Name: isolation of high-density lipoproteins for non-coding small rna quantification
Uploaded: 2016-11-28T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of High-density Lipoproteins for Non-coding Small RNA Quantification at JoVE.com

This work was supported by awards from the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute to K.C.V. HL128996, HL113039, and HL116263. This work was also supported by awards from the American Heart Association to K.C.V. CSA2066001, D.L.M POST26630003, and R.M.A. POST25710170.

1. HDL Purification (~ 5.5 days)
<ol>
	<li>Density-Gradient Ultracentrifugation (DGUC, ~ 5 days)
	<ol>
		<li>Add 90 &#956;L&#160;of 100x anti-oxidants to 9 mL&#160;of plasma isolated from fresh venous blood.</li>
		<li>Adjust plasma density with KBr from 1.006 g/mL to 1.025 g/mL by adding 0.251 g KBr to 9 mL of plasma from Step 1.1.1 (0.0278 g/mL KBr plasma). Rock the plasma until all the salt is dissolved at room temperature and transfer to ultracentrifuge tubes and ensure all bubbles rise to the top.</li>
		<li>Bend ...

<ol>
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This protocol is designed to quantify miRNAs and other sRNAs by high-throughput sequencing or real-time PCR on highly pure HDL. As with any approach, special considerations should be given to each step in the process of purifying HDL and RNA and then quantifying sRNAs. This protocol is designed for projects starting with &#8805; 2 mL of plasma. Nevertheless, high quality RNA analyses can successfully be completed with HDL purified from as little as 80 &#181;L of human or mouse plasma using affinity chromatography; howeve...

