Name: hydroquinone based synthesis of gold nanorods
Uploaded: 2016-08-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods at JoVE.com

Funding for this research was provided by the Italian Ministry of Health under the frame of EuroNanoMed II (European Innovative Research &amp; Technological Development Projects in Nanomedicine, project title: ''InNaSERSS'').

1. सोना nanorods के संश्लेषण नोट: भर में अत्यधिक शुद्ध पानी का प्रयोग करें। <ol><li> सोने के बीज की तैयारी <ol><li> hexadecyltrimethylammonium ब्रोमाइड (CTAB) के 364.4 मिलीग्राम 40 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर ultrasonication के तहत, 5 मिलीलीटर पानी में भं?...

<ol>
	<li>Zhou, W., Gao, X., Liu, D., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+Nanoparticles+for+In+Vitro+Diagnostics.">Gold Nanoparticles for In Vitro Diagnostics.</a> Chem Rev. 115 (19), 10575-10636 (2015).</li><li>Bao, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoprisms+as+optoacoustic+signal+nanoamplifiers+for+in+vivo+bioimaging+of+gastrointestinal+cancers.">Gold nanoprisms as optoacoustic signal nanoamplifiers for in vivo bioimaging of gastrointestinal cancers.</a> Small. 9 (1), 68-74 (2013).</li><li>Han, G., Ghosh, P., Rotello, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionalized+gold+nanoparticles+for+drug+delivery.">Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery.</a> Nanomedicine. 2 (1), 113-123 (2007).</li><li>Choi, W. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+regression+in+vivo+by+photothermal+therapy+based+on+gold-nanorod-loaded,+functional+nanocarriers.">Tumor regression in vivo by photothermal therapy based on gold-nanorod-loaded, functional nanocarriers.</a> ACS Nano. 5 (3), 1995-2003 (2011).</li><li>Langille, M. R., Personick, M. L., Zhang, J., Mirkin, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+Rules+for+the+Shape+Evolution+of+Gold+Nanoparticles+.">Defining Rules for the Shape Evolution of Gold Nanoparticles .</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (35), 14542-14554 (2012).</li><li>Lohse, S. E., Murphy, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Quest+for+Shape+Control:+A+History+of+Gold+Nanorod+Synthesis.">The Quest for Shape Control: A History of Gold Nanorod Synthesis.</a> Chem. Mater. 25 (8), 1250-1261 (2013).</li><li>Weissleder, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clearer+vision+for+in+vivo+imaging.">A clearer vision for in vivo imaging.</a> Nat. Biotech. 19 (4), 316-317 (2001).</li><li>Sau, T. K., Murphy, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeded+High+Yield+Synthesis+of+Short+Au+Nanorods+in+Aqueous+Solution.">Seeded High Yield Synthesis of Short Au Nanorods in Aqueous Solution.</a> Langmuir. 20 (15), 6414-6420 (2004).</li><li>Ratto, F., Matteini, P., Rossi, F., Pini, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+and+shape+control+in+the+overgrowth+of+gold+nanorods.">Size and shape control in the overgrowth of gold nanorods.</a> J. Nanopart. Res. 12, 2029-2036 (2010).</li><li>Morasso, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+size+and+aspect+ratio+in+hydroquinone-based+synthesis+of+gold+nanorods.">Control of size and aspect ratio in hydroquinone-based synthesis of gold nanorods.</a> J. Nanopart. Res. 17, 330-337 (2015).</li><li>Vigderman, L., Zubarev, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-yield+synthesis+of+gold+nanorods+with+longitudinal+SPR+peak+greater+than+1200+nm+using+hydroquinone+as+a+reducing+agent.">High-yield synthesis of gold nanorods with longitudinal SPR peak greater than 1200 nm using hydroquinone as a reducing agent.</a> Chem. Mater. 25 (8), 1450-1457 (2013).</li><li>Walsh, M. J., Barrow, S. J., Tong, W., Funston, A. M., Etheridge, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Symmetry+breaking+and+silver+in+gold+nanorod+growth.">Symmetry breaking and silver in gold nanorod growth.</a> ACS Nano. 9 (1), 715-724 (2015).</li></ol>

यहाँ प्रस्तुत प्रोटोकॉल उदकुनैन, एक खुशबूदार अणु एक कमजोर कमी संभावित द्वारा विशेषता, सोना nanorods के उत्पादन के लिए लागू होता है। The First कि उदकुनैन लगभग मात्रात्मक सोने nanorods की उच्च राशि के उत्पादन की अनुमति ...

