Name: urinary tract infection in a small animal model: transurethral catheterization of male and female mice
Uploaded: 2017-12-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice at JoVE.com

Vi takker Dr Matthieu Rousseau for kritisk læsning af håndskriftet og laboratorium af dendritiske Immunobiology for deres nyttige indsigt under udviklingen af denne protokol og projekt. Dette arbejde blev støttet i en del af midlerne fra den Europæiske Union syvende ramme program Marie Curie-aktion (PCIG11-GA-2012-3221170, og Immuno-onkologi LabEx (MAI).

Musen eksperimenter blev udført i overensstemmelse med godkendelsen af protokollen nummer 2012-0024 af Comité d'éthique da expérimentation animale Paris centrum et Sud (den etiske komité for dyreforsøg), i anvendelsen af det europæiske direktiv 2010/63 EU.
1. forberedelse af katetre
<ol><li>Forberede en pediatric intravenøs adgang kanyle for hver gruppe af musene er inficeret. Ved hjælp af indbygget foråret mekanisme, afhænde hver kanylen af dens nål, som anvist af fabrikanten. K...

<ol>
	<li>Hooton, T. M., Stamm, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+and+treatment+of+uncomplicated+urinary+tract+infection.">Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection.</a> Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11 (3), 551-581 (1997).</li><li>Harper, M., Fowlis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+urinary+tract+infections+in+men.">Management of urinary tract infections in men.</a> Trends in Urology, Gynaecology &amp; Sexual Health. 12 (1), 30-35 (2007).</li><li>Foxman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epidemiology+of+urinary+tract+infection.">The epidemiology of urinary tract infection.</a> Nat Rev Urol. 7 (12), 653-660 (2010).</li><li>Lipsky, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urinary+tract+infections+in+men.+Epidemiology,+pathophysiology,+diagnosis,+and+treatment.">Urinary tract infections in men. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.</a> Ann Intern Med. 110 (2), 138-150 (1989).</li><li>Conway, L. J., Carter, E. J., Larson, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+Factors+for+Nosocomial+Bacteremia+Secondary+to+Urinary+Catheter-Associated+Bacteriuria:+A+Systematic+Review.">Risk Factors for Nosocomial Bacteremia Secondary to Urinary Catheter-Associated Bacteriuria: A Systematic Review.</a> Urol Nurs. 35 (4), 191-203 (2015).</li><li>Markle, J. G., Fish, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SeXX+matters+in+immunity.">SeXX matters in immunity.</a> Trends Immunol. 35 (3), 97-104 (2014).</li><li>Yu, C. Y., Whitacre, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex,+MHC+and+complement+C4+in+autoimmune+diseases.">Sex, MHC and complement C4 in autoimmune diseases.</a> Trends Immunol. 25 (12), 694-699 (2004).</li><li>Castelao, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender-+and+smoking-related+bladder+cancer+risk.">Gender- and smoking-related bladder cancer risk.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 93 (7), 538-545 (2001).</li><li>Donsky, H., Coyle, S., Scosyrev, E., Messing, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+differences+in+incidence+and+mortality+of+bladder+and+kidney+cancers:+national+estimates+from+49+countries.">Sex differences in incidence and mortality of bladder and kidney cancers: national estimates from 49 countries.</a> Urol Oncol. 32 (1), 40-e31 (2014).</li><li>Garg, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+Disparities+in+Hematuria+Evaluation+and+Bladder+Cancer+Diagnosis:+A+Population-Based+Analysis.">Gender Disparities in Hematuria Evaluation and Bladder Cancer Diagnosis: A Population-Based Analysis.</a> J Urol. , (2014).</li><li>Dobruch, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+and+Bladder+Cancer:+A+Collaborative+Review+of+Etiology,+Biology,+and+Outcomes.">Gender and Bladder Cancer: A Collaborative Review of Etiology, Biology, and Outcomes.</a> Eur Urol. , (2015).</li><li>Hsu, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decreased+tumorigenesis+and+mortality+from+bladder+cancer+in+mice+lacking+urothelial+androgen+receptor.">Decreased tumorigenesis and mortality from bladder cancer in mice lacking urothelial androgen receptor.