Extracellular non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) represent a new class of disease biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets and likely facilitate cell-to-cell communication1. The most widely studied type of sRNA are microRNAs (miRNA) which are approximately 22 nts in length and are processed from longer precursor forms and primary transcripts2. miRNAs have been demonstrated to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through suppression of protein translation and induction of mRNA degradation2. Nevertheless, miRNAs are just one of many types of sRNAs; as sRNAs can be cleaved from parent tRNAs (tRNA-derived sRNAs, tDR), small nuclear RNAs (sRNA-derived sRNAs, sndRNA), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA-derived sRNAs, snRNA), ribosomal RNAs (rRNA-derived sRNAs, rDR), Y RNAs (yDR), and other miscellaneous RNAs1. A few examples of these novel sRNAs have been reported to function similar to miRNAs; however, the biological functions of many of these sRNAs remains to be determined, although roles in gene regulation are likely3-6. Most interestingly, miRNAs and other sRNAs are stably present in extracellular fluids, including saliva, plasma, urine, and bile. Extracellular sRNAs are likely protected from RNases through their association with extracellular vesicles (EV), lipoproteins, and/or extracellular ribonucleoprotein complexes.
Previously, we reported that lipoproteins, namely high-density lipoproteins (HDL), transport miRNAs in plasma7. In this study, HDL were isolated using a sequential method of density-gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC), fast-protein liquid chromatography (size-exclusion chromatography gel filtration, FPLC), and affinity chromatography (anti-apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) immunoprecipitation)7. Using both real-time PCR-based low-density arrays and individual miRNA assays, miRNA levels were quantified on HDL isolated from healthy and hypercholesterolemic subjects7. Using this approach, we were able to profile miRNAs and quantify specific miRNAs in highly pure HDL preparations. Since 2011, we have determined that although affinity chromatography enhances HDL purity, antibody saturation greatly limits yield, and can be cost-prohibitive. Currently, our protocol recommends a two-step sequential tandem method of DGUC followed by FPLC, which also produces high quality HDL samples for down-stream RNA isolation and sRNA quantification. Due to recent advances in high-throughput sequencing of sRNAs (sRNAseq), e.g., miRNAs, and the increased awareness of other non-miRNA sRNA classes, sRNAseq is the current state-of-the-art in miRNA and sRNA profiling. As such, our protocol recommends quantifying miRNAs and other sRNAs on HDL samples using sRNAseq. Nonetheless, total RNA isolated from HDL can also be used to quantify individual miRNAs and other sRNAs or validate sRNAseq results using real-time PCR approaches. Here we describe in detail a protocol for the collection, purification, quantification, data analysis, and validation of highly pure HDL-sRNAs.
The overall goal of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility and process of sRNA quantification in highly pure HDL isolated from human plasma.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1033px;" width="1033">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Ultracentrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">A99839</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Optima XPN-80</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Ultracentrifuge Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">331362</td>
			<td>SW-41Ti</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">AKTA Pure FPLC System</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">29018224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">3X FPLC Superdex 200 Increase Columns In-line</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">28990944</td>
			<td>10/300 gl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">SynergyMx</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">BioTek Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">7191000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Tabletop centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">75004525</td>
			<td>Sorvall ST40R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">22629867</td>
			<td>5417R (purchased through USA Scientific)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Microfuge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">2631-0006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">PippenPrep</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Sage Science</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">PIP0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">2100 Bioanalyzer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>G2938B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">High Sensitivity DNA Assay</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>5067-4626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Sequencing Library qPCR Quantification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>SY-930-1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">ProFlex Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">4484073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">QuantStudio 12k Flex</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">4471134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">EpMotion Robot</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">960000111</td>
			<td>5070</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Ultra-clear centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">344059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Potassium Bromide</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">P205-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">339650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Micro-centrifugal filters 0.45&#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">UFC30HV00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Micro-centrifugal filters 0.22&#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">UFC30GV00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">miRNAEasy Total RNA Isolation Kits</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">217004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Total Cholesterol colormetric kit</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Cliniqa (Raichem)</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">R80035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">10,000 m.w. cut-off centrifugation filter</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Amicon</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">UFC801024</td>
			<td>purchased through Millipore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">PCR strip tubes</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">PCR-0208-C</td>
			<td>purchased through Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">microRNA RT kit</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">4366597</td>
			<td>For 1000 reactions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">PCR master mix</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">4440041</td>
			<td>50 mL bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Pierce BCA kit</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Clean and Concentrator Kit</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Zymo</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">D4014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Dialysis tubing</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Spectrum Labs</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">132118</td>
			<td>purchased through Fisher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">bcl2fastq2</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Cutadapt</td>
			<td>https://github.com/marcelm/cutadapt</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Software</td>
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			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">NGSPERL</td>
			<td>github.com/shengqh/ngsperl</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Software</td>
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			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">CQSTools</td>
			<td>github.com/shengqh/CQS.Tools</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Software</td>
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			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">Bowtie 1.1.2&#160;</td>
			<td>http://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Software</td>
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			<td height="21" style="width:315px;height:21px;">GeneSpringGX13.1.1</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Software</td>
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isolation of high-density lipoproteins for non-coding small rna quantification

The diversity of small non-coding RNAs (sRNA) is rapidly expanding and their roles in biological processes, including gene regulation, are emerging. Most interestingly, sRNAs are also found outside of cells and are stably present in all biological fluids. As such, extracellular sRNAs represent a novel class of disease biomarkers and are likely involved in cell signaling and intercellular communication networks. To assess their potential as biomarkers, sRNAs can be quantified in plasma, urine, and other fluids. Nevertheless, to fully understand the impact of extracellular sRNAs as endocrine signals, it is important to determine which carriers are transporting and protecting them in biological fluids (e.g., plasma), which cells and tissues contribute to extracellular sRNA pools, and cells and tissues capable of accepting and utilizing extracellular sRNA. To accomplish these goals, it is critical to isolate highly pure populations of extracellular carriers for sRNA profiling and quantification. We have previously demonstrated that lipoproteins, particularly high-density lipoproteins (HDL), transport functional microRNAs (miRNA) between cells and HDL-miRNAs are significantly altered in disease. Here, we detail a new protocol that utilizes tandem HDL isolation with density-gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC) and fast-protein-liquid chromatography (FPLC) to obtain highly pure HDL for downstream profiling and quantification of all sRNAs, including miRNAs, using both high-throughput sequencing and real-time PCR approaches. This protocol will be a valuable resource for the investigation of sRNAs on HDL.

