Name: procedure for adaptive laboratory evolution of microorganisms using a chemostat
Uploaded: 2016-09-20T08:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat at JoVE.com

This study was financially supported by the Korean Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center program 2012M3A6A8054887). P. Kim was supported by a fellowship from the Catholic University of Korea (2015).

1. Preparação Equipamento <ol><li> Obter um frasco quimiostato (150-250 ml) ou num balão de Erlenmeyer (250 ml) contendo uma abertura de entrada e uma porta de saída. Ligue as portas com tubo de silicone que permite taxas de fluxo de 10-100 ml / hr. Opcionalmente, usar um respiradouro de ar, uma porta de saída de ar, e portas de entrada e saída de água de temperatura controlada. </li><li> Obter um dispositivo adequado para o frasco quimiostato que fornece para agitação e controlo da temperatura (ou usa...

<ol>
	<li>Rando, O. J., Verstrepen, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timescales+of+genetic+and+epigenetic+inheritance.">Timescales of genetic and epigenetic inheritance.</a> Cell. 128, 655-668 (2007).</li><li>Kim, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+differential+adaptation+to+anaerobic+stress+via+genomic+mutations+by+Escherichia+coli+strains+K-12+and+B+lacking+alcohol+dehydrogenase.">Short-term differential adaptation to anaerobic stress via genomic mutations by Escherichia coli strains K-12 and B lacking alcohol dehydrogenase.</a> Front Microbiol. 5, 476 (2014).</li><li>Mendizabal, I., Keller, T. E., Zeng, J., Yi, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetics+and+evolution.">Epigenetics and evolution.</a> Integr Comp Biol. 54, 31-42 (2014).</li><li>Lee, J. Y., Seo, J., Kim, E. S., Lee, H. S., Kim, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+evolution+of+Corynebacterium+glutamicum+resistant+to+oxidative+stress+and+its+global+gene+expression+profiling.">Adaptive evolution of Corynebacterium glutamicum resistant to oxidative stress and its global gene expression profiling.</a> Biotechnol Lett. 35, 709-717 (2013).</li><li>Lee, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+oxidative+stress-tolerant+Corynebacterium+glutamicum.">Artificial oxidative stress-tolerant Corynebacterium glutamicum.</a> AMB Express. 4, 15 (2014).</li><li>Narang, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+steady+states+of+microbial+growth+on+mixtures+of+substitutable+substrates+in+a+chemostat.">The steady states of microbial growth on mixtures of substitutable substrates in a chemostat.</a> J Theor Biol. 190, 241-261 (1998).</li><li>Kwon, Y. D., Kim, S., Lee, S. Y., Kim, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+continuous+adaptation+of+Escherichia+coli+to+high+succinate+stress+and+transcriptome+analysis+of+the+tolerant+strain.">Long-term continuous adaptation of Escherichia coli to high succinate stress and transcriptome analysis of the tolerant strain.</a> J Biosci Bioeng. 111, 26-30 (2011).</li><li>Barrick, J. E., Lenski, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+dynamics+during+experimental+evolution.">Genome dynamics during experimental evolution.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 14, 827-839 (2013).</li><li>Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sequence+Alignment/Map+format+and+SAMtools.">The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools.</a> Bioinformatics. 25, 2078-2079 (2009).</li><li>McKenna, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Genome+Analysis+Toolkit:+a+MapReduce+framework+for+analyzing+next-generation+DNA+sequencing+data.">The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data.</a> Genome Res. 20, 1297-1303 (2010).</li><li>Deatherage, D. E., Barrick, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+mutations+in+laboratory-evolved+microbes+from+next-generation+sequencing+data+using+breseq.">Identification of mutations in laboratory-evolved microbes from next-generation sequencing data using breseq.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1151, 165-188 (2014).</li></ol>

Os microrganismos são capazes de se adaptar a quase todos os ambientes, devido à sua rápida taxa de crescimento e diversidade genética. evolução laboratório adaptável permite microorganismos a evoluir em condições destinadas, que fornece uma maneira de selecionar organismos individuais que abrigam mutações espontâneas que são benéficos nas condições dadas. A técnica quimiostato é mais robusto para a realização evolução de forma artificial do que as técnicas de transfe...

