li><li>Tull, J., Holm, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+evolution+of+a+major+Appalachian+salient-recess+junction:+Consequences+of+oblique+collisional+convergence+across+a+continental+margin+transform+fault.">Structural evolution of a major Appalachian salient-recess junction: Consequences of oblique collisional convergence across a continental margin transform fault.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 117 (3), 482-499 (2005).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Block+supported+cataclastic+flow+within+the+upper+crust.">Block supported cataclastic flow within the upper crust.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 56, 118-128 (2013).</li><li>Ismat, Z., Toeneboehn, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformation+along+a+salient-transverse+zone+junction:+An+example+from+the+Leamington+transverse+zone,Utah,+Sevier+fold-thrust+belt+(USA).">Deformation along a salient-transverse zone junction: An example from the Leamington transverse zone,Utah, Sevier fold-thrust belt (USA).</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 75, 60-79 (2015).</li><li>Reed, F. S., Mergner, J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+uncertainty+in+normalized+Fry+plots+using+a+bootstrap+approach.">Estimating uncertainty in normalized Fry plots using a bootstrap approach.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 24 (2), 311-322 (2002).</li><li>De Paor, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Interactive+Program+for+Doing+Fry+Strain+Analysis+on+the+Macintosh+Microcomputer.">An Interactive Program for Doing Fry Strain Analysis on the Macintosh Microcomputer.</a> J. of Geol. Ed. 37 (3), 171-180 (1989).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folding+kinematics+expressed+in+fracture+patterns:+An+example+from+the+Anti-Atlas+fold-belt,+Morocco.">Folding kinematics expressed in fracture patterns: An example from the Anti-Atlas fold-belt, Morocco.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 30 (11), 1396-1404 (2008).</li><li>Reches, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three-dimensional+strain+fields:+II.+Theoretical+analysis.">Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields: II. Theoretical analysis.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 133-156 (1983).</li><li>Reches, Z., Dieterich, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Faulting+of+rocks+in+three+dimensional+strain+fields:+1.+Failure+of+rocks+in+polyaxial,+servo-control+experiments.">Faulting of rocks in three dimensional strain fields: 1. Failure of rocks in polyaxial, servo-control experiments.</a> Tectonophys. 95 (1-2), 111-132 (1983).</li><li>Ismat, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+fracture+porosity+and+permeability+during+folding+by+cataclastic+flow:+Implications+for+syntectonic+fluid+flow.">Evolution of fracture porosity and permeability during folding by cataclastic flow: Implications for syntectonic fluid flow.</a> Rocky Mount. Geol. 47 (2), 133-155 (2012).</li><li>Kwon, S., Mitra, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+kinematic+history+at+an+oblique+ramp,+Leamington+zone,+Sevier+belt,+Utah.">Three-dimensional kinematic history at an oblique ramp, Leamington zone, Sevier belt, Utah.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 28 (3), 474-493 (2006).</li><li>Casas, A. M., Simon, J. L., Seron, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+deflection+in+a+tectonic+compressional+field:+A+model+for+the+northeastern+Iberian+chain,+Spain.">Stress deflection in a tectonic compressional field: A model for the northeastern Iberian chain, Spain.</a> J. of Geophys. Res. 97, 7183-7192 (1992).</li><li>Apotria, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrust+sheet+rotation+and+out-of-plane+strains+associated+with+oblique+ramps:+An+example.">Thrust sheet rotation and out-of-plane strains associated with oblique ramps: An example.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 17 (5), 647-662 (1995).</li><li>Hubbert, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+Scale+Models+as+Applied+to+the+Study+of+Geological+Structures.">Theory of Scale Models as Applied to the Study of Geological Structures.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 48 (10), 1459-1520 (1937).</li><li>Sch&#246;pfen, M. P. J., Steyrer, H. P., Koyi, H. A., Mancktelow, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+modeling+of+strike-slip+faults+and+the+self-similar+behavior.">Experimental modeling of strike-slip faults and the self-similar behavior.</a> Tectonic Modeling: A volume in honor of Hans Ramberg Geol. Soc. of Am. Mem. 193, 21-27 (2001).</li><li>Kwon, S., Mitra, G., Sussman, A., Weil, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+distribution,+strain+history+and+kinematic+evolution+associated+with+the+formation+of+arcuate+salients+in+fold-thrust+belts:+the+example+of+the+Provo+salient,+Sevier+orogeny,+Utah.">Strain distribution, strain history and kinematic evolution associated with the formation of arcuate salients in fold-thrust belts: the example of the Provo salient, Sevier orogeny, Utah.</a> Orogenic curvature Geol. Soc. of Am. Special Paper. 383, 205-223 (2004).</li><li>Elliott, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motion+of+thrust+sheets.">The motion of thrust sheets.</a> J. of Geophys. Res. 81, 949-963 (1976).</li></ol>