This protocol is a series of established methods linked together to allow for the quantification of sRNAs on highly pure HDL by high-throughput sequencing or real-time PCR (Figure 1). To demonstrate the feasibility and impact of this protocol, HDL was purified from human plasma by the tandem DGUC and FPLC method. Collected FPLC fractions corresponding to HDL (by cholesterol distribution) were concentrated and total RNA was isolated from 1 mg of HDL (total protein). sRNA l...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of High-density Lipoproteins for Non-coding Small RNA Quantification at JoVE.com

Isolation of High-density Lipoproteins for Non-coding Small RNA Quantification

This protocol describes the isolation and quantification of high-density lipoprotein small RNAs.

The diversity of small non-coding RNAs (sRNA) is rapidly expanding and their roles in biological processes, including gene regulation, are emerging. Most ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to quantify small non-coding RNAs on purified lipoproteins. This protocol can help answer key questions in the lipoprotein field, such as defining lipoprotein small RNA signatures in health and disease, as well as advancing lipoprotein small RNAs as disease biomarkers, or cell to cell messages. The main advantage of this technique is one can analyze highly pure lipoproteins for small RNA changes in disease or experimental conditions.The implications of this technique extends for the therapy of cardiometabolic diseases, because extracellular RNAs are a new class of disease biomarkers and lipoprotein small RNA hold exciting potential as drug targets in future studies. Though this method is designed for HDL small RNAs, it can also be adapted for very low density and low density lipoprotein small RNAs. Generally, individuals new to this method may struggle, because of lack of proper equipment and expertise in preparing samples for density-gradient ultracentrifugation.This protocol is composed of established methods linked together for the quantification of small RNAs on highly pure HDL, using high throughput sequencing, or real time PCR. This video deals with the purification of the HDL. This protocol's gonna be demonstrated by my assistant, Evan Shadari.To begin, add 90 microliters of 100x antioxidants to nine milliliters of plasma. Then, adjust the plasma's density to 1.025 grams per milliliter, by adding 0.251 grams of potassium bromide to every nine milliliters of plasma. Rock the plasma at room temperature, until all the salt has dissolved.Then, transfer the plasma to ultra-centrifuge tubes, and make sure to have a layer of bubbles at the top. There should be no air trapped under the plasma. Next, prepare an 18 gauge needle by adding a 90 degree bend one centimeter from the tip, with the beveled side facing up.Then, using a syringe and the bent needle, carefully place three milliliters of overlay solution number one onto the plasma. Remove the majority of the bubbles on the surface, and leave two to three millimeters between the meniscus and the tube's edge. Then, carefully place the tubes into SW 40 Ti buckets.Weigh each bucket with the caps, and exactly balance the buckets that will occupy opposite positions in the centrifuge. Next, place the rotor into the ultra-centrifuge, and run it at 274, 400 times G for 24 hours at four degrees Celsius, with the break set intermediately at a value of four. The next day, carefully remove the buckets from the rotor, and lift the tubes from the buckets.Then, slowly remove two milliliters from the top layer of the overlay, using a syringe and bent needle. This is the VLDL IDL fraction. Then, collect the remaining seven milliliters of plasma, and transfer it to a 15 milliliter conical tube.Bring the volume of the plasma up to nine milliliters by adding overlay solution number two. Then, adjust the density to 1.080 grams per milliliter by adding 0.746 grams of potassium bromide. Next, gently rock the sample to dissolve the salt, which will take about 20 minutes.Then, transfer the sample to an ultra-centrifuge tube without trapping any air. Ensure that a layer of bubbles is made at the top. Using the bent needle, carefully overlay three milliliters of overlay solution number three.Then, remove the majority of the bubbles and carefully load the tubes into SW 40 Ti bucket. Balance them and spin them, as previously described, for 24 hours. The next day, carefully remove two milliliters from the top layer of the overlay using the bent needle.This is the