Name: tools to study the role of architectural protein hmgb1 in the processing of helix distorting, site-specific dna interstrand crosslinks
Uploaded: 2016-11-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tools to Study the Role of Architectural Protein HMGB1 in the Processing of Helix Distorting, Site-specific DNA Interstrand Crosslinks at JoVE.com

Os autores gostariam de agradecer aos membros do laboratório de Vasquez para discussões úteis. Este trabalho foi financiado pelos Institutos Nacionais de / Instituto de Saúde Nacional do Câncer [CA097175, CA093279 a KMV]; ea Prevenção do Câncer e Instituto de Pesquisa do Texas [RP101501]. O financiamento para taxa de acesso aberto: Institutos Nacionais de Saúde / Instituto Nacional do Câncer [CA093279 a KMV].

1. Preparação de ICLs TFO-dirigidas no plasmídeo Substratos <ol><li> Incubar quantidades equimolares de pSupFG1 10,11 plasmídeo de DNA (DNA de plasmídeo de 5 ug é um bom ponto de partida) com psoraleno-AG30 conjugado TFO em 8 mL de tampão de ligação triplex [50% de glicerol, Tris 10 mM (pH 7,6), 10 mM de MgCl 2] e dH 2 o para um volume final de 40 ul num tubo de âmbar. Misture bem, pipetando para cima e para baixo. Incubar a reacção a 37 ° C banho de água durante 12 h. </...

<ol>
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E., Beltrame, M., Paonessa, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+recognition+of+cruciform+DNA+by+nuclear+protein+HMG1.">Specific recognition of cruciform DNA by nuclear protein HMG1.</a> Science. 243, 1056-1059 (1989).</li><li>Jung, Y., Lippard, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nature+of+full-length+HMGB1+binding+to+cisplatin-modified+DNA.">Nature of full-length HMGB1 binding to cisplatin-modified DNA.</a> Biochemistry. 42, 2664-2671 (2003).</li><li>Reddy, M. C., Christensen, J., Vasquez, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+between+human+high+mobility+group+protein+1+and+replication+protein+A+on+psoralen-cross-linked+DNA.">Interplay between human high mobility group protein 1 and replication protein A on psoralen-cross-linked DNA.</a> Biochemistry. 44, 4188-4195 (2005).</li><li>Das, D., Scovell, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+binding+interaction+of+HMG-1+with+the+TATA-binding+protein/TATA+complex.">The binding interaction of HMG-1 with the TATA-binding protein/TATA complex.</a> J Biol Chem. 276, 32597-32605 (2001).</li><li>Little, A. J., Corbett, E., Ortega, F., Schatz, D. 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A formação eficiente de ICLs TFO-dirigida é dependente de dois factores fundamentais: Em primeiro lugar, os componentes do tampão adequado (por exemplo, MgCl 2) e o tempo de incubação do TFO com o seu substrato de ADN alvo (dependente da afinidade de ligação do TFO ao seu alvo duplex, e as concentrações utilizadas); e segundo, a irradiação a dose apropriada de radiação UVA (365 nm) para formar reticulações de psoraleno eficientemente. formação de triplex ideal pode ser conseguido at...

