Name: kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling
Uploaded: 2016-08-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

We thank Erin Bradley and Liz Cole for their assistance in the field. Field work, thin-section preparation and material for the sandbox model was supported by Franklin &amp; Marshall College's Committee on Grants.

Macroscale Alan Verileri 1. Toplama <ol><li> Alan çalışması yapmadan önce, makro-(Şekil 2) (günümüz sırt tepe tarafından tanımlanan) dağlar, enine bölgeleri, faylar ve diğer lineasyonların genel eğilim saptamak hava fotoğrafları / topografik haritalar kullanın. <ol><li> desenler, doğrudan mukayese edilebilir, böylece benzer ölçekli topografik haritalar ve hava fotoğrafları kullanın. 24.000 ölçekli haritalar ve fotoğraflar: 1 kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> (Hava ve / veya ...

<ol>
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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrust+sheet+rotation+and+out-of-plane+strains+associated+with+oblique+ramps:+An+example.">Thrust sheet rotation and out-of-plane strains associated with oblique ramps: An example.</a> J. of Struct. Geol. 17 (5), 647-662 (1995).</li><li>Hubbert, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory+of+Scale+Models+as+Applied+to+the+Study+of+Geological+Structures.">Theory of Scale Models as Applied to the Study of Geological Structures.</a> Geol. Soc. of Am. Bull. 48 (10), 1459-1520 (1937).</li><li>Sch&#246;pfen, M. P. J., Steyrer, H. P., Koyi, H. A., Mancktelow, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+modeling+of+strike-slip+faults+and+the+self-similar+behavior.">Experimental modeling of strike-slip faults and the self-similar behavior.</a> Tectonic Modeling: A volume in honor of Hans Ramberg Geol. Soc. of Am. Mem. 193, 21-27 (2001).</li><li>Kwon, S., Mitra, G., Sussman, A., Weil, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+distribution,+strain+history+and+kinematic+evolution+associated+with+the+formation+of+arcuate+salients+in+fold-thrust+belts:+the+example+of+the+Provo+salient,+Sevier+orogeny,+Utah.">Strain distribution, strain history and kinematic evolution associated with the formation of arcuate salients in fold-thrust belts: the example of the Provo salient, Sevier orogeny, Utah.</a> Orogenic curvature Geol. Soc. of Am. Special Paper. 383, 205-223 (2004).</li><li>Elliott, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motion+of+thrust+sheets.">The motion of thrust sheets.</a> J. of Geophys. Res. 81, 949-963 (1976).</li></ol>

Merkez Utah Sevier kat-bindirme kemer segmenti ve kuzey sınırı, Leamington enine bölge çıkık girinti kavşaklar (Şekil 1) çalışmak için ideal bir doğal laboratuvar olarak hizmet vermektedir. Bu kavşak boyunca, taşıma yönü sabit kalır ve itme yaprak kavşak genelinde kesintisiz, bu nedenle tek değişken yatan bodrum geometri 5&#39;tir. Burada, tarla alanının büyük ölçekli geometri çoğaltır bir itme-blok sanal modeli ile alanında toplan...

