Name: design and use of a low cost, automated morbidostat for adaptive evolution of bacteria under antibiotic drug selection
Uploaded: 2016-09-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Use of a Low Cost, Automated Morbidostat for Adaptive Evolution of Bacteria Under Antibiotic Drug Selection at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Prof. Sze-Bi Hsu and Ms. Zhenzhen for useful discussions and help in the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Y. T. Y. would like to acknowledge funding support from the Ministry of Science and Technology under grant numbers MOST 103-2220-E-007-026 and MOST 104-2220-E-007-011, and from the National Tsing Hua University under grant numbers 103N2042E1, 104N2042E1, and 105N518CE1.

1. הרכבה Pretesting של התקן Morbidostat <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עצרת של Morbidostat <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פונץ &#39;3 חורים על המכסה של בקבוקון התרבות עם מחט מזרק 18 G. חותכים שלוש חתיכות של צינורות פוליאתילן ~ 7 ס&quot;מ אורך. הכנס שלושת חלק...

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מכשיר morbidostat נמוך טביעת רגל מרכיבים בעלות הנמוכה מודגם. העליות רמות עמידות לתרופות שנרשמו על ידי המכשיר הנן עקביות עם אלו של דוחות קודמים 5. עוצב עבור מחקרים אבולוציוניים של עמידות לתרופות, המכשיר הוא ישים פוטנציאל ניסויים רבים אחרים. ראשית, מסד נתונים מקיף של מ?...

מאז כניסתה של פניצילין התרופה הראשון האנטיביוטי, עמידות לאנטיביוטיקה של חיידקים התפתחה עולמית בעיה בריאותית 1. למרות רכישת עמידות לאנטיביוטיקה ניתן ללמוד למפרע in vivo, התנאים של ניסויים אלה הם בדרך כלל לא מבוקרים לאורך האבולוציה כולה 2. לחלופין, אבולוצית מעבדת אדפטיבית יכולה לחשוף את האבולוציה המולקולרית של מינים של חיידקים תחת לחצים סביבתיים או לחץ ברירה מתרופת אנטיביוטיקת 3. לאחרונה, מבוקר היטב ניסויים רבים האבולוציונית של עמידות לתרופות אנטיביוטיות יש הבהיר את הופעתה של עמידות לתרופות אנטיביוטיות. לדוגמה, קבוצה של אוסטין הפגינו הופעתם המהירה בסביבה 4 מחולקים microfluidic מהונדסים כראוי. Morbidostat שפותח לאחרונה גורם מוטציות שיטתיות תחת לחץ ברירת תרופת 5,6. Morbidostat, תמיכה בבחירה מיקרוביאלימכשיר tion אשר מתאים את ריכוז האנטיביוטיקה ללא הרף כדי לשמור על אוכלוסייה קבועה כמעט, הוא התקדמות גדולה ממבחן התנודות בשימוש במיקרוביולוגיה 7,8. במבחן התנודות, תרופה אנטיביוטית מוזרקת בריכוז גבוה, ואת מוטנטים לשרוד מוקרנים ומנה. במקום זאת, חיידקים בתוך morbidostat מאותגרים כל הזמן צוברים מוטציות מרובות. Morbidostat פועלת בדומה chemostat, מכשיר התרבות הומצא על ידי נוביק ו Szliard בשנת 1950, אשר שומר אוכלוסייה קבועה על ידי אספקת חומרים מזינים באופן רציף תוך דילול אוכלוסיית החיידקים 9. מאז השקתו, את chemostat כבר מתקדמת ומשופרת. chemostats microfluidic הנוכחי הגיע nanoliter וקיבולות תא בודד. עם זאת, מכשירים אלה אינם מתאימים לניסויי אבולוציה אדפטיבית, הדורשים אוכלוסיית תא גדולה עם אירועים רבים מוטציה 10,11. לאחרונה, מיניchemostats עם כרכים עובדים של ~ 10 מיליליטר גם פותח כדי למלא את הפער בין מתקני גידול בהיקף ליטר ואת 12,13 microfluidic chemostat. כאן אנו מציגים את העיצוב ושימוש של בעלות נמוכה, morbidostat אוטומטית מחקר עמידות לתרופות אנטיביוטי. המודול המוצע יכול להיות מועסק בתוך חממה שייקר במעבדה למיקרוביולוגיה עם דרישת חומרה מינימאלית. הקושחה הקוד הפתוח גם מותאם בקלות ליישומים ספציפיים של התפתחות אדפטיבית, כגון הנדסה מטבולית 3. לבסוף, morbidostat משתלבת פלטפורמת microfluidic מרובבת עבור בדיקות רגישות לאנטיביוטיקה 14.

