Name: the terroir concept interpreted through grape berry metabolomics and transcriptomics
Uploaded: 2016-10-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics at JoVE.com

This work benefited from the networking activities coordinated within the EU-funded COST ACTION FA1106 "An integrated systems approach to determine the developmental mechanisms controlling fleshy fruit quality in tomato and grapevine". This work was supported by the 'Completamento del Centro di Genomica Funzionale Vegetale' project funded by the CARIVERONA Bank Foundation and by the 'Valorizzazione dei Principali Vitigni Autoctoni Italiani e dei loro Terroir (Vigneto)' project funded by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry Policies. SDS was financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research FIRB RBFR13GHC5 project "The Epigenomic Plasticity of Grapevine in Genotype per Environment Interactions".

1. Vælg egnede materialer og konstruere en prøveudtagningsplan <ol><li> Begynd eksperimentet ved at udvikle en passende stikprøveplan. Der er ingen generisk og universel tilgang, så vurdere hver enkelt plan fra sag til sag. Sørg for, at prøveudtagningsplanen hedder prøveudskillelsesfiltrene steder, tider og den præcise prøveudtagning. Se figur 1 for prøvetagningsplan i dette casestudie. BEMÆRK: I dette tilfælde undersøgelse blev drue bær fra en enkelt klon (. Vitis vinifera</e...