Fold-itme kemer bitişik kabartmaların bindirme yaprak girintiler veya enine bölgeleri 1,2,3 tarafından ayrılmış olan kabartmaları (veya kesimleri), oluşmaktadır. girintiye belirgin geçiş yapılarının çok yönlü bir paketi içeren, belirgin karmaşık olabilir ve kemer geliştirme-itme kat kritik ipuçları tutabilir. Bu yazıda, dikkatle iyi deformasyon kat bindirme kuşaklarının içinde kalabilirler anlamak için, çok ölçekli arazi verileri ve bir kum modeli bir arada kullanarak, bir çıkık girinti kavşak inceleyin. Merkez Utah segmenti ve Leamington enine bölgenin kavşak çeşitli nedenlerle (Şekil 1) için çıkık girinti kavşaklar çalışmak için ideal bir doğal laboratuvar olduğunu. İlk olarak, segment içinde maruz kayalar enine bölgeye 4 içine kesintisiz devam etmektedir. Yani, deformasyon desenleri sürekli takip ve kavşak arasında mukayese edilebilir. S<html> econd, kayalar esasen monomineralik, bu nedenle arıza şekillerindeki değişim birimlerinde heteronjenitelerin bir sonucu değil, ancak bunun yerine genel katlama yansıtmak ve çalışma bölgesi 4 sokmak. Böyle Kataklastik akışı Üçüncüsü, elastico-sürtünme mekanizmalar, orta ölçekli fay desen 4 doğrudan karşılaştırmalar için izin alan alanı boyunca deformasyonu destekli. Son olarak, genel olarak taşıma yönü segmenti ve enine bölgenin uzunluğu boyunca sürekli olarak kalmıştır; Bu nedenle, yön kısaltılması değişimler korunmuş deformasyon desenleri 4 etkilememiştir. Tüm bu faktörler segment ve enine zonu boyunca deformasyona etkilemiş olabilir değişkenlerin sayısını en aza indirmek. Sonuç olarak, korunmuş yapılar öncelikle çünkü alttaki taban geometrisi 5 bir değişiklik meydana tahmin. Güncelle / 54318 / 54318fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Şekil indeksi, haritanın 1. örneği. ABD&#39;nin batısındaki Sevier kıvrım-bindirme kuşağı, büyük Kabarmaların, kesimleri, girintiler ve enine bölgelerini gösteren. Şekil 2 (İsmet ve Toeneboehn 7 değiştirilmiş) kutulu alanı ile gösterilir. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bir görmek için buraya tıklayınız Bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonu.</a> Katlanır ve Orta Utah segmenti ve Leamington enine bölgesi içinde sokmak, deformasyon mostra ölçekli öncelikle meydana elastico-sürtünme rejim içinde, yani derinliklerinde &lt;15 km, gerçekleşti (&lt;1 m) faylar ve kataklastik 4,6 akış . bindirme istifinin taşınması ve katlama elastico-sürtünme mekanizmalar öncelikle gerçekleşti, çünkü biz detaylı bir arıza analizi Leamington enine bölge ve th kinematik tarihinin içine daha fazla fikir verebilir tahmin<html> e bodrum geometrisi altında yatan. Bu hipotezi test etmek için, biz (Şekil 2) Merkez Utah segmentinin kuzey kısmı içinde ve Leamington enine bölgede boyunca kayalara korunmuş fay desenleri toplanmış ve analiz edilmiştir. <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig2.jpg" /> Şekil macroscale topografik harita 2. örneği. Şekil 1&#39;de kutulu alan Gölgeli kabartma topografik haritası. 4 Bölgeler katı beyaz çizgilerle ayrılır. Proterozoyik Caddy Kanyonu kuvarsit (PCC) arasındaki Yatak rehber, Proterozoik Karşılıklı kuvarsit (PCM) ve Kambriyen Tintic kuvarsit (Ct) gösterilmektedir. Kesik çizgiler, bu alanda dağların eğilimi göstermektedir. Yerleşim yeri numaralı siyah kareler ile gösterilmiştir. Birinci dereceden lineasyonlar (İsmet ve Toeneboehn 7 değiştirilmiş) katı gri çizgi ile gösterilmiştir.ftp_upload / 54318 / 54318fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız. Sandbox deneyleri karşılaştırmak ve arıza verilerini desteklemek için yapılmıştır. Frontal ve eğik rampaları ile bir itme-blok sanal modeli, etrafında korunmuş yapılar bizim analizlerini yardımcı olmak için kullanıldı ve Leamington enine bölge (Şekil 3) 7. Bu yaklaşımın amaçları dört kat şunlardır: 1) orta ölçekli fay desenleri tutarlı iseniz sanal modeli destekler ve alan veri açıklar ise, 2) sandbox modeli olmayan yapılarda daha fazla ayrıntı sağlıyorsa, 3) belirlemek belirlemek belirlemek sahada gözlenen ve 4) bu kombine alan deneysel yöntem kullanışlı ve çoğaltmak kolay olup olmadığını araştırdık. <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3.jpg" /> Itme blok m Şekil 3. ÖrnekBoş Sandbox modeli odel. Fotoğraf. Güney ön rampa (SFR), eğik rampa (OR), kuzey ön rampa (NFR) ve dört Bölgeler (1-4) etiketli (İsmet ve Toeneboehn 7 değiştirilmiş). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54318/54318fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Tıklayınız daha büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için bu figür.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1362">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:227px;">fiberboard</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:800px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">finishing lacquer</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">epoxy</td>
			<td>Epoxy technology</td>
			<td>Parts A and B: 301-2 2LB</td>
			<td>best if warmed to 80&#186; - 125&#186;. If warming is not possible, it will cure fine, it will just take 1 week, rather than 1 day.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ramp wood-pine</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">painters tape</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit joints</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">countersunk fasteners</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sand paper</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">play sand</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best if homogenous grain size, ~0.5mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">food coloring</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>best to use one color and a dark color</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic mesh/grid</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">square cross oins</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank screw</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">crank handle</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sheet metal</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dividers bars</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic history of a salient-recess junction explored through a combined approach of field data and analog sandbox modeling

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history within these junctions is best preserved in areas where thrust sheets extend from a salient through an adjacent recess. We examine one such junction within the Sevier fold-thrust belt (western United States) along the Leamington transverse zone, northern Utah. Deformation within this junction took place by faulting and cataclastic flow. Here, we describe a protocol that examines these fault patterns to better understand the kinematic history of the field area. Fault data is supplemented by analog sandbox experiments. This study suggests that, in detail, deformation within the overlying thrust sheet may not directly reflect the underlying basement structure. We demonstrate that this combined field-experimental approach is easy, accessible, and may provide more details to the deformation preserved in the crust than other more expensive methods, such as computer modeling. In addition, the sandbox model may help to explain why and how these details formed. This method can be applied throughout fold-thrust belts, where upper-crustal rocks are well preserved. In addition, it can be modified to study any part of the upper crust that has been deformed via elastico-frictional mechanisms. Finally, this combined approach may provide more details as to how fold-thrust belts maintain critical-taper and serve as potential targets for natural resource exploration.

