Name: design and use of a low cost, automated morbidostat for adaptive evolution of bacteria under antibiotic drug selection
Uploaded: 2016-09-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Use of a Low Cost, Automated Morbidostat for Adaptive Evolution of Bacteria Under Antibiotic Drug Selection at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Prof. Sze-Bi Hsu and Ms. Zhenzhen for useful discussions and help in the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Y. T. Y. would like to acknowledge funding support from the Ministry of Science and Technology under grant numbers MOST 103-2220-E-007-026 and MOST 104-2220-E-007-011, and from the National Tsing Hua University under grant numbers 103N2042E1, 104N2042E1, and 105N518CE1.

Morbidostatデバイスの1アセンブリおよび予備試験<ol><li> Morbidostatの組立<ol><li> 18 G注射針で培養バイアルのキャップ上の3つの穴をパンチ。 〜の長さは7センチポリエチレンチューブの3枚をカット。キャップにポリエチレン管のこれらの3枚を挿入します。 </li><li>ポリジメチルシロキサン（PDMS）の混合物のためのキャストとして機能するようにキャップの縁をラップするためにテープを使用して...

<ol>
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低コストの構成要素からの低フットプリントmorbidostat装置が示されています。デバイスが登録された薬剤耐性レベルの増加は、以前の報告5のものと一致しています。薬剤耐性の進化の研究のために設計され、デバイスは、他の多くの実験に潜在的に適用可能です。まず、薬剤誘発性の変異の包括的なデータベースは、臨床的に関連する抗生物質の大規模なセットのために確立するこ?...

最初の抗生物質ペニシリンの導入以来、微生物の抗生物質耐性は、世界的な健康問題1へと発展しています。抗生物質耐性の獲得が遡及的in vivoで研究することができるが、これらの実験の条件は、多くの場合、全体の進化2を通じて制御されていません。あるいは、適応実験室進化は抗生物質3から、環境ストレスまたは選択圧下微生物種の分子進化を明らかにすることができます。最近、抗生物質耐性の多くのよく制御された進化実験は、抗生物質耐性の出現を明らかにしています。たとえば、オースティンのグループが適切に設計されたマイクロ流体区画環境4の急速な出現を示しました。最近開発されたmorbidostatは、薬剤選択圧5,6の下で体系的突然変異を誘発します。 morbidostat、微生物セレク連続してほぼ一定の人口を維持するために抗生物質濃度を調整ションデバイスは、微生物学7,8で使用される変動試験から大きな進歩です。変動試験では、抗生物質を高濃度で注入し、生存変異体をスクリーニングし、計数します。その代わりに、morbidostat中の微生物は、常に挑戦し、複数の変異を獲得しています。 morbidostatはケモスタット、微生物集団9を希釈しながら継続的に栄養を供給することにより一定の人口を維持し、1950年にNovickとSzliardによって発明された培養装置と同様に動作します。導入以来、ケモスタットが進められ、改善されました。現在のマイクロ流体ケモスタットは、ナノリットルおよび単一セルの容量に達しています。しかしながら、これらのデバイスは、多くの変異事象10,11を有する大きな細胞集団を必要とする適応進化の実験には適していません。最近、ミニ〜10ミリリットルの作業容量でケモスタットもリットル規模のバイオリアクターおよびマイクロ流体ケモスタット12,13の間のギャップを埋めるために開発されてきました。 ここでは、抗生物質耐性の研究のための低コスト、自動化されたmorbidostatの設計および使用を提示します。提案されたモジュールは、最小限のハードウェア要件を有する微生物実験室でシェーカーインキュベーター内で使用することができます。オープンソースのファームウェアも簡単に、このような代謝工学3として適応進化の特定の用途に合わせて調整されます。最後に、morbidostatは、抗生物質感受性試験14用の多重マイクロ流体プラットフォームに統合されています。