Central Utah segment av Sevier fold dragkraft bälte, och dess norra gräns, tjänar Leamington tvär zonen som en idealisk naturlig laboratorium för att studera framträdande-urtag korsningar (Figur 1). Längs denna korsning, transportriktningen förblir konstant och tryck bladen är oavbruten över korsningen, så den enda variabeln är den underliggande källaren geometri 5. Här presenterar vi en metod för att analysera denna typ av salient-urtag korsning ge...

Vika-dragkraft remmar består av salients (eller segment), där de dragkrafts arken i angränsande salients är frikopplade genom urtagningar eller transversella zoner 1,2,3. Övergången från framträdande till fördjupningen kan vara märkbart komplex, som omfattar en mångfacetterad svit av strukturer, och kan hålla kritiska ledtrådar för att vika dragkraft bälte utveckling. I detta papper, vi noggrant undersöka en framträdande-urtag korsning, med hjälp av en kombination av multiskalfältdata och en sandlåda modell, för att bättre förstå hur deformation kan rymmas inom utfällbar tryckbälten. Korsningen av centrala Utah segmentet och Leamington tvär zonen är en idealisk naturlig laboratorier för att studera framträdande-urtag korsningar av flera skäl (Figur 1). Först, stenarna exponerade inom segmentet fortsätta, utan avbrott, in i den tvärgående zonen 4. Så kan deformation mönster spåras kontinuerligt och jämförs över korsningen. S<html> econd, stenarna är i huvudsak monomineralic, så variationen i fel mönster är inte ett resultat av heterogeniteter inom enheter, men i stället återspegla den totala vikningen och stack inom studieområdet 4. Tredje, Elastico-friktions mekanismer, såsom cataclastic flöde, biträdd deformation hela åkerarealen, vilket möjliggör direkta jämförelser av mesoskaliga fel mönster 4. Slutligen var den övergripande transportriktningen kontinuerlig utmed längden av segmentet och tvärgående zon; Därför gjorde variationer i förkorta riktning inte påverka de bevarade deformation mönster 4. Alla dessa faktorer minimera antalet variabler som kan ha påverkat deformationen längs segmentet och tvärgående zon. Som ett resultat, vi förmoda att de bevarade strukturer bildade främst på grund av en förändring i den underliggande källaren geometri 5. pload / 54318 / 54318fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figur 1. Exempel på indexkartan. Den Sevier fold dragkraft bälte i västra USA, som visar stora salients, segment, fördjupningar och tvärgående zoner. Figur 2 visas med inramade området (modifierad från Ismat och Toeneboehn 7). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Klicka här för att se en större version av denna siffra.</a> Folding och stack i centrala Utah segmentet och Leamington tvär zon, ägde rum på djup &lt;15 km, det vill säga inom elastico-friktions regim, där deformation skedde främst genom häll-skalan (&lt;1 m) fel och cataclastic flöde 4,6 . Eftersom transport och vikning av tryckarket skedde främst genom Elastico-friktions mekanismer, förutspår vi att en detaljerad felanalys kan ge ytterligare insikt i den kinematiska historia Leamington tvär zonen och th<html> e underliggande basal geometri. För att testa denna hypotes har vi samlat in och analyserat fel mönster bevarade i klipporna i den norra delen av den centrala Utah segmentet och hela Leamington tvär zonen (Figur 2). <img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig2.jpg" /> Figur 2. Exempel på makroskala topografisk karta. Skuggad-relief topografisk karta över inramade området i figur 1. De 4 Regioner skiljs åt av fasta, vita linjer. Sängkläder kontakter mellan Proterozoic Caddy Canyon kvartsit (PCC), är proterozoiska Mutual kvartsit (PCM) och Cambrian Tintic kvartsit (Ct), som visas. Streckade linjerna visar utvecklingen av bergen inom detta område. Site platser visas med numrerade svarta rutor. Första ordningens lineations visas med solida grå linjer (modifierade från Ismat och Toeneboehn 7).ftp_upload / 54318 / 54318fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Klicka här för att se en större version av denna siffra. Sandlåda experiment utfördes för att jämföra mot, och komplettera de data fel. En push-blocket sandlåda modell, med