<ol>
	<li>Jessome, L. L., Volmer, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+suppression:+A+major+concern+in+mass+spectrometry.">Ion suppression: A major concern in mass spectrometry.</a> Lc Gc N Am. 24 (5), 498-510 (2006).</li><li>Kim, H. K., Choi, Y. H., Verpoorte, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMR-based+plant+metabolomics:+where+do+we+stand,+where+do+we+go?.">NMR-based plant metabolomics: where do we stand, where do we go?.</a> Trends Biotech. 29 (6), 267-275 (2011).</li><li>Sumner, L. W., Mendes, P., Dixon, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+metabolomics:+large-scale+phytochemistry+in+the+functional+genomics+era.">Plant metabolomics: large-scale phytochemistry in the functional genomics era.</a> Phytochem. 62 (6), 817-836 (2003).</li><li>Bottcher, C., von Roepenack-Lahaye, E., Willscher, E., Scheel, D., Clemens, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+matrix+effects+in+metabolite+profiling+based+on+capillary+liquid+chromatography+electrospray+ionization+quadrupole+time-of-flight+mass+spectrometry.">Evaluation of matrix effects in metabolite profiling based on capillary liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.</a> Anal Chem. 79 (4), 1507-1513 (2007).</li><li>Toffali, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+aspects+of+grape+berry+ripening+and+post-harvest+withering+revealed+by+untargeted+LC-ESI-MS+metabolomics+analysis.">Novel aspects of grape berry ripening and post-harvest withering revealed by untargeted LC-ESI-MS metabolomics analysis.</a> Metabolomics. 7 (3), 424-436 (2011).</li><li>Martin, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+we+trust+untargeted+metabolomics?+Results+of+the+metabo-ring+initiative,+a+large-scale,+multi-instrument+inter-laboratory+study.">Can we trust untargeted metabolomics? Results of the metabo-ring initiative, a large-scale, multi-instrument inter-laboratory study.</a> Metabolomics. 11 (4), 807-821 (2015).</li><li>Jaillon, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+grapevine+genome+sequence+suggests+ancestral+hexaploidization+in+major+angiosperm+phyla.">The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla.</a> Nature. 449 (7161), 463-467 (2007).</li><li>Velasco, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+quality+draft+consensus+sequence+of+the+genome+of+a+heterozygous+grapevine+variety.">A high quality draft consensus sequence of the genome of a heterozygous grapevine variety.</a> Plos One. 2 (12), (2007).</li><li>Tornielli, G. B., Zamboni, A., Zenoni, S., Delledonne, M., Pezzotti, M., Ger&#243;s, H., Chaves, M., Delrot, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+11.">Ch. 11.</a> The Biochemestry of the Grape Berry. 11, (2012).</li><li>Anesi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+scientific+interpretation+of+the+terroir+concept:+plasticity+of+the+grape+berry+metabolome.">Towards a scientific interpretation of the terroir concept: plasticity of the grape berry metabolome.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 15, 1-17 (2015).</li><li>Berdeja, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+limitation+and+rootstock+genotype+interact+to+alter+grape+berry+metabolism+through+transcriptome+reprogramming.">Water limitation and rootstock genotype interact to alter grape berry metabolism through transcriptome reprogramming.</a> Hort Res. 2, 1-13 (2015).</li><li>Carbonell-Bejerano, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solar+ultraviolet+radiation+is+necessary+to+enhance+grapevine+fruit+ripening+transcriptional+and+phenolic+responses.">Solar ultraviolet radiation is necessary to enhance grapevine fruit ripening transcriptional and phenolic responses.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 14, 1-16 (2014).</li><li>Carbonell-Bejerano, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+sampling+bias+in+molecular+studies+of+grapevine+fruit+ripening:+transcriptomic+assessment+of+the+density+sorting+method.">Reducing sampling bias in molecular studies of grapevine fruit ripening: transcriptomic assessment of the density sorting method.</a> Theor Exp Plant Phys. 28 (1), 109-129 (2016).</li><li>Carbonell-Bejerano, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+oscillatory+transcriptional+programs+in+grapevine+ripening+fruits.">Circadian oscillatory transcriptional programs in grapevine ripening fruits.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 14, 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Cavallini, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+diversification+of+grapevine+MYB5a+and+MYB5b+in+the+control+of+flavonoid+biosynthesis+in+a+petunia+anthocyanin+regulatory+mutant.">Functional diversification of grapevine MYB5a and MYB5b in the control of flavonoid biosynthesis in a petunia anthocyanin regulatory mutant.</a> Plant &amp; Cell Physiol. 55 (3), 517-534 (2014).