Name: soil lysimeter excavation for coupled hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological investigations
Uploaded: 2016-09-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations at JoVE.com

We thank Ty P.A. Ferr&#233;, Till Volkman, Edwin Donker, Mauricio Vera for helping us during the excavation, and Triffon J. Tatarin, Manpreet Sahnan and Edward Hunt for their help in sample analysis. This work was carried out at Biosphere 2, University of Arizona and funded by National Science Foundation grant EAR_1344552 and Honors Research Program of Biosphere 2.

1. Udarbejde en Sampling Matrix at sikre en systematisk og omfattende Sampling of lysometer <ol><li> Opdel lysimeter i voxel af fast længde, bredde og dybde. <ol><li> Brug en euklidisk rum koordinatsystem og dividere den samlede afstand langs hver retning (X, Y og Z) i et passende antal jævnt fordelte intervaller. Overvej kassere jorden nær væggene af lysimeter at undgå grænsebetingelser effekter. BEMÆRK: En buffer på 5 cm langs de fire vægge er vedtaget i dette eksperiment for at undgå grænsebetinge...

<ol>
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Landskab evolution er den kumulative effekt af hydrologiske, geokemiske og biologiske processer 12. Disse processer styrer strømning og transport af vand og elementer, og biogeokemiske reaktioner i udviklende landskaber. Men opfange samspillet kræver, samtidig præcist koordineret eksperimentelt design og prøveudtagning. Derudover studerer begyndende landskab evolution er vanskeligt i naturlige systemer, med begrænsede muligheder for at identificere &quot;time nul&quot; betingelser. Litteratur rapporter e...