LDL fraction. Then, transfer the remaining sample to a new 15 milliliter conical tube, and bring the volume up to nine milliliters with solution number four. Now adjust the density to 1.30 grams per milliliter by adding about 3.33 grams of potassium bromide and rocking the sample until the salt dissolves.Then, transfer the sample to an ultra-centrifuge tube and carefully overly three milliliters of solution number five. Now, ultra-centrifuge the sample as before, but for 48 hours. Two days later, collect the top two milliliters of the overlay using a syringe and bent needle.This constitutes the HDL fraction. To remove the high salt solutions, transfer the HDL fraction to a wet dialysis sleeve with a 10, 000 molecular weight cutoff. Then, dialyze it for 24 hours in a liter of one XPBS with gentle stirring at four degrees Celsius.Replace the PBS solution three times over the 24 hour period. Later, determine the protein concentration of the HDL fraction using a BCA method. Extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, have a similar density to small HDL, and thus could be present in the same density fraction as the HDL.Thus, the HDL fraction requires further purification by FPLC. Immediately prior to using the FPLC, run 1.2 milligrams of the DGUC HDL fraction in 500 microliters of solution through a 0.22 micron centrifugal filter. Collect the filtered sample into an FDLC injection syringe, ensuring that no air bubbles get trapped.Next, set the FPLC flow rate to 0.3 milliliters per minute with a pressure limit at 2.6 megapascals. Then, equilibrate the columns with 0.2 column volumes of buffer. Now inject the sample with three milliliters of buffer into the FPLC instrument, and start the run.Collect 1.5 milliliter fractions for a total of 72 fractions. Identify the FPLC fractions corresponding to DGUC HDL by determining total cholesterol levels using a colorimetric kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Expect to find six to seven FPLC fractions containing DGUC HDL.Pool all the HDL containing fractions and concentrate them using a 10 kilodalton cutoff centrifugal filter at 4, 000 times G for an hour at four degrees Celsius, or until HDL concentrate is approximately 100 microliters. Then, collect the HDL concentrate and quantify the protein using the BCA method. Later, use the same amount of HDL total protein to isolate RNA.Human plasma was fractionated by FPLC without the use of density-gradient separation. Six fractions corresponded to HDL and six to very low density lipoprotein. Lipids in black, cholesterol in red, and protein in blue were all measured by colorimetric kits.By comparison, use of density-gradient ultra-centrifugation before FPLC resulted in finding lipid protein and cholesterol almost exclusively in HDL fractions. From HDL taken from four healthy plasma donors, total RNA was isolated and sequenced using a single read 50 base pair protocol. The distribution of normalized reads illustrates and enrichment of small RNAs around 21 and 34 nucleotides.Analysis of the library showed 38 percent of the reads were micro RNAs, and 37 percent were derived from TRNAs. Miscellaneous RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, small RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs were also present. Once mastered, this technique can be performed within ten days, when done properly.While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to validate HDL small RNA changes observed with high throughput sequencing with another method, such as PCR or northern blotting. Following this procedure, other methods, like HDL cholesterol e-flux acceptance capacity and HDL anti-inflammatory SAs, can be performed during the RNA isolation steps and sequencing prep steps to answer additional questions, like determining the correlation between HDL small RNA changes and HDL function. After its development, this technique paved a way for researchers in the fields of lipids and lipoproteins, to study non-cholesterol cargo, particularly nucleic acids and metabolic diseases, for example hypercholesterolemia or diabetes.And don't forget, working with human plasma can be extremely hazardous, and one should have proper training in bloodborne pathogens, and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when performing this technique.

isolation-high-density-lipoproteins-for-non-coding-small-rna

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Isolation of Cognate RNA-protein Complexes from Cells Using Oligonucleotide-directed Elution