</a> Am J Pathol. 182 (5), 1811-1820 (2013).</li><li>El Behi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+essential+role+for+decorin+in+bladder+cancer+invasiveness.">An essential role for decorin in bladder cancer invasiveness.</a> EMBO Mol Med. 5 (12), 1835-1851 (2013).</li><li>Foxman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+urinary+tract+infections:+incidence,+morbidity,+and+economic+costs.">Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs.</a> Am J Med. 113, 05S-13S (2002).</li><li>Ingersoll, M. A., Kline, K. A., Nielsen, H. V., Hultgren, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G-CSF+induction+early+in+uropathogenic+Escherichia+coli+infection+of+the+urinary+tract+modulates+host+immunity.">G-CSF induction early in uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract modulates host immunity.</a> Cell Microbiol. 10 (12), 2568-2578 (2008).</li><li>Mora-Bau, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+Subvert+Adaptive+Immunity+to+Urinary+Tract+Infection.">Macrophages Subvert Adaptive Immunity to Urinary Tract Infection.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11 (7), e1005044 (2015).</li><li>Oliveira, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technical+Report:+Technique+of+Bladder+Catheterization+in+Female+Mice+and+Rats+for+Intravesical+Instillation+in+Models+of+Bladder+Cancer.">Technical Report: Technique of Bladder Catheterization in Female Mice and Rats for Intravesical Instillation in Models of Bladder Cancer.</a> (Conference Title)39th Scand-LAS and ICLAS Joint Meeting. 36, 5-9 (2009).</li><li>Seager, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravesical+delivery+of+rapamycin+suppresses+tumorigenesis+in+a+mouse+model+of+progressive+bladder+cancer.">Intravesical delivery of rapamycin suppresses tumorigenesis in a mouse model of progressive bladder cancer.</a> Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2 (12), 1008-1014 (2009).</li><li>Hagberg, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ascending,+unobstructed+urinary+tract+infection+in+mice+caused+by+pyelonephritogenic+Escherichia+coli+of+human+origin).">Ascending, unobstructed urinary tract infection in mice caused by pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli of human origin).</a> Infect Immun. 40 (1), 273-283 (1983).</li><li>Olson, P. D., Hruska, K. A., Hunstad, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Androgens+Enhance+Male+Urinary+Tract+Infection+Severity+in+a+New+Model.">Androgens Enhance Male Urinary Tract Infection Severity in a New Model.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. , (2015).</li><li>Knipper, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-4+Receptor+alpha+Signaling+in+Myeloid+Cells+Controls+Collagen+Fibril+Assembly+in+Skin+Repair.">Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Signaling in Myeloid Cells Controls Collagen Fibril Assembly in Skin Repair.</a> Immunity. 43 (4), 803-816 (2015).</li><li>Hung, C. S., Dodson, K. W., Hultgren, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+murine+model+of+urinary+tract+infection.">A murine model of urinary tract infection.</a> Nat Protoc. 4 (8), 1230-1243 (2009).</li><li>Wright, K. J., Seed, P. C., Hultgren, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+intracellular+bacterial+communities+of+uropathogenic+Escherichia+coli+depends+on+type+1+pili.">Development of intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli depends on type 1 pili.</a> Cell Microbiol. 9 (9), 2230-2241 (2007).</li></ol>

Transuretral instillation af mandlige mus tilbyder mange nye forskningsmuligheder i sex indflydelse på blæren mucosal disease, men også præsenterer flere udfordringer. Fremmest en begrænsning er, at instillation i første omgang kan vise sig for at være teknisk vanskeligt, hvilket resulterer i overdreven betændelse under kateter indsættelse. Forbedring af teknik kan opnås ved instillation af døde mus med en farvet løsning, såsom Evans blå farvestof. For at bekræfte at instillation er vellykket, blærer skal...