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			<td>Pyrex glass 28mm(dia.)x 61 mm(h)</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:275px;">Solenoidal valves</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Pneumadyne</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">S10MM-31-12-3</td>
			<td>Normally open 1.3 Watt 12 Vdc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">USB interface card</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Hobby Engineering</td>
			<td>USBIO24-R Digital I/O Module&#160;</td>
			<td>for microfluidics measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:275px;">Air compressor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Rocker Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">ROCKER 440</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Pressure source for microfluidcs Max. Pressure 80 Psi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Male luer-lock fittings to 1/8&#34; barb</td>
			<td>ValuePlastics.com</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MTLL230-1</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1/8&#34; barb to 10-32 threaded port</td>
			<td>ValuePlastics.com</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">B-1</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Female luer-lock fittings to 10-32 threaded port</td>
			<td>ValuePlastics.com</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">KFTL-1</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NPN darlington transistor 500mA, 40V (2N6427)</td>
			<td>DigiKey.com</td>
			<td>2N6427GOS-ND</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10kOhm, carbon film resistor, 0.25W</td>
			<td>DigiKey.com</td>
			<td>P10KBACT-ND</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tantalum capacitor, 10uF, 25V, 10%</td>
			<td>DigiKey.com</td>
			<td>478-1841-ND</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Andor CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Zyla 4.2 Plus SCMOS</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic on chip imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">ELISA plate reader</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">two component Silicone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Momentive</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">RTV 615</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">SU-8 photoresist</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Micrchem</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">SU8 2015</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">AZ4620 photoresist</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Clariant</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">AZ 4620</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">PDC 32G</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">20 Gauge Syringe Needle</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Labcycler</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sensoquest</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Labcycler</td>
			<td>PCR&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Toyobo</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">KDO Plus</td>
			<td>PCR amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Trimethoprim</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Plate reader</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biotek</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Synergy H1 hybrid&#160;</td>
			<td>antibiotic resistane measurement</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and use of a low cost, automated morbidostat for adaptive evolution of bacteria under antibiotic drug selection

אנו מתארים בעלות נמוכה, morbidostat להגדרה לאפיון נתיב אבולוציוני של עמידות לאנטיביוטיקה. Morbidostat הוא מכשיר תרבית חיידקים מנטרים התפתחות חיידקים ברציפות ומתאימה באופן דינמי את ריכוז התרופה לקרוא תיגר על חיידקי זמן כפי שהם מתפתחים לרכוש עמידות לתרופות. המכשיר כולל נפח עבודה של ~ 10 מיליליטר הוא אוטומטי לחלוטין ומצויד מדידת צפיפות אופטית ו-משאבות מייקרו בינוני משלוח סמים. כדי לאמת את הפלטפורמה, מדדנו את הרכישה בשלבים של התנגדות trimethoprim ב coli Escherichia MG 1655, ומשולב המכשיר עם פלטפורמת microfluidic מרובבת לחקור מורפולוגיה תאי רגישות לאנטיביוטיקה. הגישה יכול להיות עד-לשנותם כדי במחקרי מעבדה של עמידות לתרופות אנטיביוטיות, והוא extendible כדי אדפטיבית האבולוציה לשיפורים זן בהנדסה מטבולית וניסויים התרבות חיידקים אחרים.

Morbidostat המתואר לעיל הוא schematized באיור 1. פעילות morbidostat המשותפת, לרבות התפתחות ניסיונית, מבחן רגישות לאנטיביוטיקה ובדיקת מורפולוגיה תא, אושש בבית E. תרבות MG1655 coli נחשף וסרימתופרים (TMP), תרופה אנטיביוטית נפוץ 5,6. TMP גורם עליות בשלבים ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Use of a Low Cost, Automated Morbidostat for Adaptive Evolution of Bacteria Under Antibiotic Drug Selection at JoVE.com

Design and Use of a Low Cost, Automated Morbidostat for Adaptive Evolution of Bacteria Under Antibiotic Drug Selection

We describe a low cost, configurable morbidostat that enables the characterization of antibiotic drug resistance by dynamically adjusting the drug concentration. The device can be integrated with a multiplexed microfluidic platform. The approach can be scaled up for laboratory antibiotic drug resistance studies.