Ribonucleoprotein particles direct the biogenesis and post-transcriptional regulation of all mRNAs through distinct combinations of RNA binding proteins. They are composed of position-dependent, cis-acting RNA elements and unique combinations of RNA binding proteins. Defining the composition of a specific RNP is essential to achieving a fundamental understanding of gene regulation. The isolation of a select RNP is akin to finding a needle in a haystack. Here, we demonstrate an approach to isolate RNPs associated at the 5' untranslated region of a select mRNA in asynchronous, transfected cells. This cognate RNP has been demonstrated to be necessary for the translation of select viruses and cellular stress-response genes.
The demonstrated RNA-protein co-precipitation protocol is suitable for the downstream analysis of protein components through proteomic analyses, immunoblots, or suitable biochemical identification assays. This experimental protocol demonstrates that DHX9/RNA helicase A is enriched at the 5' terminus of cognate retroviral RNA and provides preliminary information for the identification of its association with cell stress-associated huR and junD cognate mRNAs.

This manuscript describes an approach to isolate select cognate RNPs formed in eukaryotic cells via a specific oligonucleotide-directed enrichment. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by isolating a cognate RNP bound to the retroviral 5' untranslated region that is composed of DHX9/RNA helicase A.

Ribonucleoprotein particles direct the biogenesis and post-transcriptional regulation of all mRNAs through distinct combinations of RNA binding proteins. ...

An Efficient Method for the Isolation of Highly Purified RNA from Seeds for Use in Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as industrial materials. Gene expression profiles are powerful tools for investigating metabolic regulation in plant cells. Therefore, detailed, accurate gene expression profiles during seed development are required for crop breeding. Acquiring highly purified RNA is essential for producing these profiles. Efficient methods are needed to isolate highly purified RNA from seeds. Here, we describe a method for isolating RNA from seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method enables highly purified RNA to be obtained from seeds without the use of phenol, chloroform, or additional processes for RNA purification. This method is applicable to Arabidopsis, rapeseed, and soybean seeds. Our method will be useful for monitoring the expression patterns of low level transcripts in developing and mature seeds.

We have succeeded in establishing a method for RNA isolation from plant seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method is suitable for monitoring the expression of genes with low level transcripts in seeds.

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as ...

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation of protein synthesis is the key to cellular stress-response, and dysregulation is central to many disease states, such as cancer. For instance, although cellular stress leads to the inhibition of global translation by attenuating cap-dependent initiation, certain stress-response proteins are selectively translated in a cap-independent manner. Discreet RNA regulatory elements, such as cellular internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), allow for the translation of these specific mRNAs. Identification of such mRNAs, and the characterization of their regulatory mechanisms, have been a key area in molecular biology. Toeprinting is a method for the study of RNA structure and function as it pertains to translation initiation. The goal of toeprinting is to assess the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form stable complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions, in order to determine which sequences, structural elements, or accessory factors are involved in ribosome binding&#8212;a pre-cursor for efficient translation initiation. Alongside other techniques, such as western analysis and polysome profiling, toeprinting allows for a robust characterization of mechanisms for the regulation of translation initiation.

Toeprinting aims to measure the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form translation initiation complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions. This protocol describes a method for toeprinting mammalian RNA and can be used to study both cap-dependent and IRES-driven translation.

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

An Oligonucleotide-based Tandem RNA Isolation Procedure to Recover Eukaryotic mRNA-Protein Complexes

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Therefore, biochemical characterization of mRNA-protein complexes is essential to understanding mRNA regulation inferred by interacting proteins or non-coding RNAs. Herein, we describe a tandem RNA isolation procedure (TRIP) that enables the purification of endogenously formed mRNA-protein complexes from cellular extracts. The two-step protocol involves the isolation of polyadenylated mRNAs with antisense oligo(dT) beads and subsequent capture of an mRNA of interest with 3&#39;-biotinylated 2&#39;-O-methylated antisense RNA oligonucleotides, which can then be isolated with streptavidin beads. TRIP was used to recover in vivo crosslinked mRNA-ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes from yeast, nematodes and human cells for further RNA and protein analysis. Thus, TRIP is a versatile approach that can be adapted to all types of polyadenylated RNAs across organisms to study the dynamic re-arrangement of mRNPs imposed by intracellular or environmental cues.

