Name: techniques for imaging prometaphase and metaphase of meiosis i in fixed drosophila oocytes
Uploaded: 2016-10-31T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

We thank Christian Lehner for providing the CENP-C antibody and Eric Joyce for recommendations on FISH. Work in the McKim lab was funded by a grant from NIH (GM101955).

Nota: Le procedure sono eseguite a temperatura ambiente salvo diversamente indicato. incubatori a temperatura controllata sono utilizzati per mantenere temperature per volare allevamento e attraversa se non diversamente specificato. 1. preparati <ol><li> Preparare mosche. <ol><li> Prometafase arricchito collezioni ovocita. <ol><li> Cancella adulto vola da sani, giovani stock o trasversali culture. bottiglie di età per due giorni a 25 ° C. NOTA: Generalmente due bottiglie sani sarà sufficiente, anche ...

<ol>
	<li>Bridges, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-disjunction+as+proof+of+the+chromosome+theory+of+heredity.">Non-disjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity.</a> Genetics. 1 (1), 1-52 (1916).</li><li>Hassold, T., Hunt, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=To+err+(meiotically)+is+human:+the+genesis+of+human+aneuploidy.">To err (meiotically) is human: the genesis of human aneuploidy.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 2 (4), 280-291 (2001).</li><li>Theurkauf, W. E., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meiotic+spindle+assembly+in+Drosophila+females:+behavior+of+nonexchange+chromosomes+and+the+effects+of+mutations+in+the+nod+kinesin-like+protein.">Meiotic spindle assembly in Drosophila females: behavior of nonexchange chromosomes and the effects of mutations in the nod kinesin-like protein.</a> J Cell Biol. 116 (5), 1167-1180 (1992).</li><li>Zou, J., Hallen, M. A., Yankel, C. D., Endow, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microtubule-destabilizing+kinesin+motor+regulates+spindle+length+and+anchoring+in+oocytes.">A microtubule-destabilizing kinesin motor regulates spindle length and anchoring in oocytes.</a> J Cell Biol. 180 (3), 459-466 (2008).</li><li>Dernburg, A. F., Sedat, J. W., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+evidence+of+a+role+for+heterochromatin+in+meiotic+chromosome+segregation.">Direct evidence of a role for heterochromatin in meiotic chromosome segregation.</a> Cell. 86 (1), 135-146 (1996).</li><li>Gilliland, W. D., Hughes, S. F., Vietti, D. R., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Congression+of+achiasmate+chromosomes+to+the+metaphase+plate+in+Drosophila+melanogaster+oocytes.">Congression of achiasmate chromosomes to the metaphase plate in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes.</a> Dev Biol. 325 (1), 122-128 (2009).</li><li>Gilliland, W. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+transiently+sequesters+mps1+and+polo+to+collagenase-sensitive+filaments+in+Drosophila+prometaphase+oocytes.">Hypoxia transiently sequesters mps1 and polo to collagenase-sensitive filaments in Drosophila prometaphase oocytes.</a> PLoS One. 4 (10), e7544 (2009).</li><li>Sullivan, W., Ashburner, M., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila Protocols. , (2000).</li><li>Radford, S. J., Hoang, T. L., G&#322;uszek, A. A., Ohkura, H., McKim, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+and+End-On+Kinetochore+Attachments+Are+Coordinated+to+Achieve+Bi-orientation+in+Drosophila+Oocytes.">Lateral and End-On Kinetochore Attachments Are Coordinated to Achieve Bi-orientation in Drosophila Oocytes.</a> PLoS Genet. 11 (10), e1005605 (2015).</li><li>Smurnyy, Y., Toms, A. V., Hickson, G. R., Eck, M. J., Eggert, U. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binucleine+2,+an+isoform-specific+inhibitor+of+Drosophila+Aurora+B+kinase,+provides+insights+into+the+mechanism+of+cytokinesis.">Binucleine 2, an isoform-specific inhibitor of Drosophila Aurora B kinase, provides insights into the mechanism of cytokinesis.</a> ACS Chem Biol. 5 (11), 1015-1020 (2010).</li><li>Mahowald, A. P., Goralski, T. J., Caulton, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+activation+of+Drosophila+eggs.">In vitro activation of Drosophila eggs.</a> Dev Biol. 98 (2), 437-445 (1983).</li><li>Page, A. W., Orr-Weaver, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+meiotic+divisions+in+Drosophila+oocytes.">Activation of the meiotic divisions in Drosophila oocytes.</a> Dev Biol. 183 (2), 195-207 (1997).</li><li>Tavosanis, G., Llamazares, S., Goulielmos, G., Gonzalez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essential+role+for+gamma-tubulin+in+the+acentriolar+female+meiotic+spindle+of+Drosophila.">Essential role for gamma-tubulin in the acentriolar female meiotic spindle of Drosophila.</a> EMBO J. 16 (8), 1809-1819 (1997).</li><li>Endow, S. A., Komma, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spindle+dynamics+during+meiosis+in+Drosophila+oocytes.">Spindle dynamics during meiosis in Drosophila oocytes.</a> J Cell Biol. 137 (6), 1321-1336 (1997).</li><li>Matthies, H. J., Clarkson, M., Saint, R. B., Namba, R., Hawley, R. S., Sullivan, W., Ashburner, M., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila Protocols. , 67-85 (2000).</li><li>Colombi&#233;, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+roles+of+Incenp+crucial+to+the+assembly+of+the+acentrosomal+metaphase+spindle+in+female+meiosis.">Dual roles of Incenp crucial to the assembly of the acentrosomal metaphase spindle in female meiosis.</a> Development. 135 (19), 3239-3246 (2008).</li></ol>