Os microrganismos podem sobreviver e se adaptar a diversos ambientes. Sob forte estresse, a adaptação pode ocorrer por meio de aquisição de fenótipos benéficos por mutações genómicas aleatórias e posterior selecção positiva 1-3. Portanto, as células microbianas podem se adaptar mudando metabólica ou redes de regulação para o crescimento ideal, que é chamado de &quot;evolução adaptativa&quot;. tendências microbianas importantes recentes, como surtos de superbactérias e a ocorrência de cepas microbianas robustos, estão intimamente relacionadas com adaptativa evolução sob condições estressantes. Em condições de laboratório definidos, somos capazes de estudar os mecanismos de evolução molecular e até mesmo controlar a direção da evolução microbiana para várias aplicações. Ao contrário de organismos multicelulares, organismos unicelulares estão bem adaptados à evolução laboratório adaptativo (ALE), pelas seguintes razões: eles regeneram rapidamente, eles manter grandes populações, e é fácil de criar e manter homambientes ogeneous. Combinado com os recentes avanços em técnicas de sequenciação de ADN e tecnologias de alto rendimento, ALE permite a observação direta de alterações genômicas que levam a mudanças regulatórias sistémicos. dinâmica de mutação e uma diversidade da população também são observáveis. Estratégias de engenharia genética pode ser determinado a partir da análise de estirpes de AEA 4,5. Cultura em quimiostato é um método usado para obter as células em estado estacionário e aumentar a produtividade em processos de fermentação 6. Adiciona- se meio fresco e caldo de cultura é colhida durante o processo (este último inclui médio e de biomassa). Quimiostato cultura de longo prazo, no entanto, muda a produtividade de estado estacionário da cultura e provoca a acumulação de mutações espontâneas e selecção durante a cultura (Figura 1a). Sob várias pressões de seleção (estressores), o acúmulo de mutações é reforçada. Um aumento gradual de estresse em um longo prazo<html> quimiostato prevê uma selecção contínua de mutações que trabalham contra os factores de stress dadas, tais como temperatura, pH, pressão osmótica, inanição nutriente, oxidação, produtos finais tóxicos, etc. Colony transferência a partir de um meio sólido e de transferência em série de um meio líquido (repetido cultura lote) também permitirá aos investigadores obter microorganismos evoluídos (Figura 1B e 1C). Embora a cultura em quimiostato requer métodos complicados, a piscina de diversidade (número de repetições, e o tamanho da população) é maior do que a obtida por técnicas de transferência em série de transferência de colónia e. A exposição ao estresse estável para células individuais e diminuição da variação no estado celular durante a cultura em quimiostato (estado estacionário) são outros benefícios do ALE em comparação com técnicas baseadas em culturas de diluição. ALE induzida pelo estresse de Escherichia coli submetida a altas condições succinato é introduzido neste artigo. iles / ftp_upload / 54446 / 54446fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figura 1: Métodos de laboratório evolução adaptativa (A) quimiostato;. (B) a transferência de série; (C) a transferência de colónia. As figuras de topo ilustrar o conceito dos métodos para ALE, e as figuras de fundo ilustrar o número de células que cresceram durante a ALE. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54446/54446fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Mini-chemostat fermentor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Biotron Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">manufactured by special order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">silicon tubing</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Masterflex L/S 13</td>
			<td>tubing size can be varied depending on the dilution rate and the size of fermentor jar.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">reservoir jar</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bellco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Media storage bottle&#160;</td>
			<td>20 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>reagent grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">glucose</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G5767</td>
			<td>ACS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NH4Cl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9434</td>
			<td>for molecular biology, suitable for cell culture, &#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">746398</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Na2HPO4&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">4272</td>
			<td>98.5-101%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">KH2PO4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">795488</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">230391</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">793639</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;96%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">thiamine&#183;HCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T4625</td>
			<td>reagent grade, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Na2&#183;succinate&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2378</td>
			<td>ReagentPlus, &#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

procedure for adaptive laboratory evolution of microorganisms using a chemostat

Natural evolution involves genetic diversity such as environmental change and a selection between small populations. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) refers to the experimental situation in which evolution is observed using living organisms under controlled conditions and stressors; organisms are thereby artificially forced to make evolutionary changes. Microorganisms are subject to a variety of stressors in the environment and are capable of regulating certain stress-inducible proteins to increase their chances of survival. Naturally occurring spontaneous mutations bring about changes in a microorganism's genome that affect its chances of survival. Long-term exposure to chemostat culture provokes an accumulation of spontaneous mutations and renders the most adaptable strain dominant. Compared to the colony transfer and serial transfer methods, chemostat culture entails the highest number of cell divisions and, therefore, the highest number of diverse populations. Although chemostat culture for ALE requires more complicated culture devices, it is less labor intensive once the operation begins. Comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses of the adapted strain provide evolutionary clues as to how the stressors contribute to mutations that overcome the stress. The goal of the current paper is to bring about accelerated evolution of microorganisms under controlled laboratory conditions.