सोने के नैनोकणों (AuNPs) सबसे व्यापक और होनहार nanostructures की एक जैव चिकित्सा अनुप्रयोगों में इस्तेमाल हो रहे हैं। उनके उपयोग विट्रो निदान उत्पादों में कई बिंदु का ख्याल में आवश्यक है 1 उन्होंने अन्य विभिन्न अनुप्रयोगों के एक नंबर के लिए एक प्रभावी उपकरण के रूप में प्रस्तावित किया गया है। इमेजिंग अध्ययन में एक विपरीत एजेंट के रूप में, 2 एक दवा वितरण प्रणाली के रूप में 3 और के रूप में प्रकाश प्रेरित thermotherapy (या photothermal चिकित्सा) के लिए दवाओं। 4 AuNPs की काफी संभावना पिछले बीस वर्षों में, प्रेरित किया है, नए संश्लेषण है कि आकार पर नियंत्रण बढ़ाने के लिए और प्राप्त आकार में सक्षम है के विकास पर गहन अनुसंधान। 5 इसका कारण यह है AuNPs के विभिन्न प्रकार के विशिष्ट अनुप्रयोगों के लिए दूसरों की तुलना में अधिक उपयुक्त वास्तव में कर रहे हैं। अलग सोने nanostructures के अलावा, सोने nanorods (AuNRs) सबसे दिलचस्प प्रणालियों में से एक के रूप में उभरा है। AuNRs दो plasmo की विशेषता हैअनुदैर्ध्य और अनुप्रस्थ axes साथ इलेक्ट्रॉनों का दोलन के साथ जुड़े एनआईसी चोटियों, क्रमशः। 6 यह विशेष रूप से महत्वपूर्ण है कि सबसे तीव्र अनुदैर्ध्य चोटी की स्थिति ठीक 620 के बीच और 800 एनएम देखते जा सकता है, छड़ के पहलू अनुपात के आधार पर । इस क्षेत्र में जैविक खिड़की, 7 जहां मानव ऊतकों लगभग प्रकाश को अवशोषित नहीं है, इन विवो फोटोनिक AuNPs से जुड़े अनुप्रयोगों के एक नंबर के विकास की अनुमति मेल खाता है। nanostructures के इस प्रकार में एक बहुत बड़ा हित के बावजूद, AuNRs की तैयारी के लिए सिंथेटिक प्रोटोकॉल कई सीमाओं से ग्रस्त हैं। अधिकांश मामलों में, nanorods साव और सहकर्मियों द्वारा विकसित एक दो कदम विधि के अनुसार तैयार कर रहे हैं। 8 उनके प्रोटोकॉल में, nanorods preformed सोने के बीज, चांदी आयनों और एक बड़ी राशि की उपस्थिति में एस्कॉर्बिक एसिड का उपयोग सोने आयनों को कम करने से संश्लेषित कर रहे हैं hexadecyl trimethylammonium ब्रोमाइड की (CTAB), एसीationic रेखीय surfactant। इस प्रोटोकॉल का दोष यह है कि सोने के आयनों की कमी उपज अपेक्षाकृत कम है (लगभग 20%) 9 और है कि CTAB, एक महंगी अभिकर्मक कि संश्लेषण में अभिकर्मकों के लिए कुल लागत के आधे से अधिक के लिए खातों के एक उच्च राशि है, जरूरत है। एक नए और अधिक कुशल सिंथेटिक मार्ग के विकास उधर AuNRs पर आधारित जैव चिकित्सा दृष्टिकोण के प्रसार के लिए अनुमति देता है, एक महत्वपूर्ण आवश्यकता माना जाता है। वर्तमान कागज के पहले भाग में, हम AuNR की तैयारी के बारे में तीन का एक पहलू अनुपात रखने के लिए एक अनुकूलित प्रोटोकॉल उपस्थित थे। संश्लेषण एक हल्के एजेंट को कम करने के रूप में उदकुनैन के उपयोग पर आधारित है और यह सोने के आयनों की एक लगभग मात्रात्मक कमी के साथ AuNR की तैयारी की अनुमति देता है, CTAB का एक कम राशि का इस्तेमाल कर रही है। 10 AuNRs की तैयारी के लिए इस प्रोटोकॉल आधारित है एक दो कदम दृष्टिकोण जहां सोने के बीज एक &quot;विकास प में इस्तेमाल कर रहे हैं परसंविधान &quot;। दूसरे भाग में, हम दो तरह से धुन प्राप्त AuNR के आकार और पहलू अनुपात पतले कैसे दिखा। पहला तरीका है, मानक एस्कॉर्बिक एसिड पर आधारित प्रोटोकॉल के समान है, &quot;विकास समाधान&quot; में मौजूद चांदी आयनों की राशि भिन्न करने के लिए है। दूसरा तरीका CTAB की राशि है कि 10 मिमी की एक एकाग्रता अच्छी तरह से परिभाषित लघु nanorods प्राप्त करने के लिए (महत्वपूर्ण micellar एकाग्रता आपूर्तिकर्ता द्वारा सूचना के करीब) करने के लिए नीचे कम किया जा सकता की भिन्नता पर आधारित है।