Messa in scena Drosophila ovociti Anche se un cariosoma allungata è spesso visto in ovociti prometafase, utilizzando cariosoma forma di distinguere prometafase da ovociti in metafase può essere problematico. Durante prometafase, il cariosoma inizia come una forma rotonda, si allunga, e poi si ritrae ad una forma rotonda come l&#39;ovocita si avvicina l&#39;arresto metafase. Ciò significa che molti ovociti prometafase non hanno un cariosoma allungata. Inoltre, se ...

The study of meiosis is sometimes described as the "genetics of genetics". This is because the fundamental properties of chromosome inheritance and independent assortment are carried out through the segregation of chromosomes during gamete production. An important demonstration of the chromosome theory of inheritance came in 1916 from the work of Calvin Bridges in Drosophila melanogaster1. This and other classical genetics studies in Drosophila contributed greatly to our understanding of genetics. Cytological examination of meiotic chromosomes in Drosophila oocytes, however, has been challenging. This is primarily because immunofluorescence of late-stage Drosophila oocytes, when the spindle assembles and chromosomes are oriented for segregation, is hampered by the presence of membranes that render the oocyte impenetrable to antibodies.
Despite this challenge, Drosophila oocytes remain an attractive model for the study of chromosome behavior and spindle assembly. This is because of the powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila, but also because the oocytes arrest at metaphase I, when the chromosomes are oriented and the spindle is fully formed. This facilitates the collection and examination of large numbers of oocytes at this important stage of cell division. In addition, a simple model organism that is amenable to genetic manipulation for the study of oocyte chromosome segregation can provide an important contribution to our understanding of human reproductive health. Errors in chromosome number are the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects in humans2. A majority of these errors can be traced to the oocyte and are correlated with increasing maternal age. The average age of mothers in the U.S. has been increasing, making this a major public health concern.
We describe here methods for the cytological examination of Drosophila oocytes, including a demonstration of how to remove the oocyte membranes. These methods are modifications of protocols first described by Theurkauf and Hawley3, Zou et al.4, and Dernburg et al.5. We also include methods for the enrichment of different stages of oocytes, based on a protocol first described by Gilliland et al.6. Finally, we add instructions for the drug treatment of Drosophila oocytes. Together, these methods allow the cytological investigation of oocyte chromosome segregation and spindle assembly in Drosophila.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td>18505</td>
			<td>HAZARDOUS; once opened, discard after one month</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL beakers</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL tubes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>active dry yeast</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>mix with water to make a paste the consistency of peanut butter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#945;-tubulin antibody conjugated to FITC</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F2168</td>
			<td>clone DM1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binucleine 2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B1186</td>
			<td>HAZARDOUS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>blender</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>colchicine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C-9754</td>
			<td>HAZARDOUS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coverslips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-227</td>
			<td>No. 1 1/2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dextran sulfate</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>forceps</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td>5622</td>
			<td>Dumont tweezers high precision grade style 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>formamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>47670-250ML-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48312-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>graduated 1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>EM-5330</td>
			<td>available from several venders</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>large mesh (~1500 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>AA43657-NK</td>
			<td>variety of formats and other suppliers, 12 or 14 mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small mesh (~300 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>Spectrum labs</td>
			<td>146 424</td>
			<td>variety of formats, eg 146 422 or 146 486</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nutator</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium acetate</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cacodylic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C0125</td>
			<td>HAZARDOUS; alternatively, sodium cacodylate may be substituted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium citrate</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sucrose</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>taxol (paclitaxel)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1912</td>
			<td>HAZARDOUS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>PI-28314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>PI-28320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vortex</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

techniques for imaging prometaphase and metaphase of meiosis i in fixed drosophila oocytes