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			<td>ValuePlastics.com</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">KFTL-1</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NPN darlington transistor 500mA, 40V (2N6427)</td>
			<td>DigiKey.com</td>
			<td>2N6427GOS-ND</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10kOhm, carbon film resistor, 0.25W</td>
			<td>DigiKey.com</td>
			<td>P10KBACT-ND</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tantalum capacitor, 10uF, 25V, 10%</td>
			<td>DigiKey.com</td>
			<td>478-1841-ND</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Andor CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Zyla 4.2 Plus SCMOS</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic on chip imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">ELISA plate reader</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">two component Silicone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Momentive</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">RTV 615</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">SU-8 photoresist</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Micrchem</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">SU8 2015</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">AZ4620 photoresist</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Clariant</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">AZ 4620</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">PDC 32G</td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">20 Gauge Syringe Needle</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>used for microfluidic chip fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Labcycler</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sensoquest</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Labcycler</td>
			<td>PCR&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Toyobo</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">KDO Plus</td>
			<td>PCR amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Trimethoprim</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Plate reader</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biotek</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Synergy H1 hybrid&#160;</td>
			<td>antibiotic resistane measurement</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and use of a low cost, automated morbidostat for adaptive evolution of bacteria under antibiotic drug selection

私たちは、抗生物質耐性の進化の経路を特徴付けるための低コスト、設定morbidostatについて説明します。 morbidostatは、継続的に細菌の増殖を監視し、動的にそれらが薬剤耐性を獲得するように進化として常に細菌に挑戦する薬物濃度を調整した細菌培養装置です。デバイスは、〜10ミリリットルの作業容量を備え、完全に自動化し、光学密度測定、中および薬物送達のためのマイクロポンプが装備されています。プラットフォームを検証するために、我々はMG 1655 大腸菌でトリメトプリム耐性の段階的買収を測定し、細胞の形態や抗生物質感受性を調査するために多重化されたマイクロ流体プラットフォームとデバイスを統合しました。アプローチは、抗生物質耐性の実験室での研究にスケールアップ、および代謝工学および他の細菌培養実験における歪みの改善のために進化を適応するために拡張することができます。

上記のmorbidostatは、図1に図式化されている。実験的進化、抗生物質感受性試験および細胞形態のチェックなどの一般的なmorbidostat操作を、Eに検証されましたトリメトプリム（TMP）にさらさコリ MG1655文化、一般的に使用される抗生物質5,6。 TMPは、薬物耐性に非常に特徴的な段階的な増加を誘導し、そして突然変異はジヒドロ葉酸還元?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Use of a Low Cost, Automated Morbidostat for Adaptive Evolution of Bacteria Under Antibiotic Drug Selection at JoVE.com

Design and Use of a Low Cost, Automated Morbidostat for Adaptive Evolution of Bacteria Under Antibiotic Drug Selection

We describe a low cost, configurable morbidostat that enables the characterization of antibiotic drug resistance by dynamically adjusting the drug concentration. The device can be integrated with a multiplexed microfluidic platform. The approach can be scaled up for laboratory antibiotic drug resistance studies.