Triplex-formando oligonucleotídeos (TFO) DNA ligam duplex de uma forma específica de sequência por meio de ligação de Hoogsteen-hidrogênio para formar estruturas 1-5 triple-helicoidais. Tecnologia triplex foi utilizado para interrogar uma variedade de mecanismos biomoleculares, tais como a transcrição, reparação de danos do ADN, e o gene de segmentação (revisto em referências 6-8). TFO têm sido amplamente utilizados para induzir dano local específico em plasmídeos repórter 9,10. O nosso laboratório e outros já anteriormente utilizado um TFO, AG30, presa a uma molécula de psoraleno para induzir reticulações intercadeias de ADN específicas do local (ICLs) no gene supF no plasmídeo pSupFG1 5,10-12. ICLs são altamente citotóxica como estas lesões covalente reticular as duas cadeias de ADN e, se deixada sem conserto, pode bloquear a transcrição de genes e impedem a maquinaria de replicação do DNA 13,14. Devido ao seu potencial citotóxico, agentes indutores de ICL foram usados ​​como drogas quimioterapêuticas no tratamentode câncer e outras doenças 15. No entanto, o processamento e reparação de ICLs nas células humanas não é bem compreendido. Assim, uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos no processamento de ICLs em células humanas pode ajudar a melhorar a eficácia dos regimes quimioterapêuticos baseados em ICL. ICLs-induzidas TFO e seus intermediários reparação têm o potencial de causar distorções estruturais importantes para a hélice do ADN. Tais distorções são alvos prováveis para proteínas de arquitectura, que se ligam ao ADN distorcido com maior afinidade do que a B-forma canónica de ADN duplex 16-20. Aqui, estudou-se a associação de uma proteína de arquitectura altamente abundante, HMGB1 com ICLs em células humanas por meio de imunoprecipitação da cromatina (ChIP) ensaios em plasmídeos de psoraleno-reticulado e identificado um papel para HMGB1 na modulação da topologia do ADN plasmídeo psoraleno-reticulado em humanos Os lisados ​​celulares de cancro. HMGB1 é altamente abundante e ubiquamente expresso não-Hisproteína arquitectónico tom que se liga ao DNA danificado e substratos de DNA, alternativamente, estruturados com maior afinidade do que o DNA-forma canónica B 17-20. HMGB1 está envolvido em vários processos metabólicos de ADN, tais como a transcrição, replicação de ADN, e a reparação do ADN 16,21-23. Demonstrámos previamente que se liga a HMGB1 ICLs TFO-dirigida in vitro com alta afinidade 20. Além disso, demonstrámos que a falta de HMGB1 aumentou o processamento mutagénico de ICLs TFO-HMGB1 dirigidos e identificado como uma reparação de excisão de nucleótidos (ILM) de co-factor de 23,24. Recentemente, verificou-se que está associado com HMGB1 ICLs TFO-dirigidas em células humanas e o seu recrutamento de tais lesões é dependente da proteína NER, XPA 16. Superenrolamento negativo do ADN tem mostrado promover a remoção eficiente das lesões do ADN por NER 25, e verificou-se que a HMGB1 induz superenrolamento negativo preferencialmente em TFO dirigidos Plas-ICL contendomeados substratos (em relação a substratos não danificado, plasmídeos) 16, proporcionando uma melhor compreensão do papel potencial (s) de HMGB1 como um co-factor NER. O processamento de ICLs não é totalmente compreendido, em células humanas; Assim, as técnicas e ensaios desenvolvidos com base em ferramentas moleculares aqui descritos podem levar à identificação de proteínas adicionais envolvidos na reparação de ICL, que por sua vez podem servir como alvos farmacológicos que podem ser exploradas para melhorar a eficácia dos regimes de quimioterapia do cancro. Aqui, uma abordagem eficaz para avaliar a eficiência de formação de TFO-dirigida ICL em DNA de plasmídeo por electroforese em gel desnaturante de agarose foi discutido. Além disso, utilizando os plasmídeos que contêm os ICLs TFO-dirigidas, técnicas para determinar a associação de HMGB1 com os plasmídeos de ICL-danificados num contexto celular utilizando ensaios ChIP modificados foram descritos. Além disso, um método fácil para estudar as modificações introduzidas por Th topológicose HMGB1 proteína de arquitectura, especificamente sobre substratos plasmídeo ICL-danificadas em lisados ​​de células humanas foi determinada realizando ensaios de super-enrolamento através de electroforese em gel de agarose bidimensional. As técnicas descritas podem ser usadas para ajudar a compreender o envolvimento da reparação do ADN e proteínas de arquitectura no tratamento de danos no ADN alvo em plasmídeos em células humanas. Descrevemos protocolos pormenorizados para a formação de ICLs psoraleno específicas do local dirigidas no TFO-DNA do plasmídeo e subsequente ChIP plasmídeo super-enrolamento e ensaios para identificar proteínas que se associam com as lesões, e proteínas que alteram a topologia do ADN, respectivamente. Estes ensaios podem ser modificados para realizar com outros agentes prejudiciais de ADN, TFO, substratos de plasmídeos, e as linhas de células de mamífero de interesse. Na verdade, temos mostrado que há pelo menos um potencial de afinidade única e alta local TFO de ligação dentro de cada gene anotada no genoma humano 26. Comocada vez, para maior clareza, que estas técnicas descritas para a utilização específica de um TFO psoraleno-conjugado (pAG30) num plasmídeo repórter-mutação específica (pSupFG1) em células humanas U2OS que temos utilizado em Mukherjee &amp; Vasquez, 2016 16.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#39;HMT Psoralen-AG30</td>
			<td>Midland Certified Reagent Co., Midland, TX</td>
			<td>Custom order</td>
			<td>HPLC (or gel) purified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Simple ChIP Enzymatic Chromatin IP Kit</td>
			<td>Cell signaling Inc.</td>
			<td>9003</td>
			<td>Manufacturer suggested protocol is optimized for chromatin IP and not for plasmid IP. The control IgG and H3 antibodies as well as the Protein G beads and micrococcal nuclease are supplied by the manufacturer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq Green</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7122</td>
			<td>PCR master mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HMGB1 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab18256</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wizard Gel and PCR cleanup kit</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A9281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroquine-diphosphate salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6628-50G</td>
			<td>For two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenePORTER transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Genlantis</td>
			<td>T201015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vaccinia Topoisomerase I</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>38042-024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blak-Ray long wave ultraviolet lamp</td>
			<td>Upland, CA</td>
			<td>B 100 AP</td>
			<td>UVA lamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EpiSonic Multi-Functional Bioprocessor 1100</td>
			<td>Epigentek</td>
			<td>EQC-1100</td>
			<td>Water bath sonicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mylar filter</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>80112939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BIO-RAD Chemidoc</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>XRS+ system</td>
			<td>DNA imaging system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP381-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8775-25ML</td>
			<td>Used for crosslinking&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>P8107S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11965092</td>
			<td>Cell culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>70013073</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromocresol green</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114-359</td>
			<td>DNA loading dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Siliconized tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>02-681-320</td>
			<td>Low retention microfuge tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A74-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP24731</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photometer</td>
			<td>InternationalLight Technologies</td>
			<td>ILT1400-A</td>
			<td>UVA dose measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell lines</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human U2OS osteosarcoma</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC HTB-96</td>
			<td>Cultured according to supplier&#8217;s recommendation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC-CCL-2</td>
			<td>Cultured according to supplier&#8217;s recommendation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proximal forward primer</td>
			<td>5&#8242;-gcc ccc ctg acg agc atc ac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proximal reverse primer</td>
			<td>5&#8242;-tag tta ccg gat aag gcg cag cgg</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distal forward primer</td>
			<td>5&#8242;-aat acc gcg cca cat agc ag</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distal reverse primer</td>
			<td>5&#8242;-agt att caa cat ttc cgt gtc gcc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tools to study the role of architectural protein hmgb1 in the processing of helix distorting, site-specific dna interstrand crosslinks