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="756">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gold(III) chloride trihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">520918</td>
			<td style="width:327px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hydroquinone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H17902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silver Nitrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>209139</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Borohydride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>480886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:216px;">Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H5882</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Acute Tox. (oral). In this study we tested three different batches of CTAB (H5882) from Sigma Aldrich. Two of them were marked as made in China while one as made in India. In our experience only the batches marked as made in China were effective for the preparation of AuNR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Nanodrop 2000C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">TEM</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">JEOL</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hydroquinone based synthesis of gold nanorods

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the synthetic methods for the preparation of gold nanorods are still not fully optimized. In this paper we describe a new, highly efficient, two-step protocol based on the use of hydroquinone as a mild reducing agent. Our approach allows the preparation of nanorods with a good control of size and aspect ratio (AR) simply by varying the amount of hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and silver ions (Ag+) present in the "growth solution". By using this method, it is possible to markedly reduce the amount of CTAB, an expensive and cytotoxic reagent, necessary to obtain the elongated shape. Gold nanorods with an aspect ratio of about 3 can be obtained in the presence of just 50 mM of CTAB (versus 100 mM used in the standard protocol based on the use of ascorbic acid), while shorter gold nanorods are obtained using a concentration as low as 10 mM.

सोने के बीज की यूवी दिखाई स्पेक्ट्रा चित्रा 1 में देखा जा सकता है। यूवी दिखाई स्पेक्ट्रा सोने के बीज के इंजेक्शन के बाद अलग अलग समय पर हासिल प्राप्त सोना nanorods की आकृति में प्रस्त...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods at JoVE.com

Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods

इस पत्र सोना nanorods के संश्लेषण के लिए एक प्रोटोकॉल, एजेंट को कम करने के रूप में उदकुनैन के उपयोग पर आधारित है, के साथ साथ उनके आकार और पहलू अनुपात को नियंत्रित करने के लिए अलग तंत्र का वर्णन है।

