Name: defining substrate specificities for lipase and phospholipase candidates
Uploaded: 2016-11-23T12:30:00
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Este trabajo fue apoyado por becas de Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnología-México (CONACyT-México) (82614, 153998, 253549 y 178359 de Investigación Científica Básica, así como 118 en Investigación en Fronteras de la Ciencia) y de la Dirección General de Asuntos de Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM-DGAPA; PAPIIT IN202616, IN203612).

1. Clon y sobreexpresan gen estructural de la lipasa predicha <ol><li> El uso de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) 14 y oligonucleótidos específicos (Tabla 1) 15, amplificar el gen de interés (smc01003, smc00930, o smc00171), predijo para codificar una lipasa o fosfolipasa, a partir del ADN genómico del organismo huésped (es decir, , S. meliloti). <ol><li> Introducir sitios de restricción específicos (con la secuenci...

<ol>
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Biotechnol. 13 (4), 390-397 (2002).</li><li>Dowhan, W., Bogdanov, M., Mileykovskaya, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+roles+of+lipids+in+membranes.">Functional roles of lipids in membranes.</a> Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. , 1-37 (2008).</li><li>Dowhan, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+for+membrane+phospholipid+diversity:+why+are+there+so+many+lipids?.">Molecular basis for membrane phospholipid diversity: why are there so many lipids?.</a> Annu. Rev. Biochem. 66, 199-232 (1997).</li><li>De Rudder, K. E. E., Thomas-Oates, J. E., Geiger, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhizobium+meliloti+mutants+deficient+in+phospholipid+N-methyltransferase+still+contain+phosphatidylcholine.">Rhizobium meliloti mutants deficient in phospholipid N-methyltransferase still contain phosphatidylcholine.</a> J. Bacteriol. 179, 6921-6928 (1997).</li><li>Geiger, O., R&#246;hrs, V., Weissenmayer, B., Finan, T. M., Thomas-Oates, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+regulator+gene+phoB+mediates+phosphate+stress-controlled+synthesis+of+the+membrane+lipid+diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine+in+Rhizobium+(Sinorhizobium)+meliloti.">The regulator gene phoB mediates phosphate stress-controlled synthesis of the membrane lipid diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine in Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti.</a> Mol. Microbiol. 32 (1), 63-73 (1999).</li><li>Klug, R. M., Benning, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+enzymes+of+diacylglyceryl-O-4'-(N,N,N,-trimethyl)homoserine+biosynthesis+are+encoded+by+btaA+and+btaB+in+the+purple+bacterium+Rhodobacter+sphaeroides.">Two enzymes of diacylglyceryl-O-4'-(N,N,N,-trimethyl)homoserine biosynthesis are encoded by btaA and btaB in the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98 (10), 5910-5915 (2001).</li><li>Zavaleta-Pastor, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sinorhizobium+meliloti+phospholipase+C+required+for+lipid+remodeling+duringphosphorus+limitation.">Sinorhizobium meliloti phospholipase C required for lipid remodeling duringphosphorus limitation.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107 (1), 302-307 (2010).</li><li>Pech-Canul, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FadD+is+required+for+utilization+of+endogenous+fatty+acids+released+from+membrane+lipids.">FadD is required for utilization of endogenous fatty acids released from membrane lipids.</a> J. Bacteriol. 193 (22), 6295-6304 (2011).</li><li>Banerji, S., Flieger, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patatin-like+proteins:+a+new+family+of+lipolytic+enzymes+present+in+bacteria?.">Patatin-like proteins: a new family of lipolytic enzymes present in bacteria?.</a> Microbiology. 150 (Pt 3), 522-525 (2004).</li><li>Sahonero-Canavesi, D. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid-releasing+activities+in+Sinorhizobium+meliloti+include+unusual+diacylglycerol+lipase.">Fatty acid-releasing activities in Sinorhizobium meliloti include unusual diacylglycerol lipase.