עיצוב ושימוש בעלות נמוכה, אוטומטי Morbidostat עבור Adaptive אבולוציה מהירה של חיידקים תחת אנטיביוטי והתרופות בחירה

We describe a low cost, configurable morbidostat for characterizing the evolutionary pathway of antibiotic resistance. The morbidostat is a bacterial ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to characterize the evolutionary pathway of antibiotic resistance using a Morbidostat that continuously monitors bacterial growth and dynamically adjusts the antibiotic concentration as bacteria acquire drug resistance. The main advantage of this technique is that the set up is made of low cost easily available electronic components and can be easily reconfigured for specific means. Demonstrating the procedures will be Po Cheng Liu and Yi Tai Lee, both are grad students of my laboratory.To assemble the Morbidostat, begin by using an 18 gauge needle to punch three holes into the cap of the culture vial. Cut three pieces of polyethylene tubing approximately seven centimeters in length and insert them into the holes in the cap. Use tape to wrap the edge of the cap to serve as the cast for the Polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS, mixture.Then add five grams of component A and 0.5 grams of component B of the PDMS in a 150 milliliter plastic container and use a toothpick to manually stir it. Load the mixture into a 10 milliliter syringe. Then, with the syringe, inject the PDMS mixture onto the cap.Bake the entire cap at 70 degrees Celsius for eight hours to cure the PDMS. Next, using a soldering iron, solder the LED anode with the 24 gauge wire and the LED cathode with the carbon resistor. Then solder a 680 Ohm carbon resistor with a 24 gauge wire.Use electrical tape to insulate the wire connection. Solder the collector of the photo detector with the 24 gauge wire and the emitter of the photo detector with a 100 Ohm carbon resistor. Then use electrical tape to insulate the wire connection.Place the light emitting diode in the culture vial holder. By following the circuit diagram shown here, connect the light emitting diode and use a five volt power supply to power it. Ensure that the LED works by using a digital camera that can detect IR.Now place the photo detector in the culture vial holder.Then following the diagram, connect the photo detector and use a five volt power supply to power it. Connect the wire to both sides of the photo detector resistors o measure the voltage across the electronic control board. Glue a magnet on the shaft of the cooling fan which serves as the magnetic stirrer unit.Because the magnetic stirring unit is formed from the magnet and the cooling fan, it's crucial to align the shelf of the fan to culture vial. Also the distance between the culture vial and the magnet is very critical to ensure the stable operation. Connect each piece of polyethylene tubing of the culture vial into the corresponding piece of silicone tubing for the micro pumps, medium bottles, and waste bottle.Turn on the pump for one hour and measure the total volume being pumped from the medium bottle to the culture vial to determine the pump rate. The typical pumping rate should be approximately four milliliters per hour, which corresponds to the dilution rate of D equals 0.33 per hour for a 12 milliliter working volume of the culture vial. When the set up is complete, place the entire assembly on a mid sized shaking incubator.To pre test the Morbidostat, set the power supply voltage of the cooling fan to five volts to start its motor to test the magnetic stir bar. After preparing a series of E-coli samples and plotting a calibration curve according to the text protocol, prepare the culture vial with three seven centimeter lengths of ultra chemical resistant Tygon tubing with an inner diameter of 132nd of an inch and an outer diameter of 332nds of an inch for inlets to form the device. Prepare M9 minimal medium with 0.2%glucose and M9 containing the drug Trimethoprim or TMP.Then sterilize the medium, medium bottle, the drug medium bottle, the waste bottle, and the culture vial in an autoclave at 121 degrees Celsius. On the first day of the experiment, thaw one milliliter of frozen wild type E-coli MG1655 cells at room temperature for five minutes and transfer 120 microliters of the cells to a culture vial containing approximately 12 milliliters of M9 growth medium. Turn on the shaking incubator and set the temperature to 30 degrees Celsius with no shaking.Start the Morbidostat operation by turning on the micro pump, the magnetic stirring unit, and the optical density measurement. After approximately 23 hours, stop the micro pump by turning off its supply voltage and take out the culture vial. Add 15%glycerol into the culture vial and freeze the samples at negative 80 degrees Celsius for storage.Switching to a new culture vial in the beginning of each of these experiments is also important to avoid biotin formations. Otherwise the biotin formation can occur within two or three days. After thawing the daily frozen sample at room temperature for five minutes, inoculate a new test tube with fresh M9 medium.Place the sample in a shaking incubator at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. The following day, use M9 medium to dilute the microbial sample tenfold and load it into the microfluidic device by pressuring the microbial sample container at five PSI. Then load the TMP containing medium into the chip by pressuring the M9 with TMP container at five PSI.Execute the mixing between the microbe and drug by actuating the micro mechanical valve between the two chambers on the microfluidic chip for 15 minutes. Finally place the microfluidic chip in the microscope incubator mounted on the inverted microscope. With a CCD camera, acquire cell images in the growth chamber every hour for eight hours.Calculate cell number data according to the text protocol. The common Morbidostat operations including experimental evolution, antibiotic susceptibility test, and cell morphology checking were invalidated using an E-coli MG1655 culture exposed to the antibiotic TMP, which induces a distinctive step wise increase in drug resistance with mutations clustered around the dihydrofolate reductase, or DHFR, gene. Each day, the microbe is expected to grow above the pre set optical density threshold and trigger the drug injection as shown here.The drug injection is expected to inhibit the growth, and as a result, decrease the optical density. This plot shows the temporal increase in the antibiotic drug resistance in an experiment to determine the IC50. The drug resistance increased approximately 1500 fold to 1, 000 micrograms per milliliter over about 12 days.Consistent with previous findings. The DHFR point mutations in the last day mutant were measured by Sanger sequencing and are listed in this table. The acquisition of drug resistance with multiple mutations proves the usefulness of the Morbidostat.As the selection on drug containing agar plates tends to confer only the single mutation. This figure displays the on chip growth curves at various concentrations of TMP. The mutant samples shows a significant increase in antibiotic drug resistance.After its develop, this technique paved the way for the researchers to study the position of antibiotic drug resistance in a real control laboratory environment. Following this procedure, other measure like microfluidic single cell measurement can be performed in order to answer additional questions like it still morphology to change due to the exposure of antibiotic drugs. Once mastered, this device can be easily reconfigured for all the bacterial culture experiment such as the cultivation of a sign of bacteria or increasing the costing tolerance level of a bacterial strain.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to study the acquisition of antibiotic drug resistance in a real control adaptive laboratory evolutionary experiment. Don't forget to handle the drug resistant bacteria according to the bio safety rules for microbiological practice. Special permission may be required for an experiment involving basic training of bacteria.

