Name: recording gamma band oscillations in pedunculopontine nucleus neurons
Uploaded: 2016-09-14T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons at JoVE.com

This work was supported by core facilities of the Center for Translational Neuroscience supported by NIH award P20 GM103425 and P30 GM110702 to Dr. Garcia-Rill. This work was also supported by grants from FONCYT-Agencia Nacional de Promoci&#242;n Cient&#236;fica y Tecnol&#242;gica; BID 1728 OC.AR. PICT-2012-1769 and UBACYT 2014-2017 #20120130101305BA (to Dr. Urbano).

全ての実験プロトコルは、アーカンソー医科大学の施設内動物管理使用委員会（プロトコル番号＃3593）によって承認され、実験動物の管理と使用のための国立衛生研究所のガイドラインと一致したしました。 標準人工脳脊髄液（aCSFの）の調製<ol><li> 原液Aの調製 <ol><li>化学物質を添加する前に、きれいな1リットルのビーカーに蒸留水700ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li...

<ol>
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PPNニューロンは、彼らが目を覚ましやレム睡眠時ではなく、徐波睡眠2,3,5,13-17中にある動物からのin vivoでの録音中にベータ/ガンマ帯域周波数での活動電位を発射することを可能にする固有の特性を持っています。他の著者は、PPNよりも前方のレベルで脳幹離断は、EEG記録時の​​ガンマ周波数を低下させることが示されたています。しかし、脳幹病変は、この核が配置されて...

PPN核は解剖学的に尾側中脳被蓋に含まれています。 PPNは、RAS 1の主要コンポーネントです。 PPNは、行動活性化された状態（ すなわち 、覚醒、レム睡眠）2のメンテナンスに参加しています。ラットにおける二国間PPN病変が減少またはレム睡眠4を排除しながら、皮質脳波3に- （40 Hzの20）in vivoでの PPNの電気刺激は、高速発振を誘発しました。 PPNニューロンの大部分はベータ/ガンマ帯域周波数での活動電位発火しながら（20から80 Hz）を、いくつかのニューロンが自然発火の低金利を提示した（&lt;10 Hz）で5。また、PPNは、そのような動機と注意6のような行動の他の側面に関与しているようです。直接高周波（40から60 Hz）で、除脳動物でのPPN核の7電気刺激は、運動を促進することができます。近年、脳深部刺激（DBS）は、PPNのあちこちに罹患している患者を治療するために使用されていますパーキンソン病（PD）8と歩行障害を伴うM障害。 以前の報告は、方形波電流パルス9を使用して脱分極時にほぼすべてのPPNニューロンは、ガンマ帯域周波数での活動電位を発射することができることを実証しました。そのためmVのまでまたは-25下の矩形パルス脱分極時の電位依存性カリウムチャネルの急激な活性化。その結果、何の堅牢なガンマ振動はテトロドトキシン10を使用して、活動電位の生成を阻止した後に観察されませんでした。このような問題を回避するための努力では、1 - 長い現在のランプを脱分極2秒を使用しました。部分的に電位依存性カリウムチャネルを不活性化しながら、ランプは徐々に、0 mVの最大値を休んでから、膜電位を脱分極しました。透明なガンマ帯膜振動が10（-25 mVのと-0 mVの間、 すなわち、）高閾値カルシウムチャネルの電圧依存性ウィンドウ内に明らかでした。結論として、ガンマバンドactivityがPPNニューロン9において観察され、両方のPは/ Q-とN型電位依存性カルシウムチャネルは、PPN 10ガンマ帯の振動を生成するために活性化される必要があります。 一連の研究は、PPNニューロンにおける高閾値カルシウムチャネルの位置を決定しました。染料の組合せを注入し、 レシオメトリック蛍光イメージングは、現在のランプ11を使用して脱分極時に別の樹状突起で活性化された電位依存性カルシウムチャネルを介してカルシウム過渡応答を示しました。 PPNニューロンの固有の特性は、このようにRASと視床皮質ループ間に高周波振動神経活動を誘導し、覚醒およびレム睡眠中に、これらの細胞の同時活性化を可能にするために提案されています。このような長期に及ぶ相互作用を確実に継続的12上で私たちの周りの世界を評価することのできる脳の状態をサポートするために考えられています。ここでは、実験を記述する必要アル条件が生成し、in vitroで PPN細胞におけるガンマ帯発振を維持します。このプロトコルは、以前に記載されておらず、他の脳領域でガンマバンド活性を媒介する固有の膜特性を研究するグループの数を助けます。また、現在のステップは、ガンマバンド活動がこれらの細胞内で生成することができないという誤った結論につながる可能性があります。