Urinvejsinfektioner (ICU) er en af de mest almindelige infektioner i udviklede lande1. Smittespredningen er ens mellem hunner og hanner blandt nyfødte og for ældre2. Præmenopausale voksne kvinder, men har en stærkt øget forekomst af Samfundserhvervede UTI i forhold til mænd2,3. I betragtning af at denne sygdom påvirker primært kvinder, har grundforskning og klinisk forskning overvejende fokuseret på UTI i hunner. Urinvejsinfektion hos mænd er imidlertid en betydelig og forsømt sundhedspleje udfordring4. Faktisk, fordi UTI i mænd er forbundet med højere sygelighed, disse infektioner rutinemæssigt er defineret som kompliceret4,5.
Som vores forståelse af den centrale rolle, køn bias i fysiologi og patologi udvikler sig, er nye metoder forpligtet til at udforske denne tidligere forsømt aspekt af sygdommen. Sex forskelle spiller en væsentlig rolle i immunitet og infektion; Hunnerne har højere forekomst af autoimmune sygdom, mens mænd er mere modtagelige for visse infektioner, såsom tuberkulose, malaria og HIV6,7. Blærekræft, en anden urologiske patologi, er betydeligt hyppigere hos mænd end hos kvinder, og flere undersøgelser har vist en rolle for androgener i udviklingen af malignitet8,9,10,11 ,12. Navnlig, dog er undersøgelsen af intravesikal behandlingsformer for kræft i urinblæren udføres udelukkende i hundyr, på grund af manglende evne til at gentagne gange catheterize mandlige mus13.
Studiet af UTI patogenesen er stærkt afhængig af gnavere modeller af infektion (fx, mus og rotter). Murine modeller af UTI kan ansætte uropathogens oprindeligt isoleret fra infektioner hos mennesker, som uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Staphylococcuseller Proteus14. Typisk, bakterier føres ind i blæren via kateterisation af urinrøret. Efter infektion, blærer og nyrer kan fjernes for at vurdere specifikke parametre for infektion, såsom bakteriel kolonisering, vævsskader eller vært immunrespons15,16. Universelt, dog der kun hundyr bruges for UTI forskning. Faktisk, mange undersøgelser har bemærket, at på grund af anatomiske årsager, kateterisation af mandlige mus ikke er mulige13,17,18,19. For nylig, en kirurgisk tilgang til mandlige instillation er blevet beskrevet, i som maven er åbnet, blæren er eksternt fordrevne ved at anvende blide tryk åbningen i maven, og bakterier er sprøjtet ind i blæren20. Denne tilgang gør det muligt for mandlige infektion, på bekostning af kirurgisk indgreb. Således omfatter en større advarsel af denne tilgang betændelse, indflydelse på resultatet af infektion såsom potentiale til at fremkalde en anti-inflammatorisk sårheling svar til indsnit21. Som vores interesser omfatter forståelse køn bias som reaktion på sygdom, udviklet vi en metode til bakteriel intravesikal instillation i mandlige mus der mere svarer den veletablerede ikke-kirurgiske transuretral tilgang anvendes i kvindelige gnavere22 .
Vores model bygger på en etableret metode og giver mulighed for at direkte sammenligne vært immunrespons til UTI i kvindelig og mandlig dyr. Denne metode vil tillade dissektion af kønsrelaterede forskelle i infektion og potentielt tilbyde molekylære og cellulære spor til de markante forskelle i modtagelighed og reaktion på infektion mellem kønnene. Denne model har desuden værdi ud over UTI undersøgelser, giver mulighed for oprettelse af modeller til at undersøge andre blære-associerede sygdomme, såsom kræft i urinblæren, prostatitis, under - eller slut - aktiv blære syndrom og interstitiel cystitis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="808">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:283px;">BD Insyte Autoguard Shielded IV Catheters 24G, 0.7 mm external diameter, 14 mM long</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">381811 or 381411*</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">* catalog number is country-dependent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">inoculating loop</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">731171</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">LB Miller broth</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">244620</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">LB Miller agar</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">244520</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Cuvettes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Bio-rad</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">223-9955</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">syringes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">B Braun</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">9166017V</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Thumb (Adson) forceps</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">11006-12</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">5 mL tubes, polypropylene</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">352063</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Tissue Ruptor disposable probes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">990890</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">15 mL flip cap tubes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">362694</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">DNAse</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">18047019</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">Liberase TM</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">5401119001</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">should be aliquotted and stored at -20 &#176;C to avoid repeated freeze-thaw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">100 &#181;M MACS SmartStrainers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">130-098-463</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">compatible with 15 mL tubes, preferred</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">100 &#181;m cell strainers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">352360</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">compatible with 50 mL tubes, if MACS Smart Strainers are not available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">96 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">353077</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Fc block</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">553142</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">anti-CD16/CD32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">anti-mouse CD45 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">561487</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">many different fluorescent conjugation options are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">5 mL tubes polystyrene with filter cap</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">352235</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">insulin syringe</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BS05M2913</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">hand held homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">9001272</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">TissueRuptor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">flow cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Fortessa SORP&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Flow cytometry software</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Diva</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