सोना nanorods की Hydroquinone आधारित संश्लेषण

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to efficiently prepare gold nanorods with an aspect ratio between two and three. This method can help prepare gold nanorod in a reproducible and convenient way compared to other synthetic protocol in the scientific literature. The main advantages in the use of hydroquinone as the reducing agent are the dramatic increase in the gold ion reduction rate, and the lower use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, with substantially lower cost.This protocol consists of two steps. First is most spherical gold seeds are prepared using sodium borohydride. Secondly, gold nanorods are prepared from a seed using a seed-grow solution.To begin preparation of the gold seeds, first dissolve 364.4 milligrams of CTAB in five milliliters of water at 40 degrees Celsius using ultrasonication. Remove the sample from the sonicator once the solution becomes clear, and allow it to cool to room temperature before proceeding. Next, prepare five milliliters of a 0.5 millimolar solution of tetrochlorauric acid in water and add it to the vigorously stirring CTAB solution at a constant temperature of 27 degrees Celsius.Subsequently, make 600 microliters of a sodium borohydride solution in water at four degrees Celsius, and add this to the rapidly stirred CTAB mixture at 27 degrees Celsius. Check that the color immediately changes from yellow to brownish. Stir the resulting suspension for an additional 20 minutes.To determine the size of the seeds, first pipette 100 microliters of the seed suspension into 400 microliters of water in a plastic microcuvette. Next, transfer the microcuvette to a UV-visible spectrometer and analyze it at a wavelength range of 400 to 840 nanometers. For the seeds to be small enough to use, there should be no pronounced plasmonic peak in the range between 505 to 520 nanometers.Start preparation of the growth solution by dissolving CTAB and hydroquinone in five milliliters of water at 40 degrees Celsius using ultrasonication. Allow the solution to cool to 27 degrees Celsius before proceeding. Separately, prepare 200 microliters of a four millimolar aqueous silver nitrate solution and five milliliters of a one millimolar aqueous tetrachloroauric acid solution.Next, add the silver nitrate solution, followed by the tetrachloroauric acid solution, to the magnetically stirred CTAB solution. Once combined, immediately add 12 microliters of the previously prepared gold seed suspension. After 30 minutes, check to see that the color of the suspension has changed to brown.Sample the suspension every five minutes by pipetting 100 microliters of it into 400 microliters of water in a plastic microcuvette, and analyze the sample by UV-visible spectroscopy. In the UV-visible spectrum, a shift to the lower wavelength of the far red shifted plasmonic peak stabilizes after about 30 minutes indicating the reaction is complete. Divide the suspension into one milliliter aliquots in centrifuge tubes and centrifuge them.The gold nanorods form a dark precipitate at the bottom of the tubes. Subsequently re-suspend each of the precipitates by pipetting and sonicating them in one milliliter of water. Combine all the suspensions into one container and store at room temperature for later use.Analyze the gold nanorod suspension by TEM at 200 kilovolts, according to the manufacturer's protocol, and by UV-visible spectroscopy, at a wavelength range of 400 to 840 nanometers. To vary the nanorods'aspect ratio using silver ions, first prepare a four millimolar solution of silver nitrate in water. Next, set up three vials, each containing five milliliters of the CTAB and hydroquinone solution.Add 100 microliters, 150 microliters, or 200 microliters of the silver nitrate solution to the appropriate vial. Continue by adding five milliliters of the one millimolar tetrachloroauric acid solution to each vial. Complete the aspect ratio tuning process by adding 12 microliters of the gold seeds, sampling the reaction, and isolating the gold nanorods by centrifugation as previously described.To start, make CTAB solutions of different concentrations by adding the appropriate amount of CTAB according to Table One, to vials containing 22 milligrams of hydroquinone in five milliliters of water. Subsequently, add 200 microliters of the four millimolar silver nitrate solution and five milliliters of the one millimolar tetrachloroauric acid solution to each magnetically stirred vial of CTAB solution. Add 12 microliters of the gold seeds suspension to the vials and observe the change in color from blue to brown.Analyze the suspension by UV-visible spectroscopy. Discontinue stirring when the suspension's color and the UV-visible spectrum are stabilized. Prepare the sample for centrifugation.Centrifuge the particles and then re-suspend the precipitate of gold nanorods in one milliliter of water for final analysis by TEM and UV-visible spectroscopy. The lengths of the gold nanorods formed by different amounts of silver ions in the growth solution were measured using TEM. The images show that the length of the nanorods increases proportionally to the amount of silver ions used.Analysis of TEM images and UV-visible spectra, showed that when CTAB concentrations increased, the nanorods'length also increased. The nanorods'aspect ratios peaked at a CTAB concentration of 50 millimoles, because the rods'width grew more rapidly than their length at CTAB concentrations greater than 50 millimoles. Once mastered, this technique can be done in half a day if it is performed properly.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to always use clean glassware and to control the temperature of the growth solution in order to obtain reproducible results. Beginners may struggle with this method, as temperature, stirring speed, and the reagent reaction order, all need to be controlled in order to obtain gold nanorods of a desired size and aspect ratio. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to prepare a gold nanorod using hydroquinone as a reducing agent.Don't forget, working with chemicals can be extremely hazardous, and precautions such as wearing gloves, lab coat, and goggles, should always be taken while performing these procedures.