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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:619px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">S8501</td>
			<td style="width:405px;">C12H22O11, molecular weight = 342.30</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6014</td>
			<td>NaHCO3, molecular weight = 84.01</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3911</td>
			<td>KCl, molecular weight = 74.55</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9272</td>
			<td>MgCl2 &#183; 6H2O, molecular weight =&#160; 203.30</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Calcium Chloride Dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3881</td>
			<td>CaCl2 &#183; 2H2O, molecular weight =147.02</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5767</td>
			<td>C6H12O6, molecular weight = 180.16</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">L-Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5960</td>
			<td>C6H8O6, molecular weight =176.12</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>327300025</td>
			<td>NaCl, molecular weight =&#160; 58.44</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Potassium Gluconate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G4500</td>
			<td>C6H11KO7, molecular weight =&#160; 234.25</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Phosphocreatine di(tris) salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1937</td>
			<td>C4H10N3O5P &#183; 2C4H11NO3, molecular weight =&#160; 453.38</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>C8H18N2O4S, molecular weight = 238.30</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E0396</td>
			<td>[-CH2OCH2CH2N(CH2CO2H)2]2, molecular weight = 380.40</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Adenosine 5&#39;-triphosphate magnesium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td>&#160;C10H16N5O13P3 &#183; xMg2+, molecular weight = 507.18</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Guanosine 5&#39;-triphosphate sodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td>C10H16N5O14P3 &#183; xNa+, molecular weight = 523.18</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Tetrodotoxin citrate</td>
			<td>Alomone Labs</td>
			<td>T-550</td>
			<td>C11H17N3O8, molecular weight = 319.27</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;DL-2-Amino-5-Phosphonovaleric Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5282</td>
			<td>&#160;C5H12NO5P, molecular weight = 197.13</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">CNQX disodium salt hydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C239</td>
			<td>C9H2N4Na2O4 &#183; xH2O, molecular weight = 276.12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Strychnine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0532</td>
			<td>C21H22N2O2, molecular weight = 334.41</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Mecamylamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9020</td>
			<td>&#160;C11H21N &#183; HCl, molecular weight = 203.75</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Gabazine (SR-95531)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S106</td>
			<td>C15H18BrN3O3, molecular weight = 368.23</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Mylan</td>
			<td>67457-001-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse E600FN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>ROE-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>MPC-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Multiclamp 700B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">A/D converter</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Heater</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>TC-324B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Pump</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>Masterflex L/S 7519-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Pump cartridge</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>Masterflex 7519-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Pipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Camera</td>
			<td>Q-Imaging</td>
			<td>RET-200R-F-M-12-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>&#160;Leica VT1200 S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Refrigeration system</td>
			<td>Vibratome Instruments</td>
			<td>900R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse E600FN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>ROE-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>MPC-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Multiclamp 700B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">A/D converter</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">heater</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>TC-324B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">pump</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>Masterflex L/S 7519-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">pump cartridge</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>Masterflex 7519-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">pipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">camera</td>
			<td>Q-Imaging</td>
			<td>RET-200R-F-M-12-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

recording gamma band oscillations in pedunculopontine nucleus neurons

（; CL / Pfの核例えば 、centrolateral / parafascicular）PPNからシナプス遠心性神経は、いくつかの髄板内視床領域の神経活動を調節することが知られています。 PPNまたはインビボでのCl / Pfの核のいずれかの活性化は、動物の覚醒および皮質脳波（EEG）ガンマ帯活性の増加を誘導することが記載されています。網様体賦活系（RAS）ニューロンにおけるガンマ帯の振動の発生のための細胞機構は、他の脳核ガンマ帯振動を発生することが判明したものと同じです。 （9からの矢状スライスから - 25日齢ラット）PPNニューロンの電流クランプ記録時には、正方形の手順を脱分極の使用が急速に-25 mVで越えて脱分極されることからPPNニューロンを防ぐ電位依存性カリウムチャネルを活性化しました。 1注入 - 長い現在のランプを脱分極2秒と、徐々にPPNの膜電位解像度を脱分極しましたティンは0 mVで向かっ値。しかし、注入脱分極方形パルスはランプによって生成される振動に比べて振幅が小さいことが示された膜電位のガンマ帯振動を発生します。全ての実験は、電位依存性ナトリウムチャネル及び速いシナプス受容体遮断薬の存在下で実施しました。高閾値電圧依存性カルシウムチャネルの活性化は、PPNニューロンにおけるガンマ帯振動活動の根底にあることが示されています。具体的な方法論的および薬理学的介入は、in vitroで PPNサブスレッショルドガンマ帯振動を誘発し、維持するために必要なツールを提供し、ここで説明されています。