frontal- och sneda ramper, användes för att hjälpa våra analyser av de strukturer som bevarade i, och runt, Leamington tvär zon (Figur 3) 7. Målen för denna strategi är fyrfaldigt: 1) avgöra om mesoskaliga fel mönster är konsekventa, 2) avgöra om sandlådan modell stöder och förklarar fältdata, 3) bestämma om sandlådan modellen ger mer information om strukturer som inte är observeras i fältet, och 4) utvärdera om denna kombinerade fält experimentell metod är användbar och lätt att replikera. <img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3.jpg" /> Figur 3. Exempel på tryckblocket mOdel. Fotografi av tom sandlåda modell. Den södra främre ramp (SFR), sned ramp (OR), norra frontal ramp (NFR), och de fyra regionerna (1-4) är märkta (modifierad från Ismat och Toeneboehn 7). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Klicka här för att se en större version av denna siffra.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1362">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">fiberboard</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:800px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">finishing lacquer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">epoxy</td>
			<td>Epoxy technology</td>
			<td>Parts A and B: 301-2 2LB</td>
			<td>best if warmed to 80&#186; - 125&#186;. If warming is not possible, it will cure fine, it will just take 1 week, rather than 1 day.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ramp wood-pine</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">painters tape</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit joints</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">countersunk fasteners</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sand paper</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">play sand</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best if homogenous grain size, ~0.5mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">food coloring</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best to use one color and a dark color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic mesh/grid</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">square cross oins</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank screw</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank handle</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sheet metal</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dividers bars</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history within these junctions is best preserved in areas where thrust sheets extend from a salient through an adjacent recess. We examine one such junction within the Sevier fold-thrust belt (western United States) along the Leamington transverse zone, northern Utah. Deformation within this junction took place by faulting and cataclastic flow. Here, we describe a protocol that examines these fault patterns to better understand the kinematic history of the field area. Fault data is supplemented by analog sandbox experiments. This study suggests that, in detail, deformation within the overlying thrust sheet may not directly reflect the underlying basement structure. We demonstrate that this combined field-experimental approach is easy, accessible, and may provide more details to the deformation preserved in the crust than other more expensive methods, such as computer modeling. In addition, the sandbox model may help to explain why and how these details formed. This method can be applied throughout fold-thrust belts, where upper-crustal rocks are well preserved. In addition, it can be modified to study any part of the upper crust that has been deformed via elastico-frictional mechanisms. Finally, this combined approach may provide more details as to how fold-thrust belts maintain critical-taper and serve as potential targets for natural resource exploration.

Flygbilder användes för att dela upp fältområdet i fyra regioner (1-4), baserat på utvecklingen av den moderna bergsryggen krön (Figur 2). Multi-skala fel data jämförs mellan dessa fyra regioner. Förutsatt att dessa trend förändringar återspeglar den underliggande källaren geometri är den sneda rampen placerad inom Region 2 och 3, där bergen trend sned till Sevier fold dragkraft bälte. Alltigenom de fyra regionerna, fann vi att de mesoskaliga fel bevara e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Kinematic histories of fold-thrust belts are typically based on careful examinations of high-grade metamorphic rocks within a salient. We provide a novel method of understanding fold-thrust belts by examining salient-recess junctions. We analyze the oft-ignored upper crustal rocks using a combined approach of detailed fault analysis with experimental sandbox modeling.