hydroquinone-based-synthesis-of-gold-nanorods

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Template Directed Synthesis of Plasmonic Gold Nanotubes with Tunable IR Absorbance

A nearly parallel array of pores can be produced by anodizing aluminum foils in acidic environments1, 2. Applications of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes have been under development since the 1990's and have become a common method to template the synthesis of high aspect ratio nanostructures, mostly by electrochemical growth or pore-wetting. Recently, these membranes have become commercially available in a wide range of pore sizes and densities, leading to an extensive library of functional nanostructures being synthesized from AAO membranes. These include composite nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes made of metals, inorganic materials or polymers 3-10. Nanoporous membranes have been used to synthesize nanoparticle and nanotube arrays that perform well as refractive index sensors, plasmonic biosensors, or surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates 11-16, as well as a wide range of other fields such as photo-thermal heating 17, permselective transport 18, 19, catalysis 20, microfluidics 21, and electrochemical sensing 22, 23. Here, we report a novel procedure to prepare gold nanotubes in AAO membranes. Hollow nanostructures have potential application in plasmonic and SERS sensing, and we anticipate these gold nanotubes will allow for high sensitivity and strong plasmon signals, arising from decreased material dampening 15.

Solution-suspendable gold nanotubes with controlled dimensions can be synthesized by electrochemical deposition in porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes using a hydrophobic polymer core. Gold nanotubes and nanotube arrays hold promise for applications in plasmonic biosensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, photo-thermal heating, ionic and molecular transport, microfluidics, catalysis and electrochemical sensing.

टेम्पलेट Tunable IR Absorbance साथ निर्देशित Plasmonic गोल्ड नैनोट्यूब संश्लेषण

A nearly parallel array of pores can be produced by anodizing aluminum foils in acidic environments1, 2. Applications of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) ...

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

As a promising catalytically active nano reactor, gold nanoparticles intercalated in mesoporous silica (GMS) were successfully synthesized and properties of the materials were investigated. We used a one pot sol-gel approach to intercalate gold nano particles in the walls of mesoporous silica. To start with the synthesis, P123 was used as template to form micelles. Then TESPTS was used as a surface modification agent to intercalate gold nano particles. Following this process, TEOS was added in as a silica source which underwent a polymerization process in acid environment. After hydrothermal processing and calcination, the final product was acquired. Several techniques were utilized to characterize the porosity, morphology and structure of the gold intercalated mesoporous silica. The results showed a stable structure of mesoporous silica after gold intercalation. Through the oxidation of benzyl alcohol as a benchmark reaction, the GMS materials showed high selectivity and recyclability.

Here, we present a protocol with a sol-gel process to synthesize gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous materials (GMS), which is confirmed to possess a mesoporous matrix with gold intercalated in the walls imparting great stability and recyclability.

संश्लेषण और mesoporous सिलिका की दीवारों में गोल्ड Intercalated का उत्प्रेरक प्रदर्शन

As a promising catalytically active nano reactor, gold nanoparticles intercalated in mesoporous silica (GMS) were successfully synthesized and properties ...

