Name: efficient sporulation of saccharomyces cerevisiae in a 96 multiwell format
Uploaded: 2016-09-17T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a 96 Multiwell Format at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a Joseph P. Healey grant from the University of Massachusetts Boston (L.S.H.) and R15 GM86805 from the NIH (L.S.H.). S.M.P. is supported in part by a Sanofi-Genzyme Fellowship at the University of Massachusetts Boston.

1. Preparing for Sporulation
Note: The media described in this protocol are made using standard recipes and methods13,17. Table 1 gives the formulation for 1 L of the various media used in this protocol.
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="180" width="469">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col span="3" />
		<col />
		<col span="2" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="15">
			<td height="15" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td style="width: ...

<ol>
	<li>Marston, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosome+segregation+in+budding+yeast:+sister+chromatid+cohesion+and+related+mechanisms.">Chromosome segregation in budding yeast: sister chromatid cohesion and related mechanisms.</a> Genetics. 196 (1), 31-63 (2014).</li><li>Keeney, S., Lange, J., Mohibullah, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-organization+of+meiotic+recombination+initiation:+general+principles+and+molecular+pathways.">Self-organization of meiotic recombination initiation: general principles and molecular pathways.</a> Annu. Rev. Genet. 48, 187-214 (2014).</li><li>Granek, J. A., Kayikci, O., Magwene, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+signaling+pathways+orchestrate+yeast+development.">Pleiotropic signaling pathways orchestrate yeast development.</a> Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 14 (6), 676-681 (2011).</li><li>Broach, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+control+of+growth+and+development+in+yeast.">Nutritional control of growth and development in yeast.</a> Genetics. 192 (1), 73-105 (2012).</li><li>Winter, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sum1/Ndt80+transcriptional+switch+and+commitment+to+meiosis+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">The Sum1/Ndt80 transcriptional switch and commitment to meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 76 (1), 1-15 (2012).</li><li>Neiman, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sporulation+in+the+budding+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Sporulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 189 (3), 737-765 (2011).</li><li>Padmore, R., Cao, L., Kleckner, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+comparison+of+recombination+and+synaptonemal+complex+formation+during+meiosis+in+S.+cerevisiae.">Temporal comparison of recombination and synaptonemal complex formation during meiosis in S. cerevisiae.</a> Cell. 66 (6), 1239-1256 (1991).</li><li>Liti, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population+genomics+of+domestic+and+wild+yeasts.">Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts.</a> Nature. 458 (7236), 337-341 (2009).</li><li>McCusker, J. H., Haber, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+sporulation+of+yeast+in+media+buffered+near+pH6.">Efficient sporulation of yeast in media buffered near pH6.</a> J. Bacteriol. 132 (1), 180-185 (1977).</li><li>Codon, A. C., Gasent-Ramirez, J. M., Benitez, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+which+affect+the+frequency+of+sporulation+and+tetrad+formation+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+baker's+yeasts.">Factors which affect the frequency of sporulation and tetrad formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeasts.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (2), 630-638 (1995).</li><li>Elrod, S. L., Chen, S. M., Schwartz, K., Shuster, E. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+sporulation+conditions+for+different+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+strain+backgrounds.">Optimizing sporulation conditions for different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain backgrounds.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 557, 21-26 (2009).</li><li>B&#246;rner, G. V., Cha, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+yeast+sporulation+efficiency,+spore+viability,+and+meiotic+recombination+on+solid+medium.">Analysis of yeast sporulation efficiency, spore viability, and meiotic recombination on solid medium.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2015 (11), 1003-1008 (2015).</li><li>B&#246;rner, G. V., Cha, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+and+analysis+of+synchronous+meiotic+yeast+cultures.">Induction and analysis of synchronous meiotic yeast cultures.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Protocols. (10), 908-913 (2015).</li><li>Jones, G. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+library+for+comprehensive+overexpression+screens+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">A systematic library for comprehensive overexpression screens in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Nat. Methods. 5 (3), 239-241 (2008).</li><li>Fleming, M. S., Gitler, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+yeast+plasmid+overexpession+screen.">High-throughput yeast plasmid overexpession screen.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (53), e2836 (2011).</li><li>Paulissen, S. M., Slubowski, C. J., Roesner, J. M., Huang, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timely+Closure+of+the+Prospore+Membrane+Requires+SPS1+and+SPO77+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Timely Closure of the Prospore Membrane Requires SPS1 and SPO77 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. , (2016).</li><li>Amberg, D. C., Burke, D., Strathern, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Yeast Genetics: A Cold Spring Harbor Labooratory Manual. , (2005).</li><li>Parodi, E. M., Baker, C. S., Tetzlaff, C., Villahermosa, S., Huang, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SPO71+mediates+prospore+membrane+size+and+maturation+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">SPO71 mediates prospore membrane size and maturation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Eukaryot. Cell. 11 (10), 1191-1200 (2012).</li><li>Nakanishi, H., de Los Santos, P., Neiman, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+and+negative+regulation+of+a+SNARE+protein+by+control+of+intracellular+localization.">Positive and negative regulation of a SNARE protein by control of intracellular localization.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 15 (4), 1802-1815 (2004).</li><li>Huang, L. S., Doherty, H. K., Herskowitz, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Smk1p+MAP+kinase+negatively+regulates+Gsc2p,+a+1,3-beta-glucan+synthase,+during+spore+wall+morphogenesis+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">The Smk1p MAP kinase negatively regulates Gsc2p, a 1,3-beta-glucan synthase, during spore wall morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (35), 13431-13436 (2005).</li></ol>