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The study of chromosome behavior in oocytes from model organisms holds much promise to uncover the molecular basis of the susceptibility of human oocytes to aneuploidy. Drosophila melanogaster is amenable to genetic manipulation, with over 100 years of research, community, and technique development. Visualizing chromosome behavior and spindle assembly in Drosophila oocytes has particular challenges, however, due primarily to the presence of membranes surrounding the oocyte that are impenetrable to antibodies. We describe here protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of meiosis I spindle assembly and chromosome behavior in Drosophila oocytes, which allow the molecular dissection of chromosome segregation in this important model organism.

I metodi che abbiamo descritto qui comporterà la raccolta di fase tardo-ovociti Drosophila che rappresentano tre fasi della meiosi (Figura 1). Gli ovociti in profase si distinguono per la presenza della membrana nucleare, che è visibile dalla mancanza di segnale di tubulina nella regione circostante il cariosoma (Figura 1A). Prometafase è il periodo dopo la rottura membrana nucleare durante il quale le assembla mandrino. Durante prometafase, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

We present protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of mature Drosophila oocytes. These methods allow the visualization of chromosome behavior and spindle assembly and function during meiosis.

Tecniche di Imaging Prometafase e metafase della meiosi I nel fisso<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; ovociti

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to prepare Drosophila oocytes for the cytological examination of spindle assembly and chromosome orientation during meiosis I.This method can help answer key questions in the meiosis field, such as how spindle bipolarity is established and how chromosomes become bi-oriented in the absence of centrosomes. The main advantage of this technique is that the oocyte membranes that block antibody penetration are effectively removed, which allows immunofluorescence. To begin pre-coat the inside of a five-millimeter tube and pasture pipette with PTB to prevent oocytes sticking to the surfaces.Add 100 milliliters of ROB's buffer to a blender and then add 100 to 300 anesthetized flies and pulse three times for one second. Filter the resulted slurry into a 250-milliliter beaker through a large mesh with pores of around 1, 500 micrometers. Let the filtrate settle for around two minutes and then aspirate the top layer, removing as many large body parts as possible.Filter the slurry again into a 250-milliliter beaker, through a smaller mesh with the pore size of 300 micrometers. Rinse the first beaker using additional buffer in the coated pipette to collect the remaining oocytes. Let the slurry settle for three minutes and then aspirate all but the bottom 10 milliliters.Pour as much of the 10 milliliters as possible into the coated five-milliliter tube. Let the slurry settle for around two minutes and then carefully remove the liquid. Add the remainder of the 10 milliliters of slurry and let the mix settle again before removing the liquid.Rinse any remaining oocytes out of the beaker using additional buffer in the coated pipette. Let the rinse settle in the five-milliliter tube for three to five minutes. To fix the ovaries, first aspirate off all liquid from the tissues and immediately add one milliliter of Fix Mix.Place the tissues on a nutator for 2 1/2 minutes. Next, add one milliliter of heptane, vortex the tube for one minute, and then allow the oocytes to settle for a further minute. Remove all liquid from the settled tissue, then add one milliliter of 1x PBS.Vortex the tube for 30 seconds and then allow the oocytes to settle for one minute. After that, remove all liquid from the tube and fill it with five milliliters of 1x PBS. Using the coated pipette, add roughly 500 to 1, 000 oocytes to a frosted glass slide.Remove any extraneous body parts or material using forceps. Place a cover slip on top of the tissue and gently roll the oocytes until all membranes are removed. Dragging the edge of the coverslip across the oocytes works well.Check the progress of membrane removal under a microscope periodically. Too much pressure will destroy the oocytes. The most effective oocyte membrane removal is achieved by combining the maximum amount of oocyte movement with the minimum amount of pressure.Use a light touch and quick movements to drag the edge of the coverslip across the oocytes. To begin extraction and blocking, add 15 milliliters of PBS 1%Triton X-100 to a 50-milliliter tube. Rinse the rolled oocytes into this tube and nutate for 1 1/2 to two hours.After allowing the oocytes to settle for two minutes, remove the liquid along with as many membranes as possible and add 50 milliliters of PBS 0.05%Triton X-100. Let the oocytes settle for a further two minutes, and then remove all but around one milliliter of liquid. Transfer the oocytes to a graduated 1.5 milliliter tube and remove the remaining liquid.Add one milliliter of PTB for blocking