Jord og landskab dynamik er formet af det komplekse samspil mellem fysiske, kemiske og biologiske processer 1. Vand flow, geokemiske forvitring, og den biologiske aktivitet forme den overordnede udvikling af landskabet i en stabil økosystem 2,3. Mens overflade ændringer er de mest iøjnefaldende træk ved landskabet 4, forståelse kumulative virkninger af hydrologiske, geokemiske og mikrobiologiske processer i undergrunden regionen er afgørende for at forstå de underliggende kræfter, der former et landskab 2. Fremtidige klima forstyrrelse scenarier yderligere forvirre forudsigeligheden og mønster af landskabet evolution 5. Det bliver således en udfordring at knytte små processer til deres store manifestation på landskabet-skalaen 6. Traditionelle korte run laboratorieforsøg eller eksperimenter i naturlige landskaber med ukendte begyndelsesbetingelser og tid-variabel tvinger kommer til kort at fange the iboende heterogenitet landskab evolution. Også på grund af stærk ulineære kobling, er det vanskeligt at forudsige biogeokemiske ændringer fra hydrologiske modellering i heterogene systemer 7. Her beskriver vi en hidtil ukendt forsøgsmetode at udgrave en fuldt kontrolleret og overvåget jord hillslope med kendte begyndelsesbetingelser. Vores udgravning og prøvetagning procedure har til formål at erobre udvikle heterogenitet af hillslope langs dens længde og dybde, med det mål at levere en omfattende datasæt til at undersøge hydro-bio-geokemiske interaktioner og deres indvirkning på dannelsen jord processer. Hydrologiske systemer findes i naturen, er langt fra at være statisk i tid, med ændringer i hydrologiske respons finder sted over et bredt område af rumlige og tidsmæssige skalaer 3. Den rumlige struktur flow veje langs landskaber bestemmer hastigheden, omfang og fordeling af geokemiske reaktioner og biologisk kolonisering, der drivervejrlig, transport og udfældning af opløste stoffer og sedimenter, og den videre udvikling af jordens struktur. Således inddrage viden fra pedologi, geofysik og økologi i teorier og eksperimentelle designs at vurdere hydrologiske processer og forbedre hydrologiske forudsigelser er blevet foreslået 8,9. Landskab evolution er også påvirket af underjordiske biogeokemiske processer i forbindelse med vand dynamik, elementært migration under udvikling jord, og ved mineralogiske transformationer som følge af reaktion af mineralske overflader med luft, vand og mikroorganismer 10. Derfor er det vigtigt at studere udviklingen af ​​geokemiske hotspots inden en udviklende landskab. Desuden er det vigtigt at forholde geokemiske forvitring mønstre til hydrologiske proces og mikrobiologiske signaturer under begyndende jord dannelse for at forstå dynamikken i komplekse landskab udvikling. De specifikke processer jorddannelsen er reguleretved den kombinerede indflydelse af klima, biologiske input, lettelse og tid på en bestemt grundmateriale. Dette eksperiment er designet til at løse heterogeniteter i forvitring af grundmaterialet styret af hydrologiske og geokemiske variationer forbundet med relief (herunder hældning og dybde) og den tilhørende variation i mikrobiel aktivitet, der er drevet af miljømæssige gradienter (dvs. redox potentielle) under forhold, hvor moderplanten, klima og tid holdes konstant. Med hensyn til mikrobiel aktivitet, mikroorganismer i jorden er kritiske komponenter og har en dybtgående indvirkning på landskabet stabilitet 11. De spiller en afgørende rolle i jordens struktur, biogeokemiske kredsløb af næringsstoffer, og plantevækst. Derfor er det nødvendigt at forstå betydningen af ​​disse organismer som førere af vejrliget, jorddannelsen og dannelse landskab processer, samtidig med at identificere de gensidige virkninger af hydrologiske flow-stier og geokemiske viathering på mikrobielle samfund struktur og diversitet. Dette kan opnås ved at studere rumlig heterogenitet mikrobielle samfund mangfoldighed over en udviklende landskab hvis hydrologiske og geokemiske egenskaber er også ved at blive undersøgt i parallel. Her præsenterer vi en udgravning procedure af en jord lysimeter, operationelt opkaldt miniLEO, designet til at efterligne de store zero-order bassin modeller af Landskab Evolution Observatory (LEO) huse på Biosphere 2 (University of Arizona). Den miniLEO blev udviklet til at identificere små landskab evolution mønstre skyldes kumulative heterogene hydro-bio-geokemiske processer. Det er en lysimeter 2-m længde, 0,5-meter i bredden, og 1-meters højde, og hældning på 10 ° (figur 1). Derudover er væggene i lysimeter isoleret og belagt med ikke-biologisk nedbrydeligt todelt epoxy primer og et aggregat fyldt alifatisk urethan lag for at undgå potentiel forurening eller udvaskningaf metaller fra lysimeter rammen i jorden. Den lysimeter var fyldt med knust basalt rock, der blev udvundet fra et depositum på sen pleistocæn tephra forbundet med Merriam Crater i det nordlige Arizona. Den fyldte basalt materiale var identisk med den, der anvendes i de meget større LEO eksperimenter materiale. Den mineralske sammensætning, partikelstørrelsesfordeling, og hydrauliske egenskaber er beskrevet af Pangle et al. 12. Den bagside nedsivning ansigt var foret med en perforeret plast skærm (diameter porer 0,002-m, 14% porøsitet). Systemet er udstyret med sensorer, såsom vandindhold og temperaturfølere, to typer af vand potentielle sensorer, jord-vand samplere, hydraulisk vægt balance, elektriske ledningsevne prober og tryktransducere at bestemme vand bordhøjde. Den lysimeter blev vandede i 18 måneder forud for udgravningen. Udgravningen var omhyggelige i sin tilgang og var rettet mod at besvare to brede spørgsmål: (1) hvad hydrologiske, geokemiske og mikrobielle underskrifter kan observeres over længden og dybden af ​​skråningen med hensyn til simulerede nedbør betingelser og (2), om relationer og feedbacks mellem hydro-bio-geokemiske processer, der forekommer på hillslope kan udledes af de enkelte signaturer. Sideløbende forsøgsopstillingen og udgravning procedure, præsenterer vi repræsentative data og forslag til, hvordan man anvender lignende udgravning protokoller for forskere interesseret i at studere koblede jord-systemets dynamik og / eller jord udviklingsprocesser.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1632">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Measuring tape</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:1192px;">Preventing cross-contamination of samples&#160; is crucial. Therefore, it is helpful to have multiple putty knives to isolate voxel boundary.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">Brilliant Blue dye</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Waldeck GmBH &#38;Co&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">B0770</td>
			<td>Rulers can be used to draw grids. The sampling strategy can be modified based on individual experiments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Soil Corer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">AMS</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">56975</td>
			<td>Any commercially manufactured Brilliant Blue dye can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">75% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td>A Nikon D90 camera and 50mm lens were used for photography. Any high resolution camera and lens can be used for this purpose.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Spray Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td>Use of dye and color card is subjective to individual experiments and/or research questions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Spatula</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td>Gardening gloves may be used if handling of corer becomes tedious.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td>Ensure microbiology samples are kept in ice during sampling and frozen as soon as possible.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">KimTech Science</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td>Water can be used to wash soil corer, prior to sanitizing with ethanol.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Sterile Sample bags</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Whirl-Pak 4 OZ. 24 OZ</td>
			<td>Keep buckets and dustpans handy to facilitate removal of waste soil.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Color Card</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td>The original design of miniLEO has various sensors embedded in the lysimeter. Such sensors may or may not be necessary based on the scope of individual experimental design.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">X-ray Fluoresce Spectrophotmeter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">XRF, OLYMPUS</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">DS-2000 Delta XRF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Polypropylene cores</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Metal cores&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Caps for polypropylene cores</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Hammer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Plastic putty knives</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Face masks</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