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like oligomeric clusters of these yellow nanoparticles of narrow size distribution are synthesized under ambient conditions via two methods. The delay-time method controls the number of subunits in the oligoclusters by varying the time between the addition of HAuCl4 to alkaline solution and the subsequent addition of reducing agent, NaSCN. The yellow oligoclusters produced range in size from ~3 to ~25 nm. This size range can be further extended by an add-on method utilizing hydroxylated gold chloride (Na+[Au(OH4-x)Clx]-) to auto-catalytically increase the number of subunits in the as-synthesized oligocluster nanoparticles, providing a total range of 3 nm to 70 nm. The crude oligocluster preparations display narrow size distributions and do not require further fractionation for most purposes. The oligoclusters formed can be concentrated &#62;300 fold without aggregation and the crude reaction mixtures remain stable for weeks without further processing. Because these oligomeric clusters can be concentrated before derivatization they allow expensive derivatizing agents to be used economically. In addition, we present two models by which predictions of particle size can be made with great accuracy.

We describe a simple method for producing highly stable oligomeric clusters of gold nanoparticles via the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). The oligoclusters have a narrow size distribution and can be produced with a wide range of sizes and surface coats.

परिवेश की स्थिति के तहत सोने के नैनोकणों स्थिर Oligomeric क्लस्टर का आकार नियंत्रित संश्लेषण के लिए एक सरल विधि

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity and convenient colorimetric readout. However, high densities of nanoparticles are typically needed for detection. The available synthesis-based enhancement protocols are either limited to gold and silver nanoparticles or rely on precise enzymatic control and optimization. Here, we present a protocol to enhance the colorimetric readout of gold, silver, silica, and iron oxide nanoprobes. It was observed that the colorimetric signal can be improved by up to a 10000-fold factor. The basis for such signal enhancement strategies is the chemical reduction of Au3+ to Au0. There are several chemical reactions that enable the reduction of Au3+ to Au0. In the protocol, Good&#39;s buffers and H2O2 are used and it is possible to favor the deposition of Au0 onto the surface of existing nanoprobes, in detriment of the formation of new gold nanoparticles. The protocol consists of the incubation of the microarray with a solution consisting of chloroauric acid and H2O2 in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid pH 6 buffer following the nanoprobe-based detection assay. The enhancement solution can be applied to paper and glass-based sensors. Moreover, it can be used in commercially available immunoassays as demonstrated by the application of the method to a commercial allergen microarray. The signal development requires less than 5 min of incubation with the enhancement solution and the readout can be assessed by naked eye or low-end image acquisition devices such as a table-top scanner or a digital camera.

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

In this work, a protocol for signal enhancement of nanoprobe-based biosensing is presented. The protocol is based on the reduction of chloroauric acid onto the surface of existing nanoprobes that consist of gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles.

सीटू गोल्ड Nanoparticle संश्लेषण में तेजी से Nanoprobe संकेत बढोतरी

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of their interactions with cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and viruses. The hydrophilic ligands make these particles colloidally stable in aqueous solutions and the combination with hydrophobic ligands creates an amphiphilic particle that can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs, fuse with the lipid membranes, and resist nonspecific protein adsorption. Many of these properties depend on nanoparticle size and the composition of the ligand shell. It is, therefore, crucial to have a reproducible synthetic method and reliable characterization techniques that allow the determination of nanoparticle properties and the ligand shell composition. Here, a one-phase chemical reduction, followed by a thorough purification to synthesize these nanoparticles with diameters below 5 nm, is presented. The ratio between the two ligands on the surface of the nanoparticle can be tuned through their stoichiometric ratio used during synthesis. We demonstrate how various routine techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, are combined to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles.

Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles can be used in many biological applications. A protocol to synthesize gold nanoparticles coated by a binary mixture of ligands and a detailed characterization of these particles is presented.

एम्फीफिलिक गोल्ड नैनोकणों का संश्लेषण और विशेषता

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...