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 17 (9), 3391-3406 (2015).</li><li>Fischer, M., Pleiss, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Lipase+Engineering+Database:+a+navigation+and+analysis+tool+for+protein+families.">The Lipase Engineering Database: a navigation and analysis tool for protein families.</a> Nucl. Acid. Res. 31 (1), 319-321 (2003).</li><li>Sigrist, C. J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+and+continuing+developments+at+PROSITE.">New and continuing developments at PROSITE.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 41 (Database issue), D344-D347 (2013).</li><li>Lorenz, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymerase+Chain+Reaction:+Basic+Protocol+Plus+Troubleshooting+and+Optimization+Strategies.">Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3998 (2012).</li><li>Untergasser, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primer3+-+new+capabilities+and+interfaces.">Primer3 - new capabilities and interfaces.</a> Nucl. Acids Res. 40 (15), e115 (2012).</li><li>Studier, F. W., Rosenberg, A. H., Dunn, J. J., Dubendorff, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+T7+RNA+polymerase+to+direct+expression+of+cloned+genes.">Use of T7 RNA polymerase to direct expression of cloned genes.</a> Methods Enzymol. 185, 60-89 (1990).</li><li>Miller, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Experiments in Molecular Genetics. , (1972).</li><li>Desjardins, P., Hansen, J. B., Allen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microvolume+Protein+Concentration+Determination+using+the+NanoDrop+2000c+Spectrophotometer.">Microvolume Protein Concentration Determination using the NanoDrop 2000c Spectrophotometer.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (33), e1610 (2009).</li><li>Bligh, E. G., Dyer, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+method+for+total+lipid+extraction+and+purification.">A rapid method for total lipid extraction and purification.</a> Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37 (8), 911-917 (1959).</li><li>Molecular Dynamics. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Phosphorimager SI User&#180;s Guide. , (1994).</li><li>Dixon, M., Webb, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Enzymes: Third Edition. , (1979).</li><li>Rudolph, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression,+characterization,+and+mutagenesis+of+the+Yersinia+pestis+murine+toxin,+a+phospholipase+D+superfamily+member.">Expression, characterization, and mutagenesis of the Yersinia pestis murine toxin, a phospholipase D superfamily member.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 274 (17), 11824-11831 (1999).</li><li>Kato, S., Yoshimura, T., Hemmi, H., Moriyama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+analysis+of+a+novel+lipolytic+enzyme+YvdO+from+Bacillus+subtilis.">Biochemical analysis of a novel lipolytic enzyme YvdO from Bacillus subtilis.</a> Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 74 (4), 701-706 (2010).</li><li>Peppelenbosch, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinome+profiling.">Kinome profiling.</a> Scientifica (Cairo). , (2012).</li><li>Manafi, M., Kneifel, W., Bascomb, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorogenic+and+chromogenic+substrates+used+in+bacterial+diagnostics.">Fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates used in bacterial diagnostics.</a> Microbiol. Rev. 55 (3), 335-348 (1991).</li><li>Kuznetsova, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme+genomics:+Application+of+general+enzymatic+screens+to+discover+new+enzymes.">Enzyme genomics: Application of general enzymatic screens to discover new enzymes.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29 (2), 263-279 (2005).</li><li>Scopes, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Protein Purification, Principles and Practice. , (2010).</li><li>Geiger, O., Lopez-Lara, I. M., Sohlenkamp, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphatidylcholine+biosynthesis+and+function+in+bacteria.">Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and function in bacteria.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1831 (3), 503-513 (2013).</li></ol>