Para adaptação ao estresse de alta succinato, o tipo selvagem E. coli W3110 estirpe foi cultivada num quimiostato em D = 0,1 h -1 durante 270 dias (Figura 2). <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54446/54446fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2: adaptação ao estresse de alta succinato de E. coli W3110 usando cultura quemostato. setas finas indicam os tempos em que a concentração de estressor foi ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat at JoVE.com

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para obter a evolução adaptativa laboratório de microrganismos em condições usando cultura quemostato. Além disso, é discutida análise genômica da estirpe evoluiu.

Processo para o Adaptive Laboratório Evolução de microrganismos utilizando um quimiostato

Natural evolution involves genetic diversity such as environmental change and a selection between small populations. Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to enable a microorganism to evolve in laboratory conditions. This method can help answer key questions in the microbiology field, such as adrenal function relationships, stress responses, metabolic engineering, and of course, evolution. The main advantage of this technique is continuous selection of the most suaded descendant under specific laboratory conditions.Begin this procedure with the preparation of equipment, as well as initial medium, stress medium and high stress medium, as described in the text protocol. Inoculate a single colony or wild type E.coli in a 15-milliliter test tube containing four milliliters of initial medium. Incubate the test tube in a shaking incubator for 12 hours at 37 degrees celsius and 220 rpm.Incubate the chemostat jar providing for aeration and agitation at 37 degrees celsius for six hours. Following the incubation, aseptically connect the end of the silicon tubing from the pumps to the chemostat jar. Aseptically transfer one milliliter of pre-culture to the chemostat jar.Start the outlet pump and collect the culture in the exponential phase. Check the optical density at 600 nanometers of the culture from the outlet tubing. Then, start the inlet pump.Check the optical density of the culture at 600 nanometers from the outlet tubing every 24 hours. After operating the chemostat for 96 hours, which is a 9.6 full turnover, exchange the reservoir to the lowest concentration of high stress medium. When you exchange the reservoir to a higher stress medium, the cells may be shocked.If the cell density is too low, stop feeding the higher stress medium for some time to restore the cell density. If the optical density is lower than 0.2, stop the feeding inlet pump for six hours. Restart the inlet pump and check that the optical density is over 0.2.Gradually increase the concentration of the stressor by incrementally changing to a reservoir containing a higher stressor concentration. Take samples of the adapted culture whenever it reaches a stressor adaptation milestone and store for further genomic analysis. For sample storage, mix the 0.5 milliliter culture sample with 0.5 milliliters of a sterilized 80%glycerol solution and store it at 80 degrees celsius.Prepare 1.6%ager plate medium containing the same stressor at the same concentration as in the medium. Plate 0.1 milliliters of the outlet culture from the chemostat and incubate at 37 degrees celsius for 16 hours. Following incubation, pick single colonies from the plate using a sterile toothpick and inoculate them in 15 milliliter test tubes containing the same stressor and at the same medium concentration as in the chemostat.Incubate for six hours. Transfer one milliliter of the culture broth into a 250 milliliter erlenmeyer flask containing 50 milliliters of medium. Harvest 0.5 milliliters of the culture broth every hour and measure the optical density at 600 nanometers.Compare the growth rate of the adapted strain to that of the wild type strain given the stressor. The wild type E.coli strain was evolved in a high succinate stressed condition for 270 days, which corresponds to nearly 930 generations. Whenever higher succinate stress was added, the biomass concentration was immediately lowered and then restored.Shown here is a schematic diagram of the chemostat with a mutant that is tolerant against the high succinate stress. Most wild type cells are washed out under the stress conditions and the mutant grows more. Eventually, the population of the mutant descendant is increased.The second and third mutations are continuously selected for and eventually dominate the chemostat. This figure shows that the adapted strain grew without delay under high succinate stressed conditions, while the wild type strain did not. A similar strategy can be applied to adaptive laboratory evolution using a chemostat with a variation of stressors.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to acquire and evolve the microorganism under a specified condition. Once mastered, this technique can be done in a couple of month. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember not to wash out chemostat cells by adding too much stress at once and remember to check the optical density every day.Following this procedure are the methods like a genome analysis and transcriptome analysis can be performed in order to answer additional questions like what mutation contributes to the stress tolerant evolution?

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