設計と低コストの使用、自動Morbidostat細菌の適応進化のための抗生物質選択下

We describe a low cost, configurable morbidostat for characterizing the evolutionary pathway of antibiotic resistance. The morbidostat is a bacterial ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to characterize the evolutionary pathway of antibiotic resistance using a Morbidostat that continuously monitors bacterial growth and dynamically adjusts the antibiotic concentration as bacteria acquire drug resistance. The main advantage of this technique is that the set up is made of low cost easily available electronic components and can be easily reconfigured for specific means. Demonstrating the procedures will be Po Cheng Liu and Yi Tai Lee, both are grad students of my laboratory.To assemble the Morbidostat, begin by using an 18 gauge needle to punch three holes into the cap of the culture vial. Cut three pieces of polyethylene tubing approximately seven centimeters in length and insert them into the holes in the cap. Use tape to wrap the edge of the cap to serve as the cast for the Polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS, mixture.Then add five grams of component A and 0.5 grams of component B of the PDMS in a 150 milliliter plastic container and use a toothpick to manually stir it. Load the mixture into a 10 milliliter syringe. Then, with the syringe, inject the PDMS mixture onto the cap.Bake the entire cap at 70 degrees Celsius for eight hours to cure the PDMS. Next, using a soldering iron, solder the LED anode with the 24 gauge wire and the LED cathode with the carbon resistor. Then solder a 680 Ohm carbon resistor with a 24 gauge wire.Use electrical tape to insulate the wire connection. Solder the collector of the photo detector with the 24 gauge wire and the emitter of the photo detector with a 100 Ohm carbon resistor. Then use electrical tape to insulate the wire connection.Place the light emitting diode in the culture vial holder. By following the circuit diagram shown here, connect the light emitting diode and use a five volt power supply to power it. Ensure that the LED works by using a digital camera that can detect IR.Now place the photo detector in the culture vial holder.Then following the diagram, connect the photo detector and use a five volt power supply to power it. Connect the wire to both sides of the photo detector resistors o measure the voltage across the electronic control board. Glue a magnet on the shaft of the cooling fan which serves as the magnetic stirrer unit.Because the magnetic stirring unit is formed from the magnet and the cooling fan, it's crucial to align the shelf of the fan to culture vial. Also the distance between the culture vial and the magnet is very critical to ensure the stable operation. Connect each piece of polyethylene tubing of the culture vial into the corresponding piece of silicone tubing for the micro pumps, medium bottles, and waste bottle.Turn on the pump for one hour and measure the total volume being pumped from the medium bottle to the culture vial to determine the pump rate. The typical pumping rate should be approximately four milliliters per hour, which corresponds to the dilution rate of D equals 0.33 per hour for a 12 milliliter working volume of the culture vial. When the set up is complete, place the entire assembly on a mid sized shaking incubator.To pre test the Morbidostat, set the power supply voltage of the cooling fan to five volts to start its motor to test the magnetic stir bar. After preparing a series of E-coli samples and plotting a calibration curve according to the text protocol, prepare the culture vial with three seven centimeter lengths of ultra chemical resistant Tygon tubing with an inner diameter of 132nd of an inch and an outer diameter of 332nds of an inch for inlets to form the device. Prepare M9 minimal medium with 0.2%glucose and M9 containing the drug Trimethoprim or TMP.Then sterilize the medium, medium bottle, the drug medium bottle, the waste bottle, and the culture vial in an autoclave at 121 degrees Celsius. On the first day of the experiment, thaw one milliliter of frozen wild type E-coli MG1655 cells at room temperature for five minutes and transfer 120 microliters of the cells to a culture vial containing approximately 12 milliliters of M9 growth medium. Turn on the shaking incubator and set the temperature to 30 degrees Celsius with no shaking.Start the Morbidostat operation by turning on the micro pump, the magnetic stirring unit, and the optical density measurement. After approximately 23 hours, stop the micro pump by turning off its supply voltage and take out the culture vial. Add 15%glycerol into the culture vial and freeze the samples at negative 80 degrees Celsius for storage.Switching to a new culture vial in the beginning of each of these experiments is also important to avoid biotin formations. Otherwise the biotin formation can occur within two or three days. After thawing the daily frozen sample at room temperature for five minutes, inoculate a new test tube with fresh M9 medium.Place the sample in a shaking incubator at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. The following day, use M9 medium to dilute the microbial sample tenfold and load it into the microfluidic device by pressuring the microbial sample container at five PSI. Then load the TMP containing medium into the chip by pressuring the M9 with TMP container at five PSI.Execute the mixing between the microbe and drug by actuating the micro mechanical valve between the two chambers on the microfluidic chip for 15 minutes. Finally place the microfluidic chip in the microscope incubator mounted on the inverted microscope. With a CCD camera, acquire cell images in the growth chamber every hour for eight hours.Calculate cell number data according to the text protocol. The common Morbidostat operations including experimental evolution, antibiotic susceptibility test, and cell morphology checking were invalidated using an E-coli MG1655 culture exposed to the antibiotic TMP, which induces a distinctive step wise increase in drug resistance with mutations clustered around the dihydrofolate reductase, or DHFR, gene. Each day, the microbe is expected to grow above the pre set optical density threshold and trigger the drug injection as shown here.The drug injection is expected to inhibit the growth, and as a result, decrease the optical density. This plot shows the temporal increase in the antibiotic drug resistance in an experiment to determine the IC50. The drug resistance increased approximately 1500 fold to 1, 000 micrograms per milliliter over about 12 days.Consistent with previous findings. The DHFR point mutations in the last day mutant were measured by Sanger sequencing and are listed in this table. The acquisition of drug resistance with multiple mutations proves the usefulness of the Morbidostat.As the selection on drug containing agar plates tends to confer only the single mutation. This figure displays the on chip growth curves at various concentrations of TMP. The mutant samples shows a significant increase in antibiotic drug resistance.After its develop, this technique paved the way for the researchers to study the position of antibiotic drug resistance in a real control laboratory environment. Following this procedure, other measure like microfluidic single cell measurement can be performed in order to answer additional questions like it still morphology to change due to the exposure of antibiotic drugs. Once mastered, this device can be easily reconfigured for all the bacterial culture experiment such as the cultivation of a sign of bacteria or increasing the costing tolerance level of a bacterial strain.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to study the acquisition of antibiotic drug resistance in a real control adaptive laboratory evolutionary experiment. Don't forget to handle the drug resistant bacteria according to the bio safety rules for microbiological practice. Special permission may be required for an experiment involving basic training of bacteria.