caixa de grupo de alta mobilidade 1 (HMGB1) a proteína é uma proteína não-histona arquitectónico que está envolvido na regulação de muitas funções importantes no genoma, tais como transcrição, replicação de ADN, e a reparação do ADN. HMGB1 se liga ao DNA estruturalmente distorcida com maior afinidade do que a B-ADN canónica. Por exemplo, descobrimos que HMGB1 se liga ao DNA intercadeias ligações cruzadas (CIET), que covalentemente ligam as duas cadeias do DNA, causar distorção da hélice e, se deixada sem conserto pode causar morte celular. Devido ao seu potencial citotóxico, vários agentes indutores de ICL são actualmente utilizados como agentes quimioterapêuticos em clínica. Enquanto os agentes ICL-formando mostrar preferências por certas sequências de bases (por exemplo, 5&#39;-TA-3 &#39;é o local de reticulação preferido para psoraleno), que em grande parte induz danos no ADN de uma forma indiscriminada. No entanto, por acoplamento covalente do agente de indução de ICL a um oligonucleótido de formação de triplex (TFO), que se liga a DNA de uma sequência-específicaforma, o dano ao DNA alvo pode ser alcançado. Aqui, nós utilizamos um TFO covalentemente conjugado no &quot;fim a um 4&#39;-hidroximetil-4,5 &#39;a 5 (HMT) psoraleno, 8-trimetilpsoraleno para gerar um ICL específica do local num plasmídeo repórter-mutação a ser usado como uma ferramenta para estudar a modificação de arquitectura, processamento, e reparação das lesões do ADN complexas por HMGB1 em células humanas. Descrevemos técnicas experimentais para preparar ICLs TFO dirigidos em plasmídeos repórter, e para interrogar a associação de HMGB1 com os ICLs TFO dirigidos em um contexto celular usando ensaios cromatina imunoprecipitação. Além disso, descreve-se ensaios de super-enrolamento de ADN para avaliar a alteração de arquitectura específica do ADN danificado por medição da quantidade de voltas superhelical introduzidas no plasmídeo psoraleno-reticulada por HMGB1. Estas técnicas podem ser usadas para estudar os papéis de outras proteínas envolvidas no processamento e reparação de ICLs TFO-dirigida ou outro dano do DNA alvo em qualquer linha celular de interesse.