Here we present a protocol for sporulating SK1 yeast in a 96 multiwell format. Aeration is key for efficient sporulation, which requires the use of either a stir bar or a glass bead in each well. When cells are sporulated in a 96 multiwell plate in a shaking incubator without either a bead or a stir bar, cells do not sporulate efficiently. Only a small increase in sporulation efficiency is seen when cells are sporulated without either a bead or a stir bar in a shaking incubator, compared to being at 30 &#176;C without ag...

Sporulation in the budding yeast has been studied to provide insights into many aspects of biology, including the control of chromosome segregation during meiosis1, mechanisms of genetic recombination2, the control of development by cell signaling3, nutritional control of development4, the transcriptional regulation of development5, and the examination of spore formation6. Spore formation includes a novel cell division event involving the formation of new membrane compartments within the mother cell followed by the deposition of a protective spore wall6. These studies that examine sporulating cells often take advantage of the rapidly sporulating yeast strain SK1, which can undergo the process of sporulation in about 24 hr in a relatively efficient fashion7,8. Although optimization of sporulation conditions for budding yeast have been described9-13, these experiments examined sporulation on solid media or in larger scale liquid cultures where sporulation is carried out using culture tubes or flasks.
Here we describe a method for sporulating yeast in a 96 multiwell plate format. We find that for this method, aeration is critical for synchronous and efficient sporulation, and have devised techniques to ensure sufficient sporulation a small-volume multiwell format. Sporulating in a 96 multiwell plate format allows for cells to be screened using high-throughput techniques and reagents optimized for a multiwell plate format, such screening for high copy suppressors using a tiled library14-16.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="745">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nunc 1.3 ml DeepWell Plates</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">260251</td>
			<td style="width:288px;">Used for sporulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nunc 2.0 ml DeepWell plates</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>278743</td>
			<td>Used for presporulation growth, step 1.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">3 mm glass bead</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>11-312A</td>
			<td>Used for sporulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">5 mm x 2 mm stir bar, pack of 12</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-511-82</td>
			<td>Used for sporulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">96 well frogger</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">V&#38;P Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VP407</td>
			<td>needed for step 1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">library copier</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">V&#38;P Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VP381</td>
			<td>needed for step 1.2; to be used with the frogger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">rectangular petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">264728</td>
			<td>needed for step 1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bacto Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td>needed for media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td>needed for media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">212750</td>
			<td>needed for media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dextrose</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D16-3</td>
			<td>needed for media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P171-500</td>
			<td>needed for media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G33-500</td>
			<td>needed for media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Black 96 well glass bottom plate</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MatTek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PBK96G-1.5.5-F</td>
			<td>needed for step 2.4</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