Assembly of Gold Nanorods into Chiral Plasmonic Metamolecules Using DNA Origami Templates

The inherent addressability of DNA origami structures makes them ideal templates for the arrangement of metal nanoparticles into complex plasmonic nanostructures. The high spatial precision of a DNA origami-templated assembly allows controlling the coupling between plasmonic resonances of individual particles and enables tailoring optical properties of the constructed nanostructures. Recently, chiral plasmonic systems attracted a lot of attention due to the strong correlation between the spatial configuration of plasmonic assemblies and their optical responses (e.g., circular dichroism [CD]). In this protocol, we describe the whole workflow for the generation of DNA origami-based chiral assemblies of gold nanorods (AuNRs). The protocol includes a detailed description of the design principles and experimental procedures for the fabrication of DNA origami templates, the synthesis of AuNRs, and the assembly of origami-AuNR structures. In addition, the characterization of structures using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and CD spectroscopy is included. The described protocol is not limited to chiral configurations and can be adapted for the construction of various plasmonic architectures.

We describe the detailed protocol for the DNA origami-based assembly of gold nanorods into chiral plasmonic metamolecules with strong chiroptical responses. The protocol is not limited to chiral configurations and can be easily adapted for the fabrication of various plasmonic architectures.

डीएनए Origami टेम्पलेट्स का उपयोग कर चिरल plasmonic मेटामोलेक्सिक में सोने nanorods के विधानसभा

The inherent addressability of DNA origami structures makes them ideal templates for the arrangement of metal nanoparticles into complex plasmonic ...

Photodeposition of Pd onto Colloidal Au Nanorods by Surface Plasmon Excitation

A protocol is described to photocatalytically guide Pd deposition onto Au nanorods (AuNR) using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Excited plasmonic hot electrons upon SPR irradiation drive reductive deposition of Pd on colloidal AuNR in the presence of [PdCl4]2-. Plasmon-driven reduction of secondary metals potentiates covalent, sub-wavelength deposition at targeted locations coinciding with electric field &#8220;hot-spots&#8221; of the plasmonic substrate using an external field (e.g., laser). The process described herein details a solution-phase deposition of a catalytically-active noble metal (Pd) from a transition metal halide salt (H2PdCl4) onto aqueously-suspended, anisotropic plasmonic structures (AuNR). The solution-phase process is amenable to making other bimetallic architectures. Transmission UV-vis monitoring of the photochemical reaction, coupled with ex situ XPS and statistical TEM analysis, provide immediate experimental feedback to evaluate properties of the bimetallic structures as they evolve during the photocatalytic reaction. Resonant plasmon irradiation of AuNR in the presence of [PdCl4]2- creates a thin, covalently-bound Pd0 shell without any significant dampening effect on its plasmonic behavior in this representative experiment/batch. Overall, plasmonic photodeposition offers an alternative route for high-volume, economical synthesis of optoelectronic materials with sub-5 nm features (e.g., heterometallic photocatalysts or optoelectronic interconnects).

A protocol for anisotropic photodeposition of Pd onto aqueously-suspended Au nanorods via localized surface plasmon excitation is presented.

सतह Plasmon उत्तेजना द्वारा कोलाइडियल Au Nanorods पर पीडी की फोटोडेजेशन

A protocol is described to photocatalytically guide Pd deposition onto Au nanorods (AuNR) using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Excited plasmonic hot ...

Synthesis of Aptamer-PEI-g-PEG Modified Gold Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxorubicin for Targeted Drug Delivery

Due to drug resistance and toxicity in healthy cells, use of doxorubicin (DOX) has been limited in clinical cancer therapy. This protocol describes the designing of poly(ethylenimine) grafted with polyethylene glycol (PEI-g-PEG) copolymer functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with loaded aptamer (AS1411) and DOX through amide reactions. AS1411 is specifically bonded with targeted nucleolin receptors on cancer cells so that DOX targets cancer cells instead of healthy cells. First, PEG is carboxylated, then grafted to branched PEI to obtain a PEI-g-PEG copolymer, which is confirmed by 1H NMR analysis. Next, PEI-g-PEG copolymer coated gold nanoparticles (PEI-g-PEG@AuNPs) are synthesized, and DOX and AS1411 are covalently bonded to AuNPs gradually via amide reactions. The diameter of the prepared AS1411-g-DOX-g-PEI-g-PEG@AuNPs is ~39.9 nm, with a zeta potential of -29.3 mV, indicating that the nanoparticles are stable in water and cell medium. Cell cytotoxicity assays show that the newly designed DOX loaded AuNPs are able to kill cancer cells (A549). This synthesis demonstrates the delicate arrangement of PEI-g-PEG copolymers, aptamers, and DOX on AuNPs that are achieved by sequential amide reactions. Such aptamer-PEI-g-PEG functionalized AuNPs provide a promising platform for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy.

