Name: defining substrate specificities for lipase and phospholipase candidates
Uploaded: 2016-11-23T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af tilskud fra Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnología-México (CONACYT-Mexico) (82.614, 153.998, 253.549 og 178.359 i Investigación Científica basica samt 118 i Investigación en Fronteras de la Ciencia) og fra Dirección General de Asuntos de Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, PAPIIT IN202616, IN203612).

1. Klon og overudtrykker strukturgenet for Forudsagt Lipase <ol><li> Anvendelse af polymerasekædereaktion (PCR) 14 og specifikke oligonukleotider (tabel 1) 15, amplificere genet af interesse (smc01003, smc00930 eller smc00171), forudsiges at kode for et lipase eller phospholipase, fra det genomiske DNA af værtsorganismen (dvs. , S. meliloti). <ol><li> Indføre specifikke restriktionssteder (med designet sekvens af oligonukleotider). ...

<ol>
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I løbet af de sidste 20 år, har genomer af mange organismer blevet sekventeret, og selv om et væld af genom sekvens data er blevet genereret, er funktionel fortolkning halter bagefter og hæmmer derfor vores forståelse af genom-funktion. Genfunktioner i genomer ofte tildeles baseret på lighed med gener med kendt funktion eller forekomsten af ​​konserverede motiver. Den præcise funktion af et givet gen er ofte ikke kendt. Især forudsagte strukturelle gener for enzymer ikke let kan udforskes med OMIC teknikker ...