A tandem RNA isolation procedure (TRIP) for recovery of endogenously formed mRNA-protein complexes is described. Specifically, RNA-protein complexes are crosslinked in vivo, polyadenylated RNAs are isolated from extracts with oligo(dT) beads, and particular mRNAs are captured with modified RNA antisense oligonucleotides. Proteins bound to mRNAs are detected by immunoblot analysis.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play key roles in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Therefore, biochemical characterization of mRNA-protein ...

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Protein-protein interactions involving proteins with multiple globular domains present technical challenges for determining how such complexes form and how the domains are oriented/positioned. Here, a protocol with the potential for elucidating which specific domains mediate interactions in multicomponent system through ab initio modeling is described. A method for calculating solution structures of macromolecules and their assemblies is provided that involves integrating data from small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), chromatography, and atomic resolution structures together in a hybrid approach. A specific example is that of the complex of full-length nidogen-1, which assembles extracellular matrix proteins and forms an extended, curved nanostructure. One of its globular domains attaches to laminin &#947;-1, which structures the basement membrane. This provides a basis for determining accurate structures of flexible multidomain protein complexes and is enabled by synchrotron sources coupled with automation robotics and size exclusion chromatography systems. This combination allows rapid analysis in which multiple oligomeric states are separated just prior to SAXS data collection. The analysis yields information on the radius of gyration, particle dimension, molecular shape and interdomain pairing. The protocol for generating 3D models of complexes by fitting high-resolution structures of the component proteins is also given.

Here, we present how Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) can be utilized to obtain information on low-resolution envelopes representing the macromolecular structures. When used in conjunction with high-resolution structural techniques such as X-Ray Crystallography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, SAXS can provide detailed insights into multidomain proteins and macromolecular complexes in-solution.

Protein-protein interactions involving proteins with multiple globular domains present technical challenges for determining how such complexes form and ...

Capture and Identification of RNA-binding Proteins by Using Click Chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome Capture (CARIC) Strategy

A comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is key to understanding the posttranscriptional regulatory network in cells. A widely used strategy for RBP capture exploits the polyadenylation [poly(A)] of target RNAs, which mostly occurs on eukaryotic mature mRNAs, leaving most binding proteins of non-poly(A) RNAs unidentified. Here we describe the detailed procedures of a recently reported method termed click chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome capture (CARIC), which enables the transcriptome-wide capture of both poly(A) and non-poly(A) RBPs by combining the metabolic labeling of RNAs, in vivo UV cross-linking, and bioorthogonal tagging.

Capture and Identification of RNA-binding Proteins by Using Click Chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome Capture CARIC Strategy

A detailed protocol for applying the click chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome capture (CARIC) strategy to identify proteins binding to both coding and noncoding RNAs is presented.

A comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is key to understanding the posttranscriptional regulatory network in cells. A widely used ...

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is a member of the innate immune response proteins and recognizes the double-stranded secondary structure of viral RNAs. When bound to viral double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), PKR undergoes dimerization and subsequent autophosphorylation. Phosphorylated PKR (pPKR) becomes active and induces phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2&#945;) to suppress global translation. Increasing evidence suggests that PKR can be activated under physiological conditions such as during the cell cycle or under various stress conditions without infection. However, our understanding of the RNA activators of PKR is limited due to the lack of a standardized experimental method to capture and analyze PKR-interacting dsRNAs. Here, we present an experimental protocol to specifically enrich and analyze PKR bound RNAs during the cell cycle using HeLa cells. We utilize the efficient crosslinking activity of formaldehyde to fix PKR-RNA complexes and isolate them via immunoprecipitation. PKR co-immunoprecipitated RNAs can then be further processed to generate a high-throughput sequencing library. One major class of PKR-interacting cellular dsRNAs is mitochondrial RNAs (mtRNAs), which can exist as intermolecular dsRNAs through complementary interaction between the heavy-strand and the light-strand RNAs. To study the strandedness of these duplex mtRNAs, we also present a protocol for strand-specific qRT-PCR. Our protocol is optimized for the analysis of PKR-bound RNAs, but it can be easily modified to study cellular dsRNAs or RNA-interactors of other dsRNA binding proteins.