</li><li>Cramer, G. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptomic+analysis+of+the+late+stages+of+grapevine+(Vitis+vinifera+cv.+Cabernet+Sauvignon)+berry+ripening+reveals+significant+induction+of+ethylene+signaling+and+flavor+pathways+in+the+skin.">Transcriptomic analysis of the late stages of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) berry ripening reveals significant induction of ethylene signaling and flavor pathways in the skin.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 14, 1-21 (2014).</li><li>Dal Santo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+plasticity+of+the+grapevine+berry+transcriptome.">The plasticity of the grapevine berry transcriptome.</a> Genome Biol. 14 (6), 1-17 (2013).</li><li>Fasoli, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Grapevine+Expression+Atlas+Reveals+a+Deep+Transcriptome+Shift+Driving+the+Entire+Plant+into+a+Maturation+Program.">The Grapevine Expression Atlas Reveals a Deep Transcriptome Shift Driving the Entire Plant into a Maturation Program.</a> Plant Cell. 24 (9), 3489-3505 (2012).</li><li>Gambino, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-evolution+between+Grapevine+rupestris+stem+pitting-associated+virus+and+Vitis+vinifera+L.+leads+to+decreased+defence+responses+and+increased+transcription+of+genes+related+to+photosynthesis.">Co-evolution between Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus and Vitis vinifera L. leads to decreased defence responses and increased transcription of genes related to photosynthesis.</a> J Exp Bot. 63 (16), 5919-5933 (2012).</li><li>Ghan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Five+omic+technologies+are+concordant+in+differentiating+the+biochemical+characteristics+of+the+berries+of+five+grapevine+(Vitis+vinifera+L.)+cultivars.">Five omic technologies are concordant in differentiating the biochemical characteristics of the berries of five grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars.</a> BMC Genomics. 16 (1), 1-26 (2015).</li><li>Pastore, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+defoliation+affects+plant+growth,+fruit+transcriptional+ripening+program+and+flavonoid+metabolism+in+grapevine.">Selective defoliation affects plant growth, fruit transcriptional ripening program and flavonoid metabolism in grapevine.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 13, 1-13 (2013).</li><li>Pastore, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+the+source/sink+ratio+in+Vitis+vinifera+(cv+Sangiovese)+induces+extensive+transcriptome+reprogramming+and+modifies+berry+ripening.">Increasing the source/sink ratio in Vitis vinifera (cv Sangiovese) induces extensive transcriptome reprogramming and modifies berry ripening.</a> BMC Genomics. 12, 1-23 (2011).</li><li>Rinaldo, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Grapevine+Anthocyanin+Acyltransferase,+Transcriptionally+Regulated+by+VvMYBA,+Can+Produce+Most+Acylated+Anthocyanins+Present+in+Grape+Skins.">A Grapevine Anthocyanin Acyltransferase, Transcriptionally Regulated by VvMYBA, Can Produce Most Acylated Anthocyanins Present in Grape Skins.</a> Plant Physiol. 169 (3), 1897-1916 (2015).</li><li>Royo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental,+transcriptome,+and+genetic+alterations+associated+with+parthenocarpy+in+the+grapevine+seedless+somatic+variant+Corinto+bianco.">Developmental, transcriptome, and genetic alterations associated with parthenocarpy in the grapevine seedless somatic variant Corinto bianco.</a> J Exp Bot. , 259-273 (2015).</li><li>Venturini, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+transcriptome+characterization+of+Vitis+vinifera+cv.+Corvina+unveils+varietal+diversity.">De novo transcriptome characterization of Vitis vinifera cv. Corvina unveils varietal diversity.</a> BMC Genomics. 14, 1-13 (2013).</li><li>Commisso, M., Strazzer, P., Toffali, K., Stocchero, M., Guzzo, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Untargeted+metabolomics:+an+emerging+approach+to+determine+the+composition+of+herbal+products.">Untargeted metabolomics: an emerging approach to determine the composition of herbal products.</a> Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 4, 1-7 (2013).</li><li>Pluskal, T., Castillo, S., Villar-Briones, A., Oresic, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MZmine+2:+Modular+framework+for+processing,+visualizing,+and+analyzing+mass+spectrometry-based+molecular+profile+data.">MZmine 2: Modular framework for processing, visualizing, and analyzing mass spectrometry-based molecular profile data.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 11, 1-11 (2010).</li><li>Ashburner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Ontology:+tool+for+the+unification+of+biology.">Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology.</a> Nat Genet. 25 (1), 25-29 (2000).</li></ol>