Kinematisk Historien om en framträdande-urtag Junction utforskas genom en kombinerad strategi av fältdata och Analog Sandbox modellering

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to track the deformation of thrust sheets as they move over oblique ramps. This method can help answer key questions in the field, such as how thrust sheets evolve in complex settings. The main advantages of this technique are that it is simple, inexpensive, and can be compared directly to the field data.This video shows how to use a push-block sandbox to replicate micro-scale faults found in the field. Field identification of micro-scale faults is covered in the text protocol, as is the general construction of the sandbox. To load the sandbox, use standard play sand, which is relatively homogeneous, with an average grain size of 5 milimeters.Prepare the sand by dying half of it. First, fill a 5 gallon bucket a quarter full. Then mix in enough black food coloring to make the sand a uniform dark green, which is easily distinguishable from the sand's original color.Upon drying the sand, as described in the text protocol, load the box with alternating layers of colored and uncolored sand, and ensure that each layer's leveled after it is added. The thicknesses of the sand pack that provides the clearest and most reproducible results should be arrived at empirically. This example shows a 3.5 centimeter sand pack with alternating colors every 6 centimeters.Next, gently press a plastic mesh composed of half inch of half inch squares onto the sand to produce a grid indentation. Then, insert square cross pins two inches apart throughout the sand. Next, mount a camera to view the entire sandbox.Now, push the sand with the crank-driven push-block to recreate shortening seen in the field. Move the push-block slowly enough that changes in the sand can be carefully documented. The speed should not affect the results.While pushing the sand, track the deformation by observing the shape changes of the squares, and track the amount of transport and vertical rotation by observing the motion of the pins. Repeat this process until the formed structures resemble those preserved in nature. Once the sandbox results mimic those preserved in nature, collect sample data.First, remove all cross pins from the sand. Then, to make samples, separate in epoxy portions of the deformed sand. This requires pre-cut sheet metal dividers.The bottom edge of the dividers must be made to match the angle of the ramp where the sample is to be taken and must fully extend the length of the ramp. The divider must also be taller than the sand pack. Before using a divider, cover it with painter's tape for easy cleanup.One end of the divider must be closer to control the flow of the epoxy, and the other end of the divider must be open to minimized disturbances to the sand pack. Next, fasten the divider using 1/4 inch by four inch screws, sheets with 3/8 inch diameter aluminum tubing. In this case, two dividers are used.One is placed on the oblique ramp, the other covers the frontal oblique ramp junction. Now, pour warm epoxy over the sand within the divider until no more epoxy can be absorbed, so the sand is fully saturated and will not come apart. After several days of drying, slide the dividers out of the sandbox, then lift the epoxied samples out from the surrounding sand.Using a rock saw, cut the samples perpendicularly and parallel to the strike of the ramps. Then, using permanent marker, highlight the bedding, folds, and faults within the exposed slices. A field study found four adjacent regions, each with mesoscale faults.The faults preserve a deformation fabric, which was penetrative and homogeneous at the mesoscale. The fault patterns were also unique within each region, which supported the macroscale assumption that an oblique ramp underlies regions two and three, and suggested that the conjugate-conjugate fault analysis was reliable. Using a sandbox model, a break was formed that was comparable to the position and orientation of the boundary between regions two and three on the macroscale maps.This supported the notion that the break in the overlying thrust sheet may have formed via a complex interaction of an eastward-moving thrust sheet over an oblique ramp. Analysis of epoxied sandbox samples was also supportive. Samples taken from the frontal ramp region accommodated transport to the east, while samples from the oblique ramp region accommodated transport to the southeast.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to build, run, and modify sandbox models to replicate a specific field area. Once mastered, this technique can be done in one week if performed properly. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of structural geology to explore the usefulness of fault data and how these data can be further interpreted with the aid of models.Thanks for watching and good luck with your models.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

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