Name: procedure for adaptive laboratory evolution of microorganisms using a chemostat
Uploaded: 2016-09-20T08:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat at JoVE.com

This study was financially supported by the Korean Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center program 2012M3A6A8054887). P. Kim was supported by a fellowship from the Catholic University of Korea (2015).

1.機器の準備<ol><li>入口ポートと出口ポートを含むケモスタットジャー（150〜250 ml）または三角フラスコ（250ml）に取得します。シリコンチューブ10〜100ミリリットル/ hrの流量を可能にするとポートを接続します。任意に、エアベント、吹出口、および温度制御された水の入口および出口ポートを使用します。 </li><li>攪拌および温度制御を提供するケモスタットジャーに適した装置を?...

<ol>
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微生物は、それらの急速な成長率と遺伝的多様性のほとんどすべての環境に適応することが可能です。適応研究室の進化は、与えられた条件の下で有益な自然突然変異を保有する生物個体を選択する方法を提供している、設計条件の下で進化した微生物を可能にします。 ケモスタット法は、以下の理由により転送技術より人工的に駆動される進化を達成するために、よ?...

微生物が生存し、多様な環境に適応することができます。重度のストレスの下では、適応はランダムなゲノム変異とそれに続く正の選択1-3により有益な表現型の買収を経て発生する可能性があります。したがって、微生物細胞は、「適応進化」と呼ばれる最適な成長のために代謝または調節ネットワークを変更することにより、適合させることができます。このようなスーパーバグや堅牢な微生物株の発生の発生などの最近の重要な微生物の傾向は、非常に密接にストレスの多い条件下での適応進化に関連しています。定義された実験室条件の下で、我々は分子進化のメカニズムを研究、さらには様々なアプリケーションのための微生物の進化の方向を制御することができます。多細胞生物とは異なり、単細胞生物は、次のような理由から、適応実験室進化（ALE）に適しています：彼らは多くの人口を維持するため、すぐに再生成し、それはホーンを作成し、維持するのは簡単ですogeneous環境。 DNA配列決定技術と高スループット技術の最近の進歩と組み合わせることで、ALEは、全身規制の変更につながるゲノム変化を直接観察することができます。変異動態​​と人口の多様性も観測可能です。遺伝子工学戦略はALE株4,5の分析から決定することができます。 ケモスタット培養は定常状態の細胞を取得し、発酵工程6の生産性を増加させるために使用される方法です。新鮮な培地を加​​え、培養液は、工程（後者は、媒体とバイオマスを含む）中に回収されます。長期ケモスタット培養は、しかし、文化の定常状態の生産性を変化させ、培養物（ 図1a）の間に自然突然変異と選択の蓄積をもたらします。様々な選択圧（ストレス）下で、突然変異の蓄積が促進されます。長期的にストレスの緩やかな増加<html>ケモスタットは、コロニーの固体培地からの転送と、液体媒体からシリアル転送（繰り返しなど 、温度、pH、浸透圧、栄養飢餓、酸化、有毒な最終製品として、与えられたストレス因子に対して機能変異の連続選択を提供しますバッチ培養）は、研究者が進化した微生物（ 図1Bおよび1C）を取得することを可能にします。ケモスタット培養は、複雑な方法が必要ですが、多様性のプール（複製と集団サイズの数）は、コロニー転送とシリアル転送技術によって得られるものよりも高くなっています。個々の細胞への安定的なストレス暴露とケモスタット培養物（定常状態）の間、細胞状態の変化を減少させたバッチ培養ベースの技術と比較して、ALEの他の利点です。高コハク酸条件にさらされた大腸菌のストレス誘発ALEは、この記事で紹介されています。 ジル/ ftp_upload / 54446 / 54446fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; 図1：適応実験室進化の方法 （A）ケモスタット;。 （B）シリアル転送。 （C）コロニー転送。トップ数字はALEのための方法の概念を示し、下部の図は、ALEの間に成長した細胞の数を示している。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54446/54446fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Mini-chemostat fermentor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Biotron Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">manufactured by special order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">silicon tubing</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Masterflex L/S 13</td>
			<td>tubing size can be varied depending on the dilution rate and the size of fermentor jar.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">reservoir jar</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bellco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Media storage bottle&#160;</td>
			<td>20 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>reagent grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">glucose</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G5767</td>
			<td>ACS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NH4Cl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9434</td>
			<td>for molecular biology, suitable for cell culture, &#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">746398</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Na2HPO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">4272</td>
			<td>98.5-101%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">KH2PO4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">795488</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">230391</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">793639</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;96%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">thiamine&#183;HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T4625</td>
			<td>reagent grade, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Na2&#183;succinate&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2378</td>
			<td>ReagentPlus, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

procedure for adaptive laboratory evolution of microorganisms using a chemostat

Natural evolution involves genetic diversity such as environmental change and a selection between small populations. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) refers to the experimental situation in which evolution is observed using living organisms under controlled conditions and stressors; organisms are thereby artificially forced to make evolutionary changes. Microorganisms are subject to a variety of stressors in the environment and are capable of regulating certain stress-inducible proteins to increase their chances of survival. Naturally occurring spontaneous mutations bring about changes in a microorganism's genome that affect its chances of survival. Long-term exposure to chemostat culture provokes an accumulation of spontaneous mutations and renders the most adaptable strain dominant. Compared to the colony transfer and serial transfer methods, chemostat culture entails the highest number of cell divisions and, therefore, the highest number of diverse populations. Although chemostat culture for ALE requires more complicated culture devices, it is less labor intensive once the operation begins. Comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses of the adapted strain provide evolutionary clues as to how the stressors contribute to mutations that overcome the stress. The goal of the current paper is to bring about accelerated evolution of microorganisms under controlled laboratory conditions.