and nutate for one hour. Remove the liquid from the oocytes and then add 300 microliters of PTB. Next, add the primary antibody of interest at the appropriate dilution, taking care to protect the samples treated with fluorescent antibody from light.Nutute overnight at four degrees Celsius. Wash the oocytes and one milliliter of PTB four times for 15 minutes each. Remove the liquid, and add 200 microliters of supernatant from the secondary antibody-treated embryos.Filter the 300-microliter mark with PTB and then nutate for three to four hours at room temperature. Wash the oocytes once for 15 minutes with one milliliter of PTB. Next, remove the liquid and add 0.5 microliters of Hoechst 33342 and 500 microliters of PTB.Set to nutate for seven minutes. Use one milliliter of PTB to wash the oocytes two times for 15 minutes each. The samples can now be mounted and imaged immediately using standard confocal microscopy techniques, or stored in PTB at four degrees Celsius until needed.Images of late-stage oocytes generated using the demonstrated technique are shown here, capturing three different stages of meiosis. Oocytes in prophase are distinguished by the presence of the nuclear envelope which is visible due to the lack of tubulin signal in the regions surrounding the karyosome. The distinctive elongation of the karyosome in the prometaphase was also observed, and the fourth chromosomes are seen apart from the karyosome mass.Metaphase was also captured and the karyosome is seen retracted into a round shape. Here immunostaining with different antibodies highlights the spindle, centromeres, and central spindle in oocytes fixed with formaldehyde and heptane. Oocytes treated with the drug Colchicine showed non-standard phenotypes with the elimination of most non-kinetic or microtubules, resulting in all microtubules contacting the DNA at centromere labeled Phocyde.Treatment with Paclitaxel resulted in oocytes with excessive microtubules in the cytoplasm. Finally oocytes treated with Binucleine 2 to inhibit Aurora B kinase, showed complete loss of spindle microtubules. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember not to rush during oocyte membrane removal, because the success of the protocol depends on this step.Generally individuals new to this method will struggle, because the removal of the membranes requires patience and practice. This technique is therefore best learned by watching someone perform it successfully. Once mastered, rolling the oocytes can be done in five to 10 minutes.But it's possible to take up to 30 minutes without affecting the quality of the results. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to prepare late-stage Drosophila oocytes for imaging biotic spindle assembly, spindle organization, chromosome movements, and chromosome bi-orientation. Thanks for watching, and good luck with your experiments.

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Biology

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

Unit 2

Meiosis

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

Tecniche di microiniezione per Studiare Mitosi in Drosophila melanogaster Embryo sinciziale

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo  for studying mitosis1.  Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Mesoscopic Fluorescence Tomography for In-vivo Imaging of Developing Drosophila

Mesoscopici fluorescenza per Tomografia In-vivo Imaging di sviluppo Drosophila</em

Visualizing  developing organ formation as well as progession and treatment of disease often  heavily relies on the ability to optically interrogate ...

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

Preparazione di Sviluppo e degli adulti Drosophila Brains e retina per l&#39;imaging dal vivo

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three ...

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Tecniche di Imaging Ca 2 + Segnalazione di sperma umano

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

Imaging in vivo di intatto Larve di Drosophila a livello sub-cellulare Risoluzione

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Patch clamp e Tecniche di perfusione per la valutazione dei canali ioni Espresso in Xenopus Ovociti

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Imaging Forma Modifica cella in Living Drosophila Embrioni

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

Vivo Imaging delle proteine ​​GFP-etichettati in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Gli oociti

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Vivere Imaging di apoptotica delle cellule libera nel corso<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriogenesi

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Organelle Transport in Cultured Drosophila Cells: S2 Cell Line and Primary Neurons.

Organelle Transport in Cultured Drosophila Cells: S2 Cell Line and Primary Neurons.

Organelle Trasporti in Colta<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Celle: Cell Line S2 e Primaria neuroni.

Drosophila S2 cells plated on a coverslip in the presence of any actin-depolymerizing drug form long unbranched processes filled with uniformly polarized ...