Durante los últimos 20 años, los genomas de muchos organismos se han secuenciado y aunque una gran cantidad de datos de secuencia del genoma se ha generado, la interpretación funcional es la zaga, y por consiguiente, dificulta nuestra comprensión de la función del genoma. las funciones de genes en los genomas son a menudo asignados basándose en la similitud de los genes de función o la aparición de motivos conservados conocido. Sin embargo, la función exacta de un gen dado es a menudo no se conoce. Especialment...

Lípidos basados en glicerol tales como triglicéridos y fosfolípidos (glicero) constituyen importantes y probablemente las clases de lípidos más conocidos 1. Triglicéridos (TG) son grasas o aceites, que por lo general funcionan como lípidos de almacenamiento, y por lo tanto, como posibles fuentes de energía y de carbono. Las etiquetas pueden ser degradadas por las lipasas, que con frecuencia son secretadas por el organismo productor de digerir variables externas y ponerlos a disposición como fuentes de carbono. Además, las lipasas se han estudiado ampliamente en los últimos años debido a sus importantes aplicaciones biotecnológicas 2. Debido a su naturaleza anfifílica y su forma casi cilíndrica, (glicero fosfolípidos) exhiben propiedades de formación de membrana y por lo general constituyen los principales componentes lipídicos de la membrana de dos capas 3. En los microorganismos simples, tales como la bacteria Escherichia coli, sólo tres variantes principales del grupo de cabeza, fosfatidilglicerol (PG), cardiolipina (CL), y phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) se encontró, aunque se debe tener en cuenta que cada uno de ellos puede estar sustituido con un número considerable de diferentes cadenas de acilo graso en la posición sn -1 o sn -2 posición que da lugar a un gran número de diferentes especies moleculares de 4 . Otras bacterias podrían tener otros fosfolípidos, además o en lugar. Por ejemplo, Sinorhizobium meliloti, una bacteria del suelo, que es capaz de formar una raíz simbiosis nódulo de fijación de nitrógeno con la alfalfa leguminosas (Medicago sativa), contiene, además de PE un segundo fosfolípido zwitteriónico, la fosfatidilcolina (PC) 5. Además, los lípidos no contiene fósforo o glicerol pueden ser anfífilo y forma parte de la membrana celular. Por ejemplo, de las condiciones de crecimiento de fósforo limitativo, en S. meliloti, (glicero fosfolípidos) se sustituyen en gran medida por los lípidos de membrana que no contienen fósforo, es decir, sulfolípidos, lípidos ornitina, y diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) 6. En las bacterias, DGTS se forma a partir de diacilglicerol (DAG) en una vía de dos pasos 7, pero la fuente para la generación de DAG no estaba claro. Experimentos de pulso-caza sugirieron que PC puede ser un precursor para DGTS 8 y usando la metodología descrita en este manuscrito podríamos identificar una fosfolipasa C (PLCP, SMc00171) que se forma en condiciones de fósforo limitativo y que puede convertir PC en DAG y fosfocolina 8. En un estudio separado, descubrimos que un acil-CoA sintetasa (FADD) mutante deficiente en S. meliloti o de Escherichia coli acumula ácidos grasos libres al entrar en la fase estacionaria de crecimiento 9. Aunque estos ácidos grasos parecían ser derivados de lípidos de la membrana, no se sabe que la fuente precisa de los ácidos grasos libres o la enzima (s) liberándolos. Una vez más, empleando la estrategia descrita en este manuscrito, dos 10 (fosfo) lipasas patatina-como (SMc00930 y SMc01003) que contribuyó a la formación de ácidos grasos libres en S. meliloti 11 estaba previsto. Sorprendentemente, SMc01003 utiliza DAG como sustrato la conversión a monoacilglicerol y, finalmente, glicerol y ácidos grasos libres 11. Por lo tanto, es una lipasa SMc01003 DAG (DGLA). A pesar de que existe una serie de algoritmos de predicción del potencial (fosfo) 12,13 lipasas, su función precisa y papel fisiológico por lo general no se conoce. Aquí describimos un protocolo, para clonar y sobreexpresan lipasas (fosfo) predichos o potenciales. Este manuscrito se explica cómo los ensayos enzimáticos pueden ser desarrollados y optimizados para la lipasa sobreexpresa (fosfo) mediante el uso de sustratos cromogénicos artificiales. Proporcionamos ejemplos de cómo en un ensayo enzimático optimizado el (fosfo) sustrato de la lipasa real puede ser encontrado y cómo estos hallazgos podrían enriquecer nuestra comprensión de la fisiología microbiana.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9180-03</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9070-03</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9507-05</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexanes</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9309-02</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethylether</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>32203</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bidistilled water</td>
			<td>&#160;ANY</td>
			<td>&#160;NA</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T-1503</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Baker</td>
			<td>9535-02</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Baker</td>
			<td>3624-01</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X-100</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth</td>
			<td>ANY</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth, 10g tryptone + 5g yeast extract + 10g NaCl per liter of bidistilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tryptone</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>211705</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>yeast extract</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TY broth</td>
			<td>ANY</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth, 8g tryptone + 3g yeast extract + 66mg CaCl2 2 H20 per liter of bidistilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 2 H2O</td>
			<td>Baker</td>
			<td>1332-01</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isopropyl-&#946;-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15529-019</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethanolamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D-8885</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MnCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>221279</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospholipase A2 snake venom</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0790</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospholipase C Clostridium perfingrens</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7633</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bis-p-nitrophenyl phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>07422AH</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl stearate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N3627</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl dodecanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>61716</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl decanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N0252</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl palmitate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N2752</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl butyrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N9876</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-nitrophenyl octanoate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>21742</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid, sodium salt [1-14C]</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NEC084</td>
			<td>Bacterial growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9224-01</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminium HPTLC silica gel 60 plates. Silica gel HPTLC plates size 20 x 20 cm, 25 sheets.</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>105547</td>
			<td>TLC analysis &#38; Lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer UV/VIS Lambda 35</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Storm 820 Phosphorimager</td>
			<td>Molecular Dynamics</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Photostimulable Luminescence scanner&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multipurpose Scintillation Counter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Radioactivity Quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>French Pressure Cell</td>
			<td>ThermoSpectronic</td>
			<td>NA&#160;</td>
			<td>Breakage of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chromatography paper 3MM Chr</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>3030917</td>
			<td>TLC analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021our</td>
			<td>reference 34</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>studied strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS Competent cells</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69451</td>
			<td>protein expression strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pET9a vector</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69431</td>
			<td>protein expression vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pET17b vector</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69663</td>
			<td>protein expression vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile polystyrene round-bottom tube (14 ml) Falcon</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>352057</td>
			<td>radiolabeling of bacterial cultures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes (1.5 ml)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30125.15</td>
			<td>Enzymatic assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9135</td>
			<td>lipid standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-&#945;-phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6267</td>
			<td>lipid standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DL-&#945;-monopalmitin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1640</td>
			<td>lipid standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>palmitic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0500</td>
			<td>lipid standard</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