urinary tract infection in a small animal model: transurethral catheterization of male and female mice

Urinvejsinfektioner (UTI) er meget almindelige på verdensplan, at pådrage sig betydelig sygelighed og sundhedsvæsenet udgifter. Lille dyremodeller, som præcist afspejler sygdom etablering og progression, tillade dissektion af vært-patogen interaktioner og generation af immunitet over for infektion. I mus, intravesikal instillation af uropathogenic E. coli, det agens i mere end 85% af Fællesskabets erhvervede UTI, indeholder mange af stadier af infektion observeret i mennesker. Indtil for nylig, dog, kunne UTI kun være modelleret i hundyr. Denne begrænsning har hindret studiet af sex-relaterede forskelle i UTI, samt andre blære sygdomme, såsom kræft. Her, beskriver vi en metode til at indgyde mandlige mus, der giver mulighed for direkte sammenligning mellem kvindelige og mandlige dyr og giver en detaljeret protokol for at vurdere blæren væv ved flowcytometri som et middel til bedre at forstå vært svar til infektion. Sammen, vil disse tilgange støtte i identifikationen af vært faktorer, der bidrager til sex afvigelser observeret i UTI og andre blære-associerede sygdomme.

I udviklingen af denne protokol alderen kohorter af kvindelige og mandlige C57Bl/6 mus 6 til 8 uger, var indpodet og bakteriel byrde evalueret i blærer på tidspunkter, der spænder fra 1 time til 30 dage. Resultaterne fra disse studier er beskrevet andetsteds (Zychlinsky Scharff et al., ventende). Vi præsenterer her, repræsentative data fra 24 hr infektioner. Navnlig, var bakteriel byrde tilsvarende mellem mandlige og kvindelige mus på 24 timer efter infektionen (fig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice at JoVE.com

Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice

Den etablerede model af transuretral kateterisation af mus giver mulighed for undersøgelse af blæren patologier, herunder urinvejsinfektion, men kan kun udføres i hunner. En ny model for mandlige transuretral instillation, præsenteres her, vil gøre forskning i et område præget af stærk kliniske og epidemiologiske forskelle mellem kønnene.

Urinvejsinfektion i en lille dyremodel: transuretral kateterisation af mandlige og kvindelige mus

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are extremely common worldwide, incurring significant morbidity and healthcare-associated expenses. Small animal models, ...