In this protocol, doxorubicin-loaded AS1411-g-PEI-g-PEG modified gold nanoparticles are synthesized via three-step amide reactions. Then, doxorubicin is loaded and delivered to target cancer cells for cancer therapy.

लक्षित दवा वितरण के लिए Doxorubicin से भरी हुई इप्टामर-पी-जी-खूंटी संशोधित गोल्ड नैनोकणों का संश्लेषण

Due to drug resistance and toxicity in healthy cells, use of doxorubicin (DOX) has been limited in clinical cancer therapy. This protocol describes the ...

Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) that are ~12 nm in diameter were synthesized by rapidly injecting a solution of 150 mg (0.15 mmol) of tetrachloroauric acid in 3.0 g (3.7 mmol, 3.6 mL) of oleylamine (technical grade) and 3.0 mL of toluene into a boiling solution of 5.1 g (6.4 mmol, 8.7 mL) of oleylamine in 147 mL of toluene. While boiling and mixing the reaction solution for 2 hours, the color of the reaction mixture changed from clear, to light yellow, to light pink, and then slowly to dark red. The heat was then turned off, and the solution was allowed to gradually cool down to room temperature for 1 hour. The gold nanoparticles were then collected and separated from the solution using a centrifuge and washed three times; by vortexing and dispersing the gold nanoparticles in 10 mL portions of toluene, and then precipitating the gold nanoparticles by adding 40 mL portions of methanol and spinning them in a centrifuge. The solution was then decanted to remove any remaining byproducts and unreacted starting materials. Drying the gold nanoparticles in a vacuum environment produced a solid black pellet; which could be stored for long periods of time (up to one year) for later use, and then redissolved in organic solvents such as toluene.

A protocol for synthesizing ~12 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) in an organic solvent is presented. The gold nanoparticles are capped with oleylamine ligands to prevent agglomeration. The gold nanoparticles are soluble in organic solvents such as toluene.

गोल्ड नैनोपार्टिकल संश्लेषण

Gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) that are ~12 nm in diameter were synthesized by rapidly injecting a solution of 150 mg (0.15 mmol) of ...

Construction of Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Enhanced Penetration of Biological Barriers

Cancer has been a grand challenge in global health. However, the complex tumor microenvironment generally limits the access of therapeutics to deeper tumor cells, leading to tumor recurrence. To conquer the limited penetration of biological barriers, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been discovered with excellent membrane translocation ability and have emerged as useful molecular transporters for delivering various cargoes into cells. However, conventional linear CPPs generally show compromised proteolytic stability, which limits their permeability across biological barriers. Thus, the development of novel molecular transporters that can penetrate biological barriers and exhibit enhanced proteolytic stability is highly desired to promote drug delivery efficiency in biomedical applications. We have previously synthesized a panel of short cyclic CPPs with aromatic crosslinks, which exhibited superior permeability in cancer cells and tissues compared to their linear counterparts. Here, a concise protocol is described for the synthesis of the fluorescently labeled cyclic polyarginine R8 peptide and its linear counterpart, as well as key steps for investigating their cell permeability.

This protocol describes the synthesis of cyclic cell-penetrating peptides with aromatic cross-links and the evaluation of their permeability across biological barriers.

जैविक बाधाओं के बढ़े हुए प्रवेश के लिए चक्रीय सेल-पेनिट्रेटिंग पेप्टाइड्स का निर्माण

Cancer has been a grand challenge in global health. However, the complex tumor microenvironment generally limits the access of therapeutics to deeper ...