soil lysimeter excavation for coupled hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

Dimensionerne af voxels sikrede samling af prøver til hydrologiske, geokemiske og mikrobiologiske målinger. Proceduren Udgravningen gav 324 kerner til mikrobiologisk analyse, 972 pXRF datapunkter, 324 geokemiske prøveposer, 180 KSAT prøver (128 lodret og 52 vandret), og 311 prøver bulk-tæthed. Præferentiel strømning af Brilliant Blue farvestof blev også observeret til en dybde på 30 cm under overfladen. Et repræsentativt sæt af 81 prøver fra en enkelt vertikal skive af lysim...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations at JoVE.com

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Denne undersøgelse giver en udgravning metode til undersøgelse undergrunden hydrologiske, geokemiske og mikrobiologiske heterogenitet en jord lysometer. Den lysimeter simulerer en kunstig hillslope som oprindeligt var under homogen tilstand og havde været udsat for cirka 5.000 mm vand over otte cykler af kunstvanding i en 18-måneders periode.

Jord lysimeter Udgravning til Koblede Hydrologiske, geokemiske og mikrobiologiske undersøgelser

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

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Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Design og drift af en kontinuerlig<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C og<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N Mærkning Afdeling for Uniform eller differentiale, Metabolisk og Konstruktioner, Plant isotopmærkning

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

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Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

En protokol til Indsamling og Konstruktion Jord Core lysimetre

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

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Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

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Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis

Nanopore DNA-sekventering for Metagenomic jordbundsanalyser

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Måling og kortlægning mønstre af jorderosion og Deposition relateret til jordbunden karbonat koncentrationer Under landbrugsdrift

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Spildevand kunstvanding virkninger på jorden hydrauliske ledningsevne: kombineret felt prøveudtagning og laboratorieundersøgelser bestemmelse af mættede hydrauliske ledningsevne

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

Brug af Principal komponenter for optrapning topografisk modeller til kort jord omfordeling og jordbundens organiske kulstof

Landscape topography is a critical factor affecting soil formation and plays an important role in determining soil properties on the earth surface, as it ...

Combined Size and Density Fractionation of Soils for Investigations of Organo-Mineral Interactions

Samlet størrelse og tæthed fraktionering af jord for undersøgelser af Organo-Mineral interaktioner

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method used to physically separate soil into fractions differing in particle size and mineralogy. CSDF ...