The overall goal of this experimental approach is to investigate the immune response to urinary tract infection, and to prevent direct comparison between male and female animals. This method can help answer key questions of mucosal immunology related to how males and females respond to urinary tract infection. The main advantage is that infection is established via the natural root.We first had the idea for this method after noting how often it is stated, that the installation of the bladder of the male mice is impossible. Though this method will provide insight into urinary tract infection, it can also be applied to other disease studies, such as bladder cancer. To begin, prepare one pediatric intravenous access canula for each group of mice to be infected.Using the inbuilt spring mechanism, divest each canula of its needle as instructed by the manufacturer. Discard the needles, preserving only the plastic intravenous canula. Sterilize the catheters in a laminar flow hood for one UV cycle of approximately 25 to 30 minutes.After going in overnight culture of uropathogenic e coli, or UPEC, according to the text protocol, spin the bacterial suspension in a table-top microcentrifuge at 17, 000 times g for one minute, and resuspend the resulting bacterial pellet at two times 10 to the eighth CFU per milliliter in PBS. Serially dilute an aliquot of suspension, and plate on LB agar with antibiotics if appropriate, to determine the exact inoculum for each infection. Draw the bacterial inoculum into a one milliliter syringe, and attach the catheter to the end of the syringe.Tap the syringe to remove any air, and depress the plunger to fill the dead air space in the catheter before beginning the instillation. After anesthetizing a female mouse according to an approved protocol, place the animal supine, and apply medium pressure to the lower abdomen to empty the bladder of urine. Full bladders feel like a pea under the skin, between the iliac crests.When the bladder is empty, using the non-dominant hand, place the thumb on the tail and a finger of the same hand on the abdomen of the mouse, and apply gentle pressure in opposing directions to hold the mouse firmly in place. Next, place the tip of the catheter perpendicular to the mouse at the urethral orifice, then, with gentle pressure, slide the catheter into the urethra until the hub meets the urethral orifice, while simultaneously lowering the syringe so that it is parallel to the working surface. Once the catheter is in place, use a finger from the non-dominant hand that's resting on the mouse abdomen to very gently pull the abdominal skin towards the head of the mouse.Note that the urethral orifice will not move. However, if the catheters is in the vagina, the tissue will move up and away from the catheter. With the hub of the catheter against the urethral orifice, slowly dispense 15 microliters of the bacterial inoculum.A slow installation rate minimizes vesicoureteral reflux into the kidney. Slowly remove the catheter to prevent leakage. Then place the animal in its cage in a supine position.To inoculate male mice, place two thumb forceps cranially and caudally to the mouses external genitalia. Retract the prepuce to fully expose the gland's penis. Then, once the penis is externally positioned, release the thumb forceps.Reposition the forceps to stabilize the protruding penis perpendicular to the animal, holding the organ gently but tautly. Then through the small opening in the tip of the urethral meatus, carefully introduce the catheter and gently guide it into the penis using forceps to gently maintain tension. Once the hub of the catheters meets the tip of the penis, very slowly dispense 50 microliters of the inoculum, while maintaining the position of the penis.Note the quality of the instillation according to a predetermined instillation quality score, such as the one shown here. Retract the catheter slowly over five seconds to prevent leakage of the inoculum. Place the mouse in its cage in a supine position.The animal should begin to recover 30 to 45 minutes following administration of the anesthetic. After sacrificing mice according to an approved protocol, use 70%Epinal to moisten the abdomen thoroughly to minimize contamination by the fur. Using scissors, make a two centimeter incision across the lower third of the mouses abdomen, and aseptically remove the bladder and any other desired organs.Transfer the organs into five milliliter polypropylene snap-cap tubes, containing one milliliter of sterile PBS and keep all samples on ice. With a hand-held homogenizer, homogenize the organs until almost no solid tissue remains. Discard any shiny, beige-white fat tissue that does not homogenize well.Then, use Epinal, followed by PBS to wash the homogenizer between each experimental or organ group. After preparing serial dilutions of homogenized organ suspension, plate dilutions on LB agar plates, with antibiotics when appropriate, and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. To carry out flow cytometry on bladder tissue, after isolating the bladder as demonstrated earlier in this video, use scissors to mince the tissue well.Add one minced bladder per tube containing digestion buffer. Then shake the tube to wash the minced tissue in the digestion buffer, and keep it on ice until all the bladders are dissected and minced. Incubate the minced bladders at 37 degrees Celsius, for 60 to 75 minutes with vigorous shaking by hand for five seconds, every 15 minutes.When the tissue has a glassy transparent appearance resembling wet tissue paper, digestion is complete. Inactivate the digestion enzymes by adding two to three milliliters of ice-cold flow cytometry buffer, and gently mix. Then place the tubes on ice.To ensure a single-cell suspension, and to remove any connective tissue, pass the contents of the tube through a 100 micrometer filter placed in a 15 milliliter conical tube. Then, with the end of a syringe plunger, gently press any remaining tissue through the filter. Wash the filter with an additional two milliliters of flow cytometry buffer, and keep the samples on ice.The wash the samples by centrifugation at 200 times g and four degrees Celsius, for seven minutes. Resuspend the pellets in 100 microliters of flow cytometry buffer containing Fc block, diluted to five micrograms per milliliter, and transfer to a 96 Well round bottom plate. After 10 to 15 minutes add 100 microliters of the desired antibody cocktail to each sample.Then incubate the samples on ice protected from light for 30 to 45 minutes. Wash the samples by centrifugation at 200 times g and four degrees Celsius for seven minutes. Finally, resuspend the cell pellets in 200 microliters of flow cytometry buffer, and pass the samples through a 40 micrometers cell strainer on a five milliliter polystyrene tube, just prior to acquisition on a flow cytometer.This figure shows representative data from mice infected for 24 hours. Bacterial burden was equivalent between male and female mice at 24 hours post infection. To determine whether loss of inoculum at the time of infection impacted the establishment of infection each instillation was scored on a scale of one to five, with one being the most optimal.Bacterial colonization was determined 24 hours post infection. No statistically significant differences were found among the CFU's obtained from animals with different instillation scores as assessed by a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, comparing the mean rank of each column with the mean rank of every other column, and correcting for multiple comparisons using a Dunn's test. It can be concluded that suboptimal instillations, resulting in substantial leakage of bacterial inoculum during infection, do not significantly impact bacterial colonization at 24 hours.Importantly, the frequency of suboptimal instillation will decrease with practice. Finally, while the number of CD45 positive immune cells, present in naive animals was not different between female and male mice, there was a statistically-significant increase in infiltration into the bladders of infected female mice. While attempting catheterization, it is important to use slow, gentle movements.With its development, this technique has helped us to explore sex-based differences in immunity in the bladder of male and female animals.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Transurethral Induction of Mouse Urinary Tract Infection