最初は、ガンマ振動は方形波電流パルスを用いて誘発されました。シナプスのブロッカーとTTXの存在下でPPNニューロンの電流クランプ記録を連続静止膜電位は〜-50 mVの（ 図1A）で安定に保持したことを保証するために監視しました。二つの第二の長い方形電流パルスは200 PAから600 PA（ 図1A）への振幅を増加させる、記録ピペットを介して、パ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons at JoVE.com

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons

脚橋核（PPN）は脳幹に位置し、そのニューロンが最大限に起床し、急速眼球運動（REM）睡眠脳の状態の間に活性化されています。この作品は、PPNニューロンのin vitroガンマバンドサブスレッショルド膜振動に記録する実験的なアプローチについて説明します。

脚橋核ニューロンにガンマバンド振動を記録

Synaptic efferents from the PPN are known to modulate the neuronal activity of several intralaminar thalamic regions (e.g., the ...

The overall goal of this demonstration is to describe a method for detecting high threshold and subthreshold oscillations in pedunculopontine neurons. This method can help answer questions about, for example, how cells maintain their firing frequency. How do populations maintain their firing frequency?We know that circuits cannot maintain gamma band or 40 to 60 per second oscillations. Therefore, you require intrinsic membrane properties to maintain that kind of firing frequency. Demonstrating the procedure will be Susan Mahaffey and Dr.Stasia D'Onofrio.To prepare standard aCSF, first prepare stock solutions A and B and keep them refrigerated at four degrees Celsius for up to two weeks. Before each experiment, mix 50 milliliters of stock A with 50 milliliters of stock B.Then bring the mixture to one liter with distilled water and oxygenate it with carbogen at room temperature for at least 30 minutes. Transfer to a beaker for stirring and oxygenate.After bubbling, add the calcium chloride. Next, prepare sucrose aCSF by preparing stock solution C.Before each experiment, mix 300 milliliters of stock C with 600 milliliters of distilled water and oxygenate it with carbogen at room temperature for at least 30 minutes. After that, transfer 100 milliliters of sucrose aCSF solution to a clean beaker, place it on ice, and keep it oxygenated with carbogen.Now, fill up a vibratome cutting chamber with sucrose aCSF and keep it oxygenated. Turn on the glycerol-based refrigerating system coupled to the cutting chamber and wait 15 minutes to allow it to cool down to about four degrees Celsius. Next, remove the pup's brain by placing a spatula under the olfactory bulb and gently pushing it out from the most rostral area towards the most caudal area.Subsequently, place the brain into the ice-cold oxygenated sucrose aCSF. Make a parasagittal cut on the right hemisphere to remove approximately 1/3 of the hemisphere. Then, glue the trimmed side of the brain onto the metal disk.Subsequently, fix the metal disk to the vibratome cutting chamber and slice 400 micron sagittal sections containing the PPN. Keep the PPN slices at room temperature for 45 minutes prior to whole-cell patch clamp recording. In this procedure, transfer a slice to the submersion chamber, place a screen on top of it to hold the slice down, and perfuse it at 1.5 milliliters per minute with oxygenated aCSF containing the selected receptor antagonist.In order to isolate intrinsic membrane properties, what you need to do is block the fast synaptic transmission around the cell and also block the ability to generate action potentials, so you have to use synaptic blockers and tetrodotoxin, or TTX, in order to block action potentials. That way, the cell that you are patching is the one that generates those properties, and no synaptic input is responsible for those, and that's what we're studying here, intrinsic membrane property. After that, fill the recording patch pipette with intracellular high potassium solution.Insert the pipette in the headstage holder. Next, apply a small positive pressure using a one milliliter syringe connected to the pipette holder. Using a 4x objective together with the near infrared differential interference contrast optics, locate the PPN nucleus, which is dorsal to the superior cerebellar peduncle.Slowly lower the recording pipette to the PPN nucleus using a mechanical micromanipulater. Then position the recording pipette in the PPN pars compacta, which is located immediately dorsal to the posterior end of the peduncle. Using a 40x water immersion lens, bring the recording pipette in contact with the PPN neuron, and rapidly apply negative suction to form a seal with the cell.Use voltage clamp seal software to monitor the pipette resistance during negative suction. Then slowly increase the negative pressure. When the resistance value of the pipette reaches 80 to 100 megaohms, rapidly change the holding potential to 50 millivolts and release the negative pressure.Apply negative pressure continuously until the cell membrane is ruptured and electrical access is achieved in the wholesale configuration. Before suction, the resistance is low, in this case, 2.5 megaohms. As suction is applied, step amplitude decreases towards holding.When the seal is formed, note the resistance increases to 167 megaohms. With additional suction, a gigaseal is formed. Resistance briefly increases to 1.2 gigaohms before acquiring wholesale access.Continuously monitor the resting membrane potential of the PPN neuron being recording. If the resting membrane potential shifts towards depolarizing or hyperpolarizing values, apply a small amount of direct current to keep the optimal potential at 50 millivolts. The reason why we use current ramps is so that we can slowly depolarize the membrane without activating potassium channels that keep you from depolarizing the membrane sufficiently high to reach the threshold of these high-threshold calcium channels that we're studying.Shown here are the representative membrane potentials responding to the depolarizing two-second-long square steps of increasing current injected intracellularly through the recording pipette in the presence of synaptic blockers and TTX. This figure shows a power spectrum of the membrane oscillations induced by the indicated current steps in three recordings. The frequencies induced were all low in power and low in frequency.This figure shows the current ramps of 200, 400, and 700 picoamps and the membrane responses. Note that the membrane is sufficiently depolarized to reach 30 millivolts, at which high-threshold calcium channels begin to open, as in the blue recording, and the 10 millivolt level at which their oscillation amplitude is maximal, as in the red recording. This graph shows a power spectrum of the membrane oscillations induced by the current ramps in the corresponding three recordings.The frequencies induced by the 400 picoamp ramp were in the beta range, and by the 700 picoamp ramp were in the gamma range. Once mastered, this technique can be done in about an hour or less. When you're doing your recording, it's really important to make sure that you have a tight seal and that you have capacity compensation and series resistance well-monitored to make sure that there are no major changes during the recording procedure.Once you've isolated these oscillations, what you can do is test to determine if they're really mediated by N-type or P/Q-type calcium channels. You can use conotoxin to block N-type channel oscillations and agatoxin to block P/Q-type channel oscillations. As we developed this technique, it became much easier for you to demonstrate that indeed, high threshold calcium channels were dependent for intrinsic membrane oscillations, and it became a breakthrough in the field of sleep research to determine that the reticular activating system could actually generate gamma band oscillations by itself.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