Formação do ICL TFO-dirigida é crítico para os ensaios de plasmídeo baseado, que são utilizados para interrogar as funções das proteínas de arquitectura do processamento de ICL, em células humanas. Electroforese em gel desnaturante de agarose é uma maneira fácil para determinar a eficiência da formação de ICL TFO-dirigida. Os plasmídeos que albergam ICLs TFO dirigidos migram com uma mobilidade mais lenta através da matriz de gel de agarose (Figura 1A, pi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tools to Study the Role of Architectural Protein HMGB1 in the Processing of Helix Distorting, Site-specific DNA Interstrand Crosslinks at JoVE.com

Tools to Study the Role of Architectural Protein HMGB1 in the Processing of Helix Distorting, Site-specific DNA Interstrand Crosslinks

Targeted DNA damage can be achieved by tethering a DNA damaging agent to a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO). Using modified TFOs, DNA damage-specific protein association, and DNA topology modification can be studied in human cells by the utilization of modified chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and DNA supercoiling assays described herein.

Ferramentas para estudar o papel da HMGB1 Protein Architectural no processamento de Helix distorcendo, DNA Site-specific intercadeias Crosslinks

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a non-histone architectural protein that is involved in regulating many important functions in the genome, ...

The overall goal of the modified chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNA supercoiling experiments is to study the association and subsequent topological modifications induced by architectural proteins on site-specific DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic or carcinogenic agents in human cells. This methodology will allow us to address key questions about DNA damage and repair which should facilitate discovery of new pharmacological targets for cancer therapy. Our technology allows us to direct site-specific DNA damage, and facilitates evaluation of critical DNA repair processes relevant to human cancer.To begin, 24 hours before transfection, plate 400, 000 mammalian cells per 60 millimeter dish in DMEM supplemented with 10%FBS without antibiotics. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide overnight. In a 14-milliliter round bottom tube, combine 30 microliters of room temperature transfectionary agent with 500 microliters of 1X growth medium that has been warmed to 37 degrees Celsius.In a second tube, combine two micrograms of TFO-directed ICL-containing plasmids in 500 microliters of 1X growth medium. Incubate the tubes at room temperature for 10 minutes. Combine mix one with mix two, and pipette up and down to thoroughly mix.Then incubate the solution at room temperature for 25 to 30 minutes. Next, use warm PBS to wash the cells twice. Then, add the transfection mix in a drop-wise fashion, distributing the solution evenly throughout the plate of cells.Add one milliliter of growth medium to the plate, and bring the final volume to two milliliters. Mix well, and place the culture plates at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Four hours later, replace the medium with three milliliters of growth medium with 10%FBS, and incubate an additional 16 hours.Following the incubation, add 80 microliters of fresh 37%formaldehyde per plate to the cells, and incubate at room temperature in the dark for 10 minutes. Quench the formaldehyde cross-linking by adding 300 microliters of chilled glycine per plate, and incubate for five minutes. Then remove the medium, and use chilled PBS to wash the plates twice.Next, after adding one millimeter of chilled PBS, collect the cells by scraping into a microcentrifuge tube on ice, keeping samples on ice at all times. Prepare cell pellets by centrifuging at 13, 400 times G, and four degrees Celsius for five minutes. Then, remove the supernatant, and place the pellets on ice.Use one milliliter of chilled Buffer A to homogeneously re-suspend the pellets, and incubate on ice for 10 minutes. Then, pellet the cells as before. Now, with one milliliter of chilled Buffer B, homogeneously re-suspend the pellets, and incubate on ice for 10 minutes with occasional mixing by inverting.Then pellet the cells as before. After re-suspending the cells again, in 200 microliters of chilled Buffer B, add two microliters of micrococcal nuclease, or MNase, and incubate the reaction at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, stop the MNase reaction by placing the tubes on ice, and adding 40 millimolar EDTA.The level of digestion by micrococcal nuclease is very critical, because overdigestion may cause loss of signal, whereas underdigestion may cause a lot of nonspecific background. After pelleting the cells, re-suspend the pellets in 100 microliters of chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP buffer, supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail. Then, transfer the cell suspension to a thin-walled microcentrifuge tube.Sonicate the samples by floating them on a water bath sonicator for 20 seconds, followed by 20 seconds on ice. Repeat the sonication steps nine times to generate approximately 800 to 1, 200 base-pair fragments. To 20 microliters of the sonicated samples, add three microliters of five molar sodium chloride, and one microliter of RNase A.Vortex the tubes, and incubate them at 37 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Then, add two microliters of proteinase K, and incubate at 65 