Uropathogenic bacterial strains of interest are grown on agar. Generally, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and other strains can be grown overnight on ...

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Internal and external parasites remain a significant concern in laboratory rodent facilities, and many research facilities harbor some parasitized ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

4D Multimodalitet Imaging af<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em&gt; Infektioner i mus

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

Transurethral Instillation Procedure in Adult Male Mouse

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Isolation of Dendritic Cells from the Human Female Reproductive Tract for Phenotypical and Functional Studies

Isolering af dendritiske celler fra det menneskelige kvindelige forplantningsorganerne for Phenotypical og funktionelle studier

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low ...

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Intrakranielle Subarachnoidal rute for infektion for at undersøge roller af Streptococcus suis biofilm i Meningitis i en musemodel infektion

Streptococcus suis is not only a major bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide but also an emerging zoonotic agent. In humans and pigs, meningitis is a major ...

Isolation of Single Intracellular Bacterial Communities Generated from a Murine Model of Urinary Tract Infection for Downstream Single-cell Analysis

Isolering af enkelt intracellulære bakterielle samfund genereret fra en Murine Model af urinvejsinfektion for Downstream encellede analyse

In this article, we outline a procedure used to isolate individual intracellular bacterial communities from a mouse that has been experimentally infected ...

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

A Non-Coding Small RNA MicC Contributes to Virulence in Outer Membrane Proteins in Salmonella Enteritidis

En ikke-kodende lille RNA-mikrofon bidrager til virulens i ydre membranproteiner i Salmonella enteritidis

A non-coding small RNA (sRNA) is a new factor to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. A kind of sRNA MicC, known in Escherichia ...

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Recurrent Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infection Triggered by Gardnerella vaginalis Bladder Exposure in Mice

Tilbagevendende Escherichia coli urinvejsinfektion udløst af Gardnerella vaginalis Blæreeksponering hos mus

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are common and costly. Previous articles describing models of ...

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury

Visualisering lungcellulære tilpasninger under kombineret ozon og LPS induceret Murine akut lungeskade

Lungs are continually faced with direct and indirect insults in the form of sterile (particles or reactive toxins) and infectious (bacterial, viral or ...