高コハク酸のストレス適応のため、野生型E.大腸菌 W3110株は、D = 0.1時間-1 270日間（ 図2）でケモスタットで培養しました。 <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54446/54446fig2.jpg" /> 図2：Eの高コハク酸ストレス適応ケモスタット培養を使用して大腸菌 W3110。細い矢印は、ストレッサーの濃度が増加し?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat at JoVE.com

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

ここでは、ケモスタット培養を使用した条件下での微生物の適応実験室進化を取得するためのプロトコルを提示します。また、進化した株のゲノム解析について説明します。

ケモスタットを用いた微生物の適応研究所進化のための手順

Natural evolution involves genetic diversity such as environmental change and a selection between small populations. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to enable a microorganism to evolve in laboratory conditions. This method can help answer key questions in the microbiology field, such as adrenal function relationships, stress responses, metabolic engineering, and of course, evolution. The main advantage of this technique is continuous selection of the most suaded descendant under specific laboratory conditions.Begin this procedure with the preparation of equipment, as well as initial medium, stress medium and high stress medium, as described in the text protocol. Inoculate a single colony or wild type E.coli in a 15-milliliter test tube containing four milliliters of initial medium. Incubate the test tube in a shaking incubator for 12 hours at 37 degrees celsius and 220 rpm.Incubate the chemostat jar providing for aeration and agitation at 37 degrees celsius for six hours. Following the incubation, aseptically connect the end of the silicon tubing from the pumps to the chemostat jar. Aseptically transfer one milliliter of pre-culture to the chemostat jar.Start the outlet pump and collect the culture in the exponential phase. Check the optical density at 600 nanometers of the culture from the outlet tubing. Then, start the inlet pump.Check the optical density of the culture at 600 nanometers from the outlet tubing every 24 hours. After operating the chemostat for 96 hours, which is a 9.6 full turnover, exchange the reservoir to the lowest concentration of high stress medium. When you exchange the reservoir to a higher stress medium, the cells may be shocked.If the cell density is too low, stop feeding the higher stress medium for some time to restore the cell density. If the optical density is lower than 0.2, stop the feeding inlet pump for six hours. Restart the inlet pump and check that the optical density is over 0.2.Gradually increase the concentration of the stressor by incrementally changing to a reservoir containing a higher stressor concentration. Take samples of the adapted culture whenever it reaches a stressor adaptation milestone and store for further genomic analysis. For sample storage, mix the 0.5 milliliter culture sample with 0.5 milliliters of a sterilized 80%glycerol solution and store it at 80 degrees celsius.Prepare 1.6%ager plate medium containing the same stressor at the same concentration as in the medium. Plate 0.1 milliliters of the outlet culture from the chemostat and incubate at 37 degrees celsius for 16 hours. Following incubation, pick single colonies from the plate using a sterile toothpick and inoculate them in 15 milliliter test tubes containing the same stressor and at the same medium concentration as in the chemostat.Incubate for six hours. Transfer one milliliter of the culture broth into a 250 milliliter erlenmeyer flask containing 50 milliliters of medium. Harvest 0.5 milliliters of the culture broth every hour and measure the optical density at 600 nanometers.Compare the growth rate of the adapted strain to that of the wild type strain given the stressor. The wild type E.coli strain was evolved in a high succinate stressed condition for 270 days, which corresponds to nearly 930 generations. Whenever higher succinate stress was added, the biomass concentration was immediately lowered and then restored.Shown here is a schematic diagram of the chemostat with a mutant that is tolerant against the high succinate stress. Most wild type cells are washed out under the stress conditions and the mutant grows more. Eventually, the population of the mutant descendant is increased.The second and third mutations are continuously selected for and eventually dominate the chemostat. This figure shows that the adapted strain grew without delay under high succinate stressed conditions, while the wild type strain did not. A similar strategy can be applied to adaptive laboratory evolution using a chemostat with a variation of stressors.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to acquire and evolve the microorganism under a specified condition. Once mastered, this technique can be done in a couple of month. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember not to wash out chemostat cells by adding too much stress at once and remember to check the optical density every day.Following this procedure are the methods like a genome analysis and transcriptome analysis can be performed in order to answer additional questions like what mutation contributes to the stress tolerant evolution?

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We describe a low cost, configurable morbidostat for characterizing the evolutionary pathway of antibiotic resistance. The morbidostat is a bacterial ...

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