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

ケモスタットを用いた微生物の適応研究所進化のための手順

Natural evolution involves genetic diversity such as environmental change and a selection between small populations. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ...

遺伝学

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

重複2法による相乗効果の薬剤の組合せの高スループット識別

Although antimicrobial drugs have dramatically increased the lifespan and quality of life in the 20th century, antimicrobial resistance threatens our ...

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

抗生物質耐性の進化のマルチコピー プラスミドのロールのテスト

Multicopy plasmids are extremely abundant in prokaryotes but their role in bacterial evolution remains poorly understood. We recently showed that the ...

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

真核生物の転写エラーのゲノム全体の監視

Accurate transcription is required for the faithful expression of genetic information. Surprisingly though, little is known about the mechanisms that ...

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

物品税課税対象の抗生物質耐性カセット P1 伝達による大腸菌の遺伝子の削除を生産

A first approach to study the function of an unknown gene in bacteria is to create a knock-out of this gene. Here, we describe a robust and fast protocol ...

qKAT: Quantitative Semi-automated Typing of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes

qKAT: キラー細胞免疫グロブリン様受容体遺伝子の定量的半自動化された入力

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a set of inhibitory and activating immune receptors, on natural killer (NK) and T cells, encoded by a ...

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

Genetic Engineering of Dictyostelium discoideum Cells Based on Selection and Growth on Bacteria

キイロタマホコリカビの選択に基づいて細胞と細菌の成長の遺伝子工学

Dictyostelium discoideum is an intriguing model organism for the study of cell differentiation processes during development, cell signaling, and other ...

Designing Automated, High-throughput, Continuous Cell Growth Experiments Using eVOLVER

EVOLVER を用いた自動、高スループット、連続細胞増殖実験の設計

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring ...

Use of Frozen Tissue in the Comet Assay for the Evaluation of DNA Damage

DNA損傷評価のための彗星アッセイにおける凍結組織の利用

The comet assay is gaining popularity as a means to assess DNA damage in cultured cells and tissues, particularly following exposure to chemicals or other ...

Use of Drosophila S2 Cells for Live Imaging of Cell Division

Use of Drosophila S2 Cells for Live Imaging of Cell Division

細胞分裂のライブイメージングのためのショウジョウバエS2細胞の使用

Drosophila S2 cells are an important tool in studying mitosis in tissue culture, providing molecular insights into this fundamental cellular process in a ...