efficient sporulation of saccharomyces cerevisiae in a 96 multiwell format

During times of nutritional stress, Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoes gametogenesis, known as sporulation. Diploid yeast cells that are starved for nitrogen and carbon will initiate the sporulation process. The process of sporulation includes meiosis followed by spore formation, where the haploid nuclei are packaged into environmentally resistant spores. We have developed methods for the efficient sporulation of budding yeast in 96 multiwell plates, to increase the throughput of screening yeast cells for sporulation phenotypes. These methods are compatible with screening with yeast containing plasmids requiring nutritional selection, when appropriate minimal media is used, or with screening yeast with genomic alterations, when a rich presporulation regimen is used. We find that for this method, aeration during sporulation is critical for spore formation, and have devised techniques to ensure sufficient aeration that are compatible with the 96 multiwell plate format. Although these methods do not achieve the typical ~80% level of sporulation that can be achieved in large-volume flask based experiments, these methods will reliably achieve about 50-60% level of sporulation in small-volume multiwell plates.

To assess this protocol, sporulation efficiencies obtained from sporulating cells in multiwell plates (as described above) were compared to cells sporulated using larger volumes in flasks (Table 2). The use of multiwell plates did not achieve the high efficiency seen when sporulating in flasks, where ~80% efficiency can be routinely seen. Sporulating in multiwell plates with proper aeration (provided by glass beads or stir bars) can achieve sufficient sporulation efficien...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a 96 Multiwell Format at JoVE.com

Efficient Sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a 96 Multiwell Format

Here, sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is carried out in a 96 multiwell format.

Efficient Sporulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a 96 Multiwell Format

During times of nutritional stress, Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoes gametogenesis, known as sporulation. Diploid yeast cells that are starved for ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to sporulate budding yeast efficiently in a 96-well format. Although many large-scale screens have been carried out on the budding yeast, high-throughput studies looking at meiosis and sporulation have been limited. The technique described in this video has the advantage of sporulating yeast efficiently in a cost-effective manner in a 96-well format compatible with high-throughput screening.I first got the idea for this method because I wanted to use a tiled two micron plasmid library in order to screen for high copy suppressors of a mutant that could not form refractile spores. Initially, my sporulation efficiencies were poor in the 96-well format. I found this was due to inadequate aeration.Begin this procedure by thawing the SK1 yeast strain onto a yeast extract peptone glycerol or YPG plate. Use a sterile stick to scrape a small amount of cells out of the freezer vial containing the glycerol stock and spread it onto a YPG plate. Grow the yeast for 12 to 16 hours at 30 degrees Celsius.Next, streak the yeast from the YPG plate onto a yeast extract peptone dextrose, or YPD, plate for single colones. Grow the yeast on the YPD plate for 24 to 48 hours at 30 degrees Celsius. After 24 to 48 hours of growth on YPD solid media, start a 25 milliliter YPD culture using a single colony from the YPD plate.Grow this culture overnight in a 30 degree Celsius shaking incubator at 220 RPM until the cells reach an OD600 of 4.0 to 7.0. On the following day, use an appropriate amount of cells from the YPD culture to start a 125 milliliter culture in yeast extract peptone acetate, or YPA, with an OD600 of 0.1. Grow the culture in a 30 degree Celsius shaking incubator at 220 RPM until the OD600 is between 1.3 and 1.5.Transfer the culture to centrifuge tubes and spin at 1800X G in a tabletop centrifuge for five minutes to pellet the cells. Wash the cells once with a 0.5 volume of sterile autoclaved deionized water. Spin again and discard the water.Resuspend the cells in a 1X volume of sporulation media. To prepare cells of different genotypes, cells from thawed frozen stocks in a 96 multiwell plate are first transferred onto YPG solid media. Flame a 96 prong frogger and then cool it momentarily on a plate of solid media before touching it to the yeast colonies.Grow the yeast overnight at 30 degrees Celsius. On the following day, transfer the cells from YPG solid media onto the YPD or selective solid media, depending on the genotype of the strain. YPD is used in this demonstration.Grow the yeast at 30 degrees Celsius until colonies are formed for each strain. Aliquot 1.2 milliliters of YPD liquid media into each well of a 96 deep well plate. Transfer the cells from the solid media into liquid media.Cover the plate with a plastic lid from a rectangular petri plate and hold the lid in place using a piece of tape to minimally restrict air circulation. Grow the cells overnight in a 30 degree Celsius shaker at 220 RPM. On the following day, centrifuge at 1800X G for five minutes.Pour off the media and add 500 microliters of YPA to each well. And resuspend the pelleted cells. Cover the plate with a plastic lid held in place by tape.Grow the cells for 15 hours in a 30 degree Celsius shaking incubator at 220 RPM. To provide proper aeration for efficient sporulation, add into each well of a 96-well plate either one three millimeter sterile solid glass bead or a sterile five millimeter by two millimeter magnetic stir bar. If all cells are of the same genotype, aliquat 500 microliters of cells plus media into each well of the 96-multiwell plate.Cover the plate with a plastic lid held in place by tape. If cells are of different genotypes, spin the cells that are in YPA at 1800X G for five minutes and pour off the media. Add 500 microliters of sporulation media to each well.And resuspend the pelleted cells in the sporulation media. Cover the plate with a plastic lid held in place by tape. If using glass beads, place the samples in a shaking incubator at 30 degrees Celsius and shake at 220 RPM for sporulation.If using magnetic stir bars, place the samples on a stir plate inside of a 30 degrees Celsius incubator for sporulation. The exact stir speed for the magnetic bars is not very important, as long as all of the bars are moving energetically and the culture is aerated. 36 hours later, retrieve the samples to monitor progression through sporulation.Withdraw six microliters of cells from each sporulating culture and add to 24 microliters of sporulation media in a 96-well coverslip plate. Leave the cells to settle for five minutes before examining them using an inverted microscope. A representative sporulation of two different strains is shown in these images of cells visualized using a 63X objective on an inverted microscope.Refractile tetrads, indicated by the arrowheads, can be seen in the wild-type culture. But not in the culture containing the sporulation-deficient smk1 delete cells. Comparisons were made between sporulation efficiencies from cells sporulated in multi-well plates and cells sporulated using larger volumes in flasks.The use of multi-well plates did not achieve the high efficiency routinely seen when using the more typical protocol of sporulating in flasks. Sporulating in multi-well plates with proper aeration can achieve sufficient sporulation efficiencies greater than 50%with the best results obtained using a five millimeter stir bar. However, given the high cost of the small stir bars, the efficiencies obtained using glass beads are comparable.Although both five millimeter and seven millimeter stir bars fit within the well of a 96-multiwell plate, using a seven millimeter stir bar resulted in poor sporulation efficiency. The seven millimeter stir bar in a well tends to interact with a stir bar in an adjacent well. Preventing the bars from stirring properly and providing adequate aeration to the culture.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to efficiently sporulate yeast cells in liquid culture in the 96-well format. Once mastered, this process can be completed in six days, if done properly. This procedure can be used for screening different mutant strains, plasmids, or small molecule inhibitors for their effect on meiosis and sporulation.After it's development, this technique was used to study the regulation of meiotic cell cycle and how cytokinesis and meiosis are coupled in sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Dissection of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Asci

Dissection of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Asci

Yeast is a highly tractable model system that is used to study many different cellular processes. The common laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...

Quantitative Phosphoproteomics in Fatty Acid Stimulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Quantitative Phosphoproteomics in Fatty Acid Stimulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes the growth and stimulation, with the fatty acid oleate, of isotopically heavy and light S. cerevisiae cells. Cells are ground ...

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Microarray Analysis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this protocol, gene expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is changed after exposure to oxidative stress induced by the addition of hydrogen ...

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a ...

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Multititre Plate Format

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are  multistep procedures ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must ...

Measurement of mRNA Decay Rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using rpb1-1 Strains

Measurement of mRNA Decay Rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using rpb1-1 Strains

mRNA steady state levels vary depending on environmental conditions. Regulation of the steady state accumulation levels of an mRNA ensures that the ...

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Rapid Identification of Chemical Genetic Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Determining the mode of action of bioactive chemicals is of interest to a broad range of academic, pharmaceutical, and industrial scientists. ...

Directed Evolution Method in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mutant Library Creation and Screening

Directed Evolution Method in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mutant Library Creation and Screening

Directed evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae offers many attractive advantages when designing enzymes for biotechnological applications, a process that ...