defining substrate specificities for lipase and phospholipase candidates

Los microorganismos producen un amplio espectro de lipasas (fosfo) que son secretadas en el fin de hacer los sustratos externos disponibles para el organismo. Alternativamente, otros (fosfo) lipasas pueden estar asociadas físicamente con el organismo productor causando una facturación de lípidos intrínsecos y con frecuencia dando lugar a una remodelación de las membranas celulares. Aunque potenciales (fosfo) lipasas se pueden predecir con un número de algoritmos cuando la secuencia de gen / proteína está disponible, no ha sido obtenido con frecuencia prueba experimental de las actividades enzimáticas, especificidades de sustrato, y posibles funciones fisiológicas. Este manuscrito describe la optimización de las condiciones de ensayo de (fosfo) lipasas prospectivos con especificidades de sustrato desconocidos y cómo emplear estas condiciones optimizadas en la búsqueda para el sustrato natural de un respectivo lipasa (fosfo). El uso de sustratos cromogénicos artificiales, tales como derivados de p-nitrofenil, puede ayudar a detectar un menorla actividad enzimática de una lipasa predicho (fosfo) en condiciones estándar. Después de haber encontrado una actividad enzimática tal menor, los parámetros distintos de un ensayo enzimático se pueden variar con el fin de obtener una hidrólisis más eficiente del sustrato artificial. Después de haber determinado las condiciones en las que una enzima funciona bien, una variedad de posibles sustratos naturales deben ser analizadas para su degradación, un proceso que puede ser seguido empleando métodos cromatográficos diferentes. La definición de especificidades de sustrato de nuevas enzimas, a menudo proporciona hipótesis para un posible papel fisiológico de estos enzimas, que a continuación pueden ser probados experimentalmente. Siguiendo estas directrices, hemos sido capaces de identificar una fosfolipasa C (SMc00171) que degrada la fosfatidilcolina a fosfocolina y diacilglicerol, en un paso crucial para la remodelación de las membranas en la bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti de las condiciones de fósforo limitante del crecimiento. Para dos predijo patatin-como fosfolipasas (SMc00930 y SMc01003) del mismo organismo, podríamos redefinir sus especificidades de sustrato y aclarar que SMc01003 es una lipasa diacilglicerol.

Actividad de la fosfolipasa-PC específico C SMc00171 con Bis- fosfato de p-nitrofenil Extractos libres de células obtenidas a partir de E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS x, que tenían smc00171 expresaron, fueron estudiados por su capacidad para hidrolizar ésteres de fosfato-nitrofenil bis- p, utilizando un ensayo enzimático espectrofoto...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates at JoVE.com

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Many predicted (phospho)lipases are poorly characterized with regard to their substrate specificities and physiological functions. Here we provide a protocol to optimize enzyme activities, search for natural substrates, and propose physiological functions for these enzymes.

La definición de Sustrato especificidades para la lipasa y la fosfolipasa candidatos