Hava fotoğrafları, modern dağ sırtı tepesinin trendi dayalı dört Bölgeler (1-4), (Şekil 2) içine alan bölgeyi bölmek kullanıldı. Çok ölçekli fay verisi bu dört Bölgeler arasında karşılaştırılır. Bu eğilim değişiklikleri altta yatan bodrum geometri yansıttığını varsayarsak, eğik rampa Bölgeler 2 ve 3, içinde konumlandırılmış nerede Sevier kat bindirme kuşağı dağlar eğilim eğik. Dört Bölgeler boyunca, orta ölçekli arızala...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling at JoVE.com

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling

Kinematic histories of fold-thrust belts are typically based on careful examinations of high-grade metamorphic rocks within a salient. We provide a novel method of understanding fold-thrust belts by examining salient-recess junctions. We analyze the oft-ignored upper crustal rocks using a combined approach of detailed fault analysis with experimental sandbox modeling.

Alan Verileri ve Analog Sandbox Modelleme bir Kombine Yaklaşımla araştırılan bir Çıkık-girinti Junction Kinematik Tarihi

Within fold-thrust belts, the junctions between salients and recesses may hold critical clues to the overall kinematic history. The deformation history ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to track the deformation of thrust sheets as they move over oblique ramps. This method can help answer key questions in the field, such as how thrust sheets evolve in complex settings. The main advantages of this technique are that it is simple, inexpensive, and can be compared directly to the field data.This video shows how to use a push-block sandbox to replicate micro-scale faults found in the field. Field identification of micro-scale faults is covered in the text protocol, as is the general construction of the sandbox. To load the sandbox, use standard play sand, which is relatively homogeneous, with an average grain size of 5 milimeters.Prepare the sand by dying half of it. First, fill a 5 gallon bucket a quarter full. Then mix in enough black food coloring to make the sand a uniform dark green, which is easily distinguishable from the sand's original color.Upon drying the sand, as described in the text protocol, load the box with alternating layers of colored and uncolored sand, and ensure that each layer's leveled after it is added. The thicknesses of the sand pack that provides the clearest and most reproducible results should be arrived at empirically. This example shows a 3.5 centimeter sand pack with alternating colors every 6 centimeters.Next, gently press a plastic mesh composed of half inch of half inch squares onto the sand to produce a grid indentation. Then, insert square cross pins two inches apart throughout the sand. Next, mount a camera to view the entire sandbox.Now, push the sand with the crank-driven push-block to recreate shortening seen in the field. Move the push-block slowly enough that changes in the sand can be carefully documented. The speed should not affect the results.While pushing the sand, track the deformation by observing the shape changes of the squares, and track the amount of transport and vertical rotation by observing the motion of the pins. Repeat this process until the formed structures resemble those preserved in nature. Once the sandbox results mimic those preserved in nature, collect sample data.First, remove all cross pins from the sand. Then, to make samples, separate in epoxy portions of the deformed sand. This requires pre-cut sheet metal dividers.The bottom edge of the dividers must be made to match the angle of the ramp where the sample is to be taken and must fully extend the length of the ramp. The divider must also be taller than the sand pack. Before using a divider, cover it with painter's tape for easy cleanup.One end of the divider must be closer to control the flow of the epoxy, and the other end of the divider must be open to minimized disturbances to the sand pack. Next, fasten the divider using 1/4 inch by four inch screws, sheets with 3/8 inch diameter aluminum tubing. In this case, two dividers are used.One is placed on the oblique ramp, the other covers the frontal oblique ramp junction. Now, pour warm epoxy over the sand within the divider until no more epoxy can be absorbed, so the sand is fully saturated and will not come apart. After several days of drying, slide the dividers out of the sandbox, then lift the epoxied samples out from the surrounding sand.Using a rock saw, cut the samples perpendicularly and parallel to the strike of the ramps. Then, using permanent marker, highlight the bedding, folds, and faults within the exposed slices. A field study found four adjacent regions, each with mesoscale faults.The faults preserve a deformation fabric, which was penetrative and homogeneous at the mesoscale. The fault patterns were also unique within each region, which supported the macroscale assumption that an oblique ramp underlies regions two and three, and suggested that the conjugate-conjugate fault analysis was reliable. Using a sandbox model, a break was formed that was comparable to the position and orientation of the boundary between regions two and three on the macroscale maps.This supported the notion that the break in the overlying thrust sheet may have formed via a complex interaction of an eastward-moving thrust sheet over an oblique ramp. Analysis of epoxied sandbox samples was also supportive. Samples taken from the frontal ramp region accommodated transport to the east, while samples from the oblique ramp region accommodated transport to the southeast.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to build, run, and modify sandbox models to replicate a specific field area. Once mastered, this technique can be done in one week if performed properly. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of structural geology to explore the usefulness of fault data and how these data can be further interpreted with the aid of models.Thanks for watching and good luck with your models.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

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