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

נוהל מסתגל מעבדת האבולוציה של מיקרואורגניזמים שימוש Chemostat

Natural evolution involves genetic diversity such as environmental change and a selection between small populations. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ...

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

זיהוי תפוקה גבוהה של שילובים תרופתיים סינרגטי בשיטת חפיפה2

Although antimicrobial drugs have dramatically increased the lifespan and quality of life in the 20th century, antimicrobial resistance threatens our ...

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

בוחן את התפקיד של פלסמידים Multicopy באבולוציה של עמידות לאנטיביוטיקה

Multicopy plasmids are extremely abundant in prokaryotes but their role in bacterial evolution remains poorly understood. We recently showed that the ...

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

מעקב ברמת הגנום של שגיאות תיעתוק היצורים האיקריוטים

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that ...

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

הפקת ג'ין מחיקות ב- Escherichia coli מאת P1 התמרה חושית עם קלטות עמידות לאנטיביוטיקה ניתן לניתוח

A first approach to study the function of an unknown gene in bacteria is to create a knock-out of this gene. Here, we describe a robust and fast protocol ...

qKAT: Quantitative Semi-automated Typing of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes

qKAT: Semi-automated כמותיים הקלדה של הרוצח-תא גנים קולטני דמוי נוגדן

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a set of inhibitory and activating immune receptors, on natural killer (NK) and T cells, encoded by a ...

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

הנדסה גנטית של Dictyostelium discoideum תאים בהתבסס על הבחירה וצמיחה על חיידקים

Dictyostelium discoideum is an intriguing model organism for the study of cell differentiation processes during development, cell signaling, and other ...

Designing Automated, High-throughput, Continuous Cell Growth Experiments Using eVOLVER

עיצוב אוטומטי, תפוקה גבוהה, ניסויים בגידול תאים רציפים באמצעות הפיתוח

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring ...

Use of Frozen Tissue in the Comet Assay for the Evaluation of DNA Damage

שימוש ברקמות קפואות בתוך שיטת שביט להערכת נזק לדנ א

The comet assay is gaining popularity as a means to assess DNA damage in cultured cells and tissues, particularly following exposure to chemicals or other ...

Use of Drosophila S2 Cells for Live Imaging of Cell Division

Use of Drosophila S2 Cells for Live Imaging of Cell Division

שימוש ב- Drosophila ילה S2 תאים עבור הדמיה חיה של חטיבת התא

Drosophila S2 cells are an important tool in studying mitosis in tissue culture, providing molecular insights into this fundamental cellular process in a ...