Microorganisms produce a wide spectrum of (phospho)lipases that are secreted in order to make external substrates available for the organism. ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to accelerate the detection of physiological substrates for potential lipases and phosopholipases. This method can help answer key questions in the Entomology field, such as how phospholipases contribute to lipid remodeling in biological membranes. The main advantage of this technique is that the optimization of enzymatic activity and the search for the natural substrate for the enzyme can be performed independently.Though this method can provide insight into substrate specificity of bacterial lipases and phospholipases, it can also be modified to study hydrolases of any other model organisms. We first had the idea for this method when we searched for an enzyme activity that could degrade the intrinsic membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine inorhizobium meliloti. To prepare cell-free protein extracts, defrost bacterial cell suspensions and store them on ice.Then, pass the cell suspensions three times through a cold pressure cell at 20, 000 pounds per square inch. Remove the in-tact cells and cell debris by centrifugation at 5, 000 times g for 30 minutes, at four degrees Celsius. After centrifugation, prepare aliquots of 100 and 500 microliters from the supernatant for subsequent analysis.Set up the previously-optimized enzyme assay using the pipetting schemes tabulated in the text protocol. For an initial coverage of distinct enzyme activities, use artificial substrates that yield a colored product upon hydrolysis, such as para-nitrophenol or PNP derivatives. Follow the time course for an increase of absorbance at 405 nanometers, due to the formation of PNP in a spectrophotometer at 30 degrees Celsius over a five-minute period.Finally, perform calculations as described in the text protocol. For radio labeling of lipids, prepare an overnight pre-culture of an organism of interest in five milliliters of the desired culture medium and grow at 30 degrees Celsius. From the pre-culture, inoculate into 20 millimeters of fresh medium in a 100-millimeter culture flask, to obtain an initial optical density at 620 nanometers of 0.3 for the culture.Next, transfer a one-milliliter aliquot of the culture to a 14-milliliter sterile polystyrene round bottom tube under sterile conditions. Add one microcurie of 114 c acetate to the one-milliliter culture. Then, incubate the liquid culture under agitation at 30 degrees Celsius for a period of 24 hours.At the end of the incubation period, transfer the culture to a 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube and centrifuge at 12, 000 times g at room temperature for five minutes. Resuspend the pellet in 100 microliters of water. At this point, store the cell suspension at minus 20 degrees Celsius or immediately continue with the extraction of polar lipids.To perform the extraction of polar lipids, add 375 microliters of a two to one methanol to chloroform solution to the 100 microliters of aqueous cell suspension. Vortex the sample for 30 seconds before incubating for five minutes at room temperature. Following incubation, centrifuge for five minutes at 12, 000 times g at room temperature.Then, transfer the supernatant to a new 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Next, add 125 microliters of chloroform and 125 microliters of water to the supernatant. After vortexing for 30 seconds, centrifuge the sample for one minute at 12, 000 times g at room temperature.Transfer the lower chloroform phase to a fresh tube. Then, dry the solution with a stream of nitrogen gas. Dissolve the dried lipids in 100 microliters of chloroform to methanol solution.For separation of neutral polar lipids by thin layer chromatography, apply three microliter aliquots of the lipid samples, on a high performance thin-layer chromatography silica gel aluminum sheet, starting two centimeters from the edges of the plate. If multiple samples are analyzed in one-dimensional chromatography, keep a distance of at least 1.5 centimeters between the different sample application spots. Transfer the mobile phase to a TLC developing chamber, internally coated with chromatography paper.Cover with a glass plate to let the chamber saturate for 30 minutes. Transfer the HPTLC Silica Gel aluminum sheet with the dried lipid samples to the chamber. Allow the plate to develop for 30 minutes in a closed chamber before removing the plate.Then, let the solvents dry off in a flow hood for two hours. Once the developed TLC sheet is dry, incubate it with a photostimulable luminescence screen in a closed cassette for three days. Then, expose the incubated screen to a PSL scanner and acquire a virtual image of the separated radio-labeled lipids.To determine diacylglycerol, or DAG, lipase activity, first add 5, 000 CPM of 14 C-labeled DAG to a 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Also, add a solution of Triton X-100 to the tube and mix by vortex. Dry the solution under a stream of nitrogen.For a final 100 microliter assay, add Tris-HCl buffer, a sodium chloride solution, and bi-distilled water. Vortex for five seconds. Initiate the reaction by adding five microliters of enzyme to the solution.Incubate the solution at 30 degrees Celsius for four hours. Stop the reaction by the addition of 250 microliters of methanol and 125 microliters of chloroform, before extracting lipids as described earlier in this video. Proceed to analyze neutral polar lipids by 1DTLC and subsequent PSL imaging as before.Although the predicted phosopholipase SMc01003 shows activity with artificial para-nitrophenol acyl esters, the activity is only double or triple of the background activity present in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli, in which no foreign gene had been expressed. This indicates that para-nitrophenyl acyl esters don't seem to be good substrates for SMc01003. Whereas cell-free extracts of E.Coli cannot degrade diacylglycerol, extracts of strains in which the predicted phospholipase, SMc01003, had been expressed, caused a degradation of diacylglycerol.Though SMc01003 was predicted to be a phospholipase, it is actually a diacylglycerol lipase that degrades diacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol and one fatty acid. It then degrades monoacylglycerol further to glycerol and another fatty acid. Once mastered, this technique can be done in a few weeks if it's performed properly.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to optimize enzyme activities of lipases and phospholipases, and how to continue with the search for their physiological substrates. A crucial advantage of this procedure is that the optimization of the enzyme activity can be separated from the search for the natural enzyme substrate. Don't forget that working with organic solvents or radioactive substances can be extremely hazardous and the required precautions should always be taken while performing this procedure.

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