スライスの準備、器官組織培養と視交叉上核における時計遺伝子の活動のルシフェラーゼ記録

A central circadian (~24 hr) clock coordinating daily rhythms in physiology and behavior resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the ...

神経科学

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

動作げっ歯類の可動シリコンプローブによるニューロンの大規模なレコーディング

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

逆行性蛍光標識は、特定された神経細胞から標的細胞外シングルユニット記録を可能にします<em生体内で&gt;</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

トランスジェニックフィッシュの無傷の脳内で識別ニューロンからの電気的活動を記録する

Understanding the cell physiology of neural circuits that regulate complex behaviors is greatly enhanced by using model systems in which this work can be ...

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

細胞内記録、感覚野のマッピング、および培養は、リーチのニューロンを同定しヒルドmedicinalis</i

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

同時電気生理学的記録および視交叉上核ニューロンのカルシウムイメージング

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

無傷の神経上皮におけるマウス嗅細胞の穿孔パッチクランプ記録：同定された嗅覚受容体を発現するニューロンの機能解析

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit

Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit

海馬シータバンドのチューニング<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;：隔離されたげっ歯類胸腺腫回路からの記録方法

This protocol outlines the procedures for preparing and recording from the isolated whole hippocampus, of WT and transgenic mice, along with recent ...

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

行動するマウスにおける海馬シータ振動の光同調

Extensive data on relationships of neural network oscillations to behavior and organization of neuronal discharge across brain regions call for new tools ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

準備やアフリカツメガエルの視蓋ニューロンの全体セル パッチ ・ クランプ記録のためのプロトコル

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...