Glycerol-baserede lipider, såsom triacylglyceroler og (glycero) fosfolipider udgør vigtige og formentlig den mest kendte lipidklasser 1. Triacylglyceroler (tags) er fedtstoffer eller olier, der normalt fungerer som opbevaring lipider og dermed som potentielle energi- og kulstof kilder. TAG kan nedbrydes af lipaser, som ofte udskilles af det producerende organisme at fordøje eksterne TAG og gøre dem tilgængelige som kulstofkilder. Desuden har lipaser blevet bredt studeret i årenes løb på grund af deres vigtige bioteknologiske applikationer 2. På grund af deres amfifile karakter og deres næsten cylindrisk form, (glycero) phospholipider udviser membrandannende egenskaber og sædvanligvis udgør de vigtigste lipid-bestanddele af en dobbeltlagede membran 3. I simple mikroorganismer, såsom bakterien Escherichia coli, kun tre store hoved gruppe varianter, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), og phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) er stødt på, selv om man skal være klar over, at hver af dem kan være substitueret med et betydeligt antal forskellige fede acylkæder i sn-1- eller sn-2-position giver anledning til et stort antal forskellige molekylspecies 4 . Andre bakterier kan have andre phospholipider foruden eller i stedet. For eksempel, Sinorhizobium meliloti, en jord bakterie, som er i stand til at danne en nitrogen-fikserende rodknold symbiose med bælgplanter lucerne (Medicago sativa), indeholder foruden PE et andet zwitterionisk phospholipid, phosphatidylcholin (PC) 5. Også, lipider, der ikke indeholder fosfor eller glycerol kan være amfifilt og indgår i cellemembranen. For eksempel efter fosfor-begrænsende vækstbetingelser, i S. meliloti, (glycero) phospholipider er i høj grad erstattet af membranlipider, der ikke indeholder phosphor, dvs. sulfolipider, ornithin lipider, og diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) 6. I bakterier er DGTS dannet af diacylglycerol (DAG) i en to-trins pathway 7, men kilden til DAG generation var ikke klart. Pulse-chase eksperimenter foreslog, at PC kan være en forløber for DGTS 8 og ved hjælp af den metode, der er beskrevet i dette manuskript, vi kunne identificere en phospholipase C (PLCP, SMc00171), der er dannet under fosfor-begrænsende betingelser, og som kan konvertere pc til DAG og phosphocholin- 8. I en separat undersøgelse, opdagede vi, at en acyl-CoA syntetase (FADD) deficiente mutant af S. meliloti eller af Escherichia coli akkumulerede frie fedtsyrer ved indtastning stationær vækstfase 9. Selv om disse fedtsyrer syntes at være afledt af membranlipider, blev den præcise kilde til de frie fedtsyrer eller enzymet (er) befriende dem ikke kendt. Igen, beskæftiger den strategi, der er skitseret i dette manuskript, to patatin-lignende 10 (phospho) lipaser (SMc00930 og SMc01003), der bidrog til dannelsen af frie fedtsyrer i S. meliloti 11 blev forudsagt. Overraskende SMc01003 anvendes DAG som substrat konvertere den til monoacylglycerol og endelig glycerol og frie fedtsyrer 11. Derfor SMc01003 er en DAG-lipase (DGLA). Selv om en række algoritmer findes for at forudsige potentiale (phospho) lipaser 12,13, deres præcise funktion og fysiologiske rolle er normalt ikke kendt. Her skitserer vi en protokol, til at klone og overudtrykker forudsagte eller potentielle (phospho) lipaser. Dette håndskrift forklarer, hvordan enzymassays kan udvikles og optimeres til den overudtrykt (phospho) lipase ved hjælp af kunstige kromogene substrater. Vi giver eksempler på, hvordan med en optimeret enzym assay den virkelige (phospho) lipase substrat kan opstå, og hvordan disse resultater kan berige vores forståelse af mikrobiel fysiologi.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9180-03</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9070-03</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9507-05</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexanes</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9309-02</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethylether</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>32203</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bidistilled water</td>
			<td>&#160;ANY</td>
			<td>&#160;NA</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T-1503</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Baker</td>
			<td>9535-02</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Baker</td>
			<td>3624-01</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X-100</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth</td>
			<td>ANY</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth, 10g tryptone + 5g yeast extract + 10g NaCl per liter of bidistilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tryptone</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>211705</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>yeast extract</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TY broth</td>
			<td>ANY</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth, 8g tryptone + 3g yeast extract + 66mg CaCl2 2 H20 per liter of bidistilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 2 H2O</td>
			<td>Baker</td>
			<td>1332-01</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isopropyl-&#946;-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15529-019</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethanolamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D-8885</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MnCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>221279</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospholipase A2 snake venom</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0790</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospholipase C Clostridium perfingrens</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7633</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>07422AH</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl stearate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N3627</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl dodecanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>61716</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl decanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N0252</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl palmitate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N2752</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl butyrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N9876</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl octanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>21742</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid, sodium salt [1-14C]</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NEC084</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9224-01</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminium HPTLC silica gel 60 plates. Silica gel HPTLC plates size 20 x 20 cm, 25 sheets.</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>105547</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer UV/VIS Lambda 35</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Storm 820 Phosphorimager</td>
			<td>Molecular Dynamics</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Photostimulable Luminescence scanner&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multipurpose Scintillation Counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Radioactivity Quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>French Pressure Cell</td>
			<td>ThermoSpectronic</td>
			<td>NA&#160;</td>
			<td>Breakage of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chromatography paper 3MM Chr</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>3030917</td>
			<td>TLC analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021our</td>
			<td>reference 34</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>studied strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS Competent cells</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69451</td>
			<td>protein expression strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pET9a vector</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69431</td>
			<td>protein expression vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pET17b vector</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69663</td>
			<td>protein expression vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile polystyrene round-bottom tube (14 ml) Falcon</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352057</td>
			<td>radiolabeling of bacterial cultures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 ml)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30125.15</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9135</td>
			<td>lipid standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-&#945;-phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6267</td>
			<td>lipid standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DL-&#945;-monopalmitin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1640</td>
			<td>lipid standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>palmitic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0500</td>
			<td>lipid standard</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