degrees Celsius for two hours. After purifying the samples, according to the text protocol, run them on 1%agarose gel, and visualize with ethidium bromide. In three separate, pre-chilled siliconized tubes, add 30 microliters of lysate, and 70 microliters of chilled 1X ChIP buffer with added protease inhibitors.Add one microgram of anti-IgG, anti-histone H3, or anti-HMGB1 antibodies to the respective tubes. Incubate overnight in a cold room with continuous rotation. In the cold room, after re-suspending Protein G beads, add four microliters of the beads to each reaction tube, and incubate in a cold room with rotation for another two to four hours.Place the tubes on a magnetic rack to pellet the beads, and remove the supernatant. Add 200 microliters of 1X ChIP buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail to the pellets, and wash in the cold with rotation for five minutes. Next, with high salt 1X ChIP buffer, perform an additional wash.Then, use 160 microliters of elution buffer to re-suspend the pellets, and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius with rotation for 30 minutes. Pellet the beads, and collect the supernatant in a fresh tube. Add six microliters of five molar sodium chloride, and two microliters of proteinase K, and incubate overnight at 65 degrees Celsius.After purifying the DNA, according to the text protocol, perform PCR reactions using primer sets to the region or regions of interest, and resolve the products on a 1%agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide. Prior to use, thaw previously prepared DNA repair synthesis buffer on ice, and add 40 millimolar phosphocreatine, and 2.5 micrograms of creatine phosphokinase. After preparing 10X supercoiling buffer, according to the text protocol, use one microliter of vaccinia topoisomerase 1 with 1X supercoiling buffer in a 10 microliter reaction to linearize 300 nanograms of supercoiled plasmid, PCA FG1.To the relaxed plasmids, add 25 microliters of freshly-thawed HeLa cell extract, and DNA synthesis buffer. Mix well, then add one microliter of vaccinia topoisomerase 1 to the reaction, and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour. Terminate the reactions by adding 1%SDS, and 0.25 milligrams per milliliter of proteinase K, and incubate at 65 degrees Celsius for two hours.After casting a 1%agarose gel with 1X TPE buffer, add DNA-loading dye to the reactions, and load the samples directly onto the gel at least four lanes apart. Run the gel for eight to 10 hours at two volts per centimeter in 1X TBE for the first dimension at room temperature to resolve the topoisomers. Prepare two liters of 1X TBE with three micrograms per milliliter of chloroquine phosphate.Soak the gel in 200 milliliters of the solution, covered in aluminum foil for 20 minutes. To electrophorese the gel in the second dimension, turn the gel 90 degrees in a clockwise fashion, and run it for four to six hours at two volts per centimeter in chloroquine containing 1X TBE to resolve the positive and negative supercoils. The amount of chloroquine in the electrophoresis buffer, and in the gel, is very critical, as well as running the gel at a very low voltage for the second dimension is very critical to separate the positive and the negative supercoils.After staining and destaining the gel, according to the text protocol, use an imager to visualize the thermodistribution of the topoisomers. As seen in this gel, approximately 79%of the plasmids harboring TFO-directed ICLs migrate with a slower mobility through the agarose gel matrix when compared to the uncross-linked control plasmids. ChIP assays performed on lysates from human U2OS cells transfected with either control plasmid or plasmids containing TFO-directed ICLs show enrichment of HMGB1 at the P-ICL region compared to the control region when immunoprecipitated with anti-HMGB1 antibody.When HMGB1 was depleted from the cells via siRNA treatment, the P-ICL-specific enrichment was diminished. When the same samples were immunoprecipitated using an anti-IgG antibody, minimal PCR amplification was detected. Finally, in this figure, two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrates architectural modification of the TFO-directed ICL-containing plasmids as negative supercoiling by HMGB1 in HeLa cell extracts.Once mastered, this technique can be performed in approximately five days, if performed correctly. While attempting this procedure, it's very important to remember that all the washes should be done in the cold room, as room temperature washes may increase the background signal. Following this procedure, other methods, such as siRNA-mediated protein depletion, followed by mutation screening assays, can be performed in order to answer questions, such as, is the protein of interest involved in DNA repair?Or, does it significantly alter the mutation spectra during the process? This technique paved the way to study association between proteins and site-specific DNA damage. After watching this video, you should have a good idea of how to study the association of architectural proteins to target a DNA cross-links, and subsequently, determine the effect of such association on the topology of the DNA.Don't forget that working with ethidium bromide can be extremely hazardous, and therefore, proper protective gear should be always worn during performing this experiment.

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Use of Frozen Tissue in the Comet Assay for the Evaluation of DNA Damage

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