We present experimental approaches for studying RNA-interactors of double-stranded RNA binding protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) during the mammalian cell cycle using HeLa cells. This method utilizes formaldehyde to crosslink RNA-PKR complexes and immunoprecipitation to enrich PKR-bound RNAs. These RNAs can be further analyzed through high-throughput sequencing or qRT-PCR.

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is a member of the innate immune response proteins and recognizes the double-stranded secondary structure of viral ...

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) for RNA Isolation from Endothelial Cells In Vivo

Many studies have been limited to using in vitro cellular assays and whole tissues or isolating of specific cell types from animals for in vitro analysis of transcriptome and gene expression by qPCR and RNA sequencing. Comprehensive transcriptome and gene expression analysis of specific cell types in complex tissues and organs will be critical to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms by which genes are regulated and their association with tissue homeostasis and organ functions. In this article, we demonstrate the methodology for isolation of ribosome-bound RNA directly in vivo in the vascular endothelia of animal lungs as an example. The specific materials and procedures for tissue processing and RNA purification will be described, including the assessment of RNA quality and yield as well as real time qPCR for arteriogenic gene assays. This approach, known as translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technique, can be utilized for characterization of gene expression and transcriptome analysis of certain cell types directly in vivo in any specific type in complex tissues.

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP for RNA Isolation from Endothelial Cells In Vivo

We present an approach to purify ribosome-bound mRNA from vascular endothelial cells (ECs) directly in mouse brain, lung and heart tissues via EC-specific genetic tag of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)in ribosomes in combination with RNA purification.

Many studies have been limited to using in vitro cellular assays and whole tissues or isolating of specific cell types from animals for in vitro analysis ...

RNA Blot Analysis for the Detection and Quantification of Plant MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenously expressed non-coding, ~21 nt small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression in both plants and animals. Most miRNAs act as negative switches of gene expression targeting key genes. In plants, primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) transcripts are generated by RNA polymerase II, and they form varying lengths of stable stem-loop structures called pre-miRNAs. An endonuclease, Dicer-like1, processes the pre-miRNAs into miRNA-miRNA* duplexes. One of the strands from miRNA-miRNA* duplex is selected and loaded onto Argonaute 1 protein or its homologs to mediate the cleavage of target mRNAs. Although miRNAs are key signaling molecules, their detection is often carried out by less than optimal PCR-based methods instead of a sensitive northern blot analysis. We describe a simple, reliable, and extremely sensitive northern method that is ideal for the quantification of miRNA levels with very high sensitivity, literally from any plant tissue. Additionally, this method can be used to confirm the size, stability and the abundance of miRNAs and their precursors.

This method demonstrates use of the northern hybridization technique to detect miRNAs from total RNA extract.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenously expressed non-coding, ~21 nt small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression in both plants and ...

Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation

Analysis of plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins is an essential part for the diagnosis of dyslipidemia and studies of lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Although there are several methods for analyzing plasma lipoproteins, ultracentrifugation is still one of the most popular and reliable methods. Because of its intact separation procedure, the lipoprotein fractions isolated by this method can be used for analysis of lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, proteomes, and functional study of lipoproteins with cultured cells in vitro. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to isolate seven lipoprotein fractions including VLDL (d&#60;1.006 g/mL), IDL (d=1.02 g/mL), LDLs (d=1.04 and 1.06 g/mL), HDLs (d=1.08, 1.10, and 1.21 g/mL) from rabbit plasma using sequential floating ultracentrifugation. In addition, we introduce the readers how to analyze apolipoproteins such as apoA-I, apoB, and apoE by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting and show representative results of lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles using hyperlipidemic rabbit models. This method can become a standard protocol for both clinicians and basic scientists to analyze lipoprotein functions.

Several methods have been used for analyzing plasma lipoproteins; however, ultracentrifugation is still one of the most popular and reliable methods. Here, we describe a method regarding how to isolate lipoproteins from plasma using sequential density ultracentrifugation and how to analyze the apolipoproteins for both diagnostic and research purposes.