defining substrate specificities for lipase and phospholipase candidates

Mikroorganismer producerer et bredt spektrum af (phospho) lipaser, der udskilles for at gøre eksterne substrater tilgængelige for organismen. Alternativt kan andre (phospho) lipaser være fysisk forbundet med den producerende organisme forårsager en omsætning på iboende lipider og ofte giver anledning til en ombygning af de cellulære membraner. Selvom potentielle (phospho) lipaser kan forudsiges med en række algoritmer når genet / proteinsekvens er til rådighed, har ofte ikke opnået eksperimentelt bevis for enzymaktiviteterne, substratspecificiteter og potentielle fysiologiske funktioner. Dette håndskrift beskriver optimeringen af ​​assay betingelser for potentielle (phospho) lipaser med ukendte substratspecificiteter og hvordan man kan ansætte disse optimerede betingelser i jagten på det naturlige substrat af en respektiv (phospho) lipase. Brug af kunstige chromogene substrater, såsom p-nitrophenyl-derivater, kan bidrage til at detektere en mindreenzymatisk aktivitet for en forudsagt (phospho) lipase under standardbetingelser. Efter at have fundet en mindre enzymatisk aktivitet, kan de forskellige parametre i en enzymassay varieres for at opnå en mere effektiv hydrolyse af det kunstige substrat. Efter at have konstateret, under hvilke betingelser et enzym fungerer godt, bør en række potentielle naturlige substrater analyseres for deres nedbrydning, en proces, der kan følges ansætte forskellige kromatografiske metoder. Definitionen af ​​substratspecificiteter for nye enzymer, ofte giver hypoteser for en potentiel fysiologiske rolle af disse enzymer, som derefter kan testes eksperimentelt. Efter disse retningslinjer, var vi i stand til at identificere en phospholipase C (SMc00171), der nedbryder phosphatidylcholin at phosphocholin og diacylglycerol, i et afgørende skridt for ombygningen af membraner i bakterien Sinorhizobium meliloti på fosfor-begrænsende betingelser for vækst. For to forudsagte patatin-ligesom phospholipaser (SMc00930 og SMc01003) af den samme organisme, kunne vi omdefinere deres substratspecificiteter og præcisere, at SMc01003 er en diacylglycerol lipase.

Aktivitet af PC-specifik phospholipase C SMc00171 med Bis- p-nitrophenylphosphat Cellefrie ekstrakter opnået fra E. coli BL21 (DE3) x pLysS, som havde smc00171 udtrykt, blev undersøgt for deres evne til at hydrolysere bis- p-nitrophenyl phosphatestere, ved anvendelse af en spektrofotometrisk enzymatisk assay, måling af p NP danne...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates at JoVE.com

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Many predicted (phospho)lipases are poorly characterized with regard to their substrate specificities and physiological functions. Here we provide a protocol to optimize enzyme activities, search for natural substrates, and propose physiological functions for these enzymes.

