Name: lateral chronic cranial window preparation enables in vivo observation following distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice at JoVE.com

VP is a participant in the Charit&#233; Clinical Scientist Program, funded by the Charit&#233; - Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health. TB is an SNSF PostDoc Mobility fellow. The authors receive grant support from EinsteinStiftung/A-2012-153 to PV.

ETHIK STATEMENT: Experimente mit Versuchstieren wurden in Übereinstimmung mit den Richtlinien und Vorschriften her durch Landes fuer Gesundheit und Soziales, Berlin, Deutschland (G0298 / 13) und den ANKOMMEN Kriterien durchgeführt, soweit zutreffend. Für diese Studie wurden 10 bis 12 Wochen alte männliche C57BL / 6J-Mäuse wurden verwendet. 1. Seitliche Chronische Cranial Fenster Vorbereitung <ol><li> Führen Anästhesie mit einer subkutanen Injektion von Ketamin (90 mg / kg) und Xylaz...

<ol>
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(61), (2012).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., Bonhoeffer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term,+high-resolution+imaging+in+the+mouse+neocortex+through+a+chronic+cranial+window.">Long-term, high-resolution imaging in the mouse neocortex through a chronic cranial window.</a> Nat Protoc. 4 (8), 1128-1144 (2009).</li><li>Iadecola, C., Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microcircualtion--fantastic+voyage:+introduction.">The microcircualtion--fantastic voyage: introduction.</a> Stroke. 44 (6), 83 (2013).</li><li>Blinder, P., Tsai, P. S., Kaufhold, J. P., Knutsen, P. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+intravital+thinned+skull+and+cranial+window+approaches+to+study+CNS+immunobiology+in+the+mouse+cortex.">Comparison of intravital thinned skull and cranial window approaches to study CNS immunobiology in the mouse cortex.</a> Intravital. 3 (2), (2014).</li><li>Balkaya, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+post-stroke+behavior+in+mouse+models+of+focal+ischemia.">Assessing post-stroke behavior in mouse models of focal ischemia.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 33 (3), 330-338 (2013).</li><li>Balkaya, M., Kr&#246;ber, J., Gertz, K., Peruzzaro, S., Endres, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+long-term+functional+outcome+in+a+murine+model+of+mild+brain+ischemia.">Characterization of long-term functional outcome in a murine model of mild brain ischemia.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 213 (2), 179-187 (2013).</li><li>Freret, T., Bouet, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+deficits+after+distal+focal+cerebral+ischemia+in+mice:+Usefulness+of+adhesive+removal+test.">Behavioral deficits after distal focal cerebral ischemia in mice: Usefulness of adhesive removal test.</a> Beh Neurosci. 123 (1), 224-230 (2009).</li><li>Liu, S., Zhen, G., Meloni, B. P., Campbell, K., Winn, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RODENT+STROKE+MODEL+GUIDELINES+FOR+PRECLINICAL+STROKE+TRIALS+(1ST+EDITION).">RODENT STROKE MODEL GUIDELINES FOR PRECLINICAL STROKE TRIALS (1ST EDITION).</a> J Exp Stroke Trans Med. 2 (2), 2-27 (2009).</li><li>Florian, B., Vintilescu, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+hypothermia+reduces+infarct+volume+in+aged+rats+after+focal+ischemia.">Long-term hypothermia reduces infarct volume in aged rats after focal ischemia.</a> Neurosci Lett. 438 (2), 180-185 (2008).</li><li>Noor, R., Wang, C. X., Shuaib, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+hyperthermia+on+infarct+volume+in+focal+embolic+model+of+cerebral+ischemia+in+rats.">Effects of hyperthermia on infarct volume in focal embolic model of cerebral ischemia in rats.</a> Neurosci Lett. 349 (2), 130-132 (2003).</li><li>Barber, P. A., Hoyte, L., Colbourne, F., Buchan, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-regulated+model+of+focal+ischemia+in+the+mouse:+a+study+with+histopathological+and+behavioral+outcomes.">Temperature-regulated model of focal ischemia in the mouse: a study with histopathological and behavioral outcomes.</a> Stroke. 35 (7), 1720-1725 (2004).</li><li>Shin, H. 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J., Prass, K., Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+induced+prolonged+protection+against+cerebral+ischemia+in+mice:+a+redox+sensitive+mechanism.">Isoflurane induced prolonged protection against cerebral ischemia in mice: a redox sensitive mechanism.</a> Neuroreport. 13 (11), 1431-1435 (2002).</li><li>Gertz, K., Priller, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity+improves+long-term+stroke+outcome+via+endothelial+nitric+oxide+synthase-dependent+augmentation+of+neovascularization+and+cerebral+blood+flow.">Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow.</a> Circ Res. 99 (10