Denne artikel beskriver de metabolomics, transcriptomics og analyse protokoller statistiske bruges til at fortolke den drue bær terroir koncept. Metabolomics analyse ved HPLC-ESI-MS er følsom nok til at detektere et stort antal metabolitter samtidigt, men relativ kvantificering påvirkes af matrixeffekten og ion suppression / ekstraudstyr. Imidlertid har en lignende fremgangsmåde allerede blevet brugt til at beskrive modning og efter høst tilintetgørende af Corvina bær, og korrektionen af matrix effekter haft en b...

Storstilet dataanalyse baseret på genomer, transcriptomes, proteomer og metabolomes af planter giver en hidtil uset indsigt i adfærd af komplekse systemer, såsom terroir karakteristika vin, der afspejler samspillet mellem grapevine planter og deres omgivelser. Fordi terroir af en vin kan være selvstændig, selv når identiske vinavlsprodukter kloner dyrkes i forskellige vinmarker, genomforskning analyse er til megen nytte, fordi klonede genomer er identiske. er stedet er det nødvendigt at se på sammenhænge mellem genekspression og de metaboliske egenskaber af de bær, der bestemmer kvaliteten træk af vin. Analysen af ​​genekspression på niveau med transkriptomet fordelene ved de tilsvarende kemiske egenskaber for alle transkripter, hvilket letter kvantitativ analyse ved at udnytte universelle egenskaber såsom hybridisering til immobiliserede prober på microarrays. I modsætning hertil universelle analytiske metoder i proteomics ennd metabolomics er mere udfordrende på grund af den enorme fysiske og kemiske diversitet individuelle proteiner og metabolitter. I tilfælde af metabolomics denne mangfoldighed er endnu mere ekstrem, fordi de enkelte metabolitter varierer voldsomt i størrelse, polaritet, overflod og volatilitet, så ingen enkelt udvinding proces eller analysemetode tilbyder en holistisk tilgang. Blandt de analytiske platforme er egnede til ikke-flygtige metabolitter, der er baseret på højtryksvæskekromatografi koblet til massespektrometri (HPLC-MS) er langt mere følsomme end alternativer såsom HPLC med ultraviolet eller diode array detektorer (HPLC-UV, HPLC-DAD ) eller kernemagnetisk resonans (NMR) spektroskopi, men kvantitativ analyse ved HPLC-MS kan påvirkes af fænomener som matrix effekt og ion suppression / enhancement 1-3. Undersøgelsen af ​​sådanne virkninger under analysen af ​​Corvina vindruer ved HPLC-MS ved anvendelse af en elektrospray-ioniseringskilde (HPLC-ESI-MS), viste, at sukkere og andre molekyler med de laveste retentionstider var stærkt underrapporteret, sandsynligvis også afspejler det store antal molekyler i denne zone, og at den overflod af andre molekyler kan undervurderes, utilstrækkeligt eller upåvirket af matrixeffekten , men de data, normalisering for matrix effekt syntes at have begrænset indvirkning på den overordnede resultater 4,5. Den her beskrevne metode er optimeret til analyse af mellemlange polaritet metabolitter, der ophobes ved høje niveauer i drue bær under modningen, og som i væsentlig grad påvirket af terroir. De omfatter anthocyaniner, flavonoler, flavan-3-oler, procyanidiner, andre flavonoider, resveratrol, stilbener, hydroxycinnamic syrer og hydroxybenzoesyre syrer, der tilsammen bestemmer farve, smag og sundhedsmæssige egenskaber af vine. Andre metabolitter, såsom sukkerarter og alifatiske organiske syrer, ignoreres, fordi kvantificering ved HPLC-MS er upålidelige på grund matricen effekt og ion suppression fænomener 5. Inden polariteten område udvalgt af denne metode, tilgangen er irrelevante, da den har til formål at opdage så mange forskellige metabolitter som muligt 6. Transcriptomics metoder, der tillader tusinder af vinavlsprodukter udskrifter skal overvåges samtidig lettes ved tilgængeligheden af komplette vinstok genom sekvens 7,8. Tidlige transcriptomics metoder baseret på high-throughput cDNA sekventering har udviklet sig med fremkomsten af ​​næste generations sekventering til en samling af procedurer kollektivt beskrevet som RNA-Seq teknologi. Denne fremgangsmåde bliver hurtigt den foretrukne metode til transcriptomics studier. Men en stor mængde litteratur baseret på microarray, der tillader tusinder af udskrifter skal kvantificeres parallelt af hybridisering, har oparbejdet til vinstok. Faktisk før RNA-Seq blev en mainstream teknologi, havde mange dedikerede kommercielle microarray platforme væretudviklet så vinstok transkriptom skal inspiceres i stor detalje. Blandt de mange forskellige platforme, kun to tilladt genom-dækkende transkriptom analyse 9. Den mest udviklede vifte tillod hybridisering af op til 12 uafhængige stikprøver på en enkelt enhed og dermed reducere omkostningerne ved hvert forsøg. De 12 sub-arrays hver omfattede 135.000 60-mer sonder repræsenterer 29,549 vinavlsprodukter udskrifter. Denne enhed har været anvendt i en lang række undersøgelser 10-24. Disse to platforme er nu indstillet, men en ny brugerdefineret microarray er for nylig blevet designet og repræsenterer en nyere udvikling, da det indeholder et endnu større antal sonder, der repræsenterer yderligere nyopdagede vinavlsprodukter gener 25. De store sale datasæt produceret af transcriptomics og metabolomics analyser kræver egnede statistiske metoder til analyse af data, herunder multivariate teknikker til at bestemme sammenhænge mellem anden forms af data. De mest anvendte multivariate teknikker er dem baseret på fremskrivning, og disse kan være uden opsyn, såsom principal komponent analyse (PCA), eller overvåget, såsom tovejs retvinklede projektion til latente strukturer diskriminant analyse (O2PLS-DA) 26. Protokollen præsenteres i denne artikel benytter PCA til analyse sonderende data og O2PLS-DA til at identificere forskelle mellem grupper af prøver.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Mill Grinder</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>IKA A11 basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC Autosampler</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td>System Gold 508 Autosampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC System</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td>System Gold 127 Solvent Module HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 Guard Column</td>
			<td>Grace</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td>Alltima HP C18 (7.5x2.1mm; 5&#956;m) Guard Column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 Column</td>
			<td>Grace</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td>Alltima HP C18 (150x2.1mm; 3&#956;m) Column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass Spectometer</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td>Bruker Esquire 6000; The mass spectometer was equipped with an ESI source and the analyzer was an ion trap.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="4">Extraction solvents and HPLC buffers</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>34966</td>
			<td>Methanol LC-MS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>94318</td>
			<td>Formic acid LC-MS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>34967</td>
			<td>Acetonitrile LC-MS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>39253</td>
			<td>Water&#160; LC-MS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minisart RC 4 Syringe filters (0.2 &#956;m)</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>17764</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Softwares for data collection (a) and processing (b)</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Esquire 5.2 Control (a); Esquire 3.2 Data Analysis and MzMine 2.2 softwares (b)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrum Plant Total RNA kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>STRN250-1KT</td>
			<td>For total RNA extractino from grape pericarps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop 1000</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioAnalyzer 2100</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2939A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA 6000 Nano Reagents</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-1511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA Chips</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-1511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent Gene Expression Wash Buffer 1</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5188-5325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent Gene Expression Wash Buffer 2</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5188-5326</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LowInput QuickAmp Labeling kit One-Color</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5190-2305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kit RNA Spike In - One-Color</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5188-5282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Expression Hybridization Kit</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5188-5242</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Kit (50)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td>For cRNA Purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent SurePrint HD 4X44K 60-mer Microarray</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2514F-048771&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eArray</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td><a href="https://earray.chem.agilent.com/earray/">https://earray.chem.agilent.com/earray/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gasket slides</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2534-60012</td>
			<td>Enable Agilent SurePrint Microarray 4-array Hybridization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermostatic bath</td>
			<td>Julabo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization Chamber</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2534-60001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microarray Hybridization Oven</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2545A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization Oven Rotator Rack</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2530-60029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotator Rack Conversion Rod</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2530-60030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Optica</td>
			<td>10-2000</td>
			<td>Slide-staining dish and Slide rack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirrer device</td>
			<td>AREX Heating Magnetic Stirrer</td>
			<td>F20540163&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermostatic Oven</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Heraeus - 6030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent Microarray Scanner</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2565CA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanner Carousel, 48-position</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2505-60502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide Holders</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2505-60525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Feature extraction software v11.5</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>inside the Agilent Microarray Scanner G2565CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SIMCA + V13 Software</td>
			<td>Umetrics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the terroir concept interpreted through grape berry metabolomics and transcriptomics

Terroir refererer til kombinationen af miljømæssige faktorer, der påvirker karakteristika afgrøder såsom Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) i henhold til særlige levesteder og ledelsespraksis. Denne artikel viser, hvordan visse terroir signaturer kan påvises i bær metabolomet og transkriptom af vinavlsprodukter kultivar Corvina hjælp multivariat statistisk analyse. Metoden kræver først en passende stikprøveplan. I dette casestudie blev en specifik klon af Corvina sorten valgte at minimere genetiske forskelle, og prøver blev indsamlet fra syv vinmarker, der repræsenterer tre forskellige makro-zoner i løbet af tre forskellige vækstsæsoner. Det anbefales ikke-målrettede LC-MS metabolomics tilgang på grund af sin høje følsomhed, ledsaget af effektiv databehandling under anvendelse MZmine software og en metabolit identifikation strategi baseret på fragmentering træ analyse. Omfattende transkriptom analyse kan opnås ved anvendelse microarraysindeholdende prober dækker ~ 99% af alle forudsagte grapevine gener, tillade samtidig analyse af alle differentielt udtrykte gener i forbindelse med forskellige terroirs. Endelig kan anvendes multivariate data analyse baseret på projektion metoder til at overvinde den stærke årgang-specifik virkning, og metabolomics og transcriptomics data, der skal integreres og analyseret i detaljer for at identificere informative korrelationer.

Casestudiet beskrevet i denne artikel givet en endelig data matrix, der omfatter 552 signaler (m / z funktioner), herunder molekylære ioner plus deres isotoper, addukter og nogle fragmenter, relativt kvantificeres blandt 189 prøver (7 vinmarker x 3 modning etaper x 3 vækstsæsoner x 3 biologiske replikater). Det samlede antal for datapunkter var derfor 104.328. Fragmentering træ analyse resulterede i annotation af 282 m / z-funktioner, som svarer til metabolitter pl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics at JoVE.com

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics

Denne artikel beskriver anvendelsen af ikke-målrettede metabolomics, transcriptomics og multivariat statistisk analyse til drue bær udskrifter og metabolitter for at få indsigt i terroir koncept, dvs. virkningen af miljøet på bær kvalitet træk.

Den Terroir Concept Fortolket gennem Grape Berry Metabolomics og Transcriptomics

Terroir refers to the combination of environmental factors that affect the characteristics of crops such as grapevine (Vitis vinifera) according to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

In Vitro Transcription Assays and Their Application in Drug Discovery

In vitro-transskription Analyser og deres anvendelse i Drug Discovery

In vitro transcription assays have been developed and widely used for many years to study the molecular mechanisms involved in transcription. This process ...

Delivery of Nucleic Acids through Embryo Microinjection in the Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insect, Ceratitis capitata

Delivery of Nucleic Acids through Embryo Microinjection in the Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insect, Ceratitis capitata

Levering af nukleinsyrer gennem Embryo Mikroinjektion i Worldwide Agricultural Pest Insekt,<em&gt; Ceratitis capitata</em

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a pest species with extremely high agricultural relevance. ...

Leveraging CyVerse Resources for De Novo Comparative Transcriptomics of Underserved (Non-model) Organisms

Leveraging CyVerse Resources for De Novo Comparative Transcriptomics of Underserved Non-model Organisms

Udnyttelse af CyVerse Resources for<em&gt; De Novo</em&gt; Comparative Transcriptomics of Underserved (Non-Model) Organisms

This workflow allows novice researchers to leverage advanced computational resources such as cloud computing to carry out pairwise comparative ...

Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection

Kontrollerbar Ion Channel Expression gennem Inducible Transient transfektion

Transfection, the delivery of foreign nucleic acids into a cell, is a powerful tool in protein research. Through this method, ion channels can be ...

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Transcriptomic Analysis of C. elegans RNA Sequencing Data Through the Tuxedo Suite on the Galaxy Project

Transkriptom Analyse af<em&gt; C</em&gt;.<em&gt; elegans</em&gt; RNA sekventering data via Tuxedo Suite på Galaxy-projektet

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized the nature of biological investigation. Of these, RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) has emerged ...

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Studie af Cyklusreguleret Gen Expression af To Komplementære Celle Synkronisering Protokoller

The gene expression program of the cell cycle represents a critical step for understanding cell cycle-dependent processes and their role in diseases such ...

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Robust DNA isoleret og høj overførselshastighed sekventering bibliotek konstruktion til Herbarium prøver

Herbaria are an invaluable source of plant material that can be used in a variety of biological studies. The use of herbarium specimens is associated with ...

Isolating, Sequencing and Analyzing Extracellular MicroRNAs from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Isolering, sekventering og analysere ekstracellulære MicroRNA fra humane mesenkymale stamceller

Extracellular and circulating RNAs (exRNA) are produced by many cell types of the body and exist in numerous bodily fluids such as saliva, plasma, serum, ...

Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes

Ved hjælp af in Vitro og i celler form at undersøge lille molekyle induceret Pre-mRNA strukturelle ændringer

In the process of drug development of RNA-targeting small molecules, elucidating the structural changes upon their interactions with target RNA sequences ...

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Inducerbar, celle Type-specifikke udtryk i Arabidopsis thaliana gennem LhGR-medieret Trans-aktivering

Inducible, tissue-specific expression is an important and powerful tool to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of genetic perturbation. Combining the ...