Definition substratspecificiteter for lipase og phospholipase Kandidater

Microorganisms produce a wide spectrum of (phospho)lipases that are secreted in order to make external substrates available for the organism. ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to accelerate the detection of physiological substrates for potential lipases and phosopholipases. This method can help answer key questions in the Entomology field, such as how phospholipases contribute to lipid remodeling in biological membranes. The main advantage of this technique is that the optimization of enzymatic activity and the search for the natural substrate for the enzyme can be performed independently.Though this method can provide insight into substrate specificity of bacterial lipases and phospholipases, it can also be modified to study hydrolases of any other model organisms. We first had the idea for this method when we searched for an enzyme activity that could degrade the intrinsic membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine inorhizobium meliloti. To prepare cell-free protein extracts, defrost bacterial cell suspensions and store them on ice.Then, pass the cell suspensions three times through a cold pressure cell at 20, 000 pounds per square inch. Remove the in-tact cells and cell debris by centrifugation at 5, 000 times g for 30 minutes, at four degrees Celsius. After centrifugation, prepare aliquots of 100 and 500 microliters from the supernatant for subsequent analysis.Set up the previously-optimized enzyme assay using the pipetting schemes tabulated in the text protocol. For an initial coverage of distinct enzyme activities, use artificial substrates that yield a colored product upon hydrolysis, such as para-nitrophenol or PNP derivatives. Follow the time course for an increase of absorbance at 405 nanometers, due to the formation of PNP in a spectrophotometer at 30 degrees Celsius over a five-minute period.Finally, perform calculations as described in the text protocol. For radio labeling of lipids, prepare an overnight pre-culture of an organism of interest in five milliliters of the desired culture medium and grow at 30 degrees Celsius. From the pre-culture, inoculate into 20 millimeters of fresh medium in a 100-millimeter culture flask, to obtain an initial optical density at 620 nanometers of 0.3 for the culture.Next, transfer a one-milliliter aliquot of the culture to a 14-milliliter sterile polystyrene round bottom tube under sterile conditions. Add one microcurie of 114 c acetate to the one-milliliter culture. Then, incubate the liquid culture under agitation at 30 degrees Celsius for a period of 24 hours.At the end of the incubation period, transfer the culture to a 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube and centrifuge at 12, 000 times g at room temperature for five minutes. Resuspend the pellet in 100 microliters of water. At this point, store the cell suspension at minus 20 degrees Celsius or immediately continue with the extraction of polar lipids.To perform the extraction of polar lipids, add 375 microliters of a two to one methanol to chloroform solution to the 100 microliters of aqueous cell suspension. Vortex the sample for 30 seconds before incubating for five minutes at room temperature. Following incubation, centrifuge for five minutes at 12, 000 times g at room temperature.Then, transfer the supernatant to a new 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Next, add 125 microliters of chloroform and 125 microliters of water to the supernatant. After vortexing for 30 seconds, centrifuge the sample for one minute at 12, 000 times g at room temperature.Transfer the lower chloroform phase to a fresh tube. Then, dry the solution with a stream of nitrogen gas. Dissolve the dried lipids in 100 microliters of chloroform to methanol solution.For separation of neutral polar lipids by thin layer chromatography, apply three microliter aliquots of the lipid samples, on a high performance thin-layer chromatography silica gel aluminum sheet, starting two centimeters from the edges of the plate. If multiple samples are analyzed in one-dimensional chromatography, keep a distance of at least 1.5 centimeters between the different sample application spots. Transfer the mobile phase to a TLC developing chamber, internally coated with chromatography paper.Cover with a glass plate to let the chamber saturate for 30 minutes. Transfer the HPTLC Silica Gel aluminum sheet with the dried lipid samples to the chamber. Allow the plate to develop for 30 minutes in a closed chamber before removing the plate.Then, let the solvents dry off in a flow hood for two hours. Once the developed TLC sheet is dry, incubate it with a photostimulable luminescence screen in a closed cassette for three days. Then, expose the incubated screen to a PSL scanner and acquire a virtual image of the separated radio-labeled lipids.To determine diacylglycerol, or DAG, lipase activity, first add 5, 000 CPM of 14 C-labeled DAG to a 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Also, add a solution of Triton X-100 to the tube and mix by vortex. Dry the solution under a stream of nitrogen.For a final 100 microliter assay, add Tris-HCl buffer, a sodium chloride solution, and bi-distilled water. Vortex for five seconds. Initiate the reaction by adding five microliters of enzyme to the solution.Incubate the solution at 30 degrees Celsius for four hours. Stop the reaction by the addition of 250 microliters of methanol and 125 microliters of chloroform, before extracting lipids as described earlier in this video. Proceed to analyze neutral polar lipids by 1DTLC and subsequent PSL imaging as before.Although the predicted phosopholipase SMc01003 shows activity with artificial para-nitrophenol acyl esters, the activity is only double or triple of the background activity present in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli, in which no foreign gene had been expressed. This indicates that para-nitrophenyl acyl esters don't seem to be good substrates for SMc01003. Whereas cell-free extracts of E.Coli cannot degrade diacylglycerol, extracts of strains in which the predicted phospholipase, SMc01003, had been expressed, caused a degradation of diacylglycerol.Though SMc01003 was predicted to be a phospholipase, it is actually a diacylglycerol lipase that degrades diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol and one fatty acid. It then degrades monoacylglycerol further to glycerol and another fatty acid. Once mastered, this technique can be done in a few weeks if it's performed properly.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to optimize enzyme activities of lipases and phospholipases, and how to continue with the search for their physiological substrates. A crucial advantage of this procedure is that the optimization of the enzyme activity can be separated from the search for the natural enzyme substrate. Don't forget that working with organic solvents or radioactive substances can be extremely hazardous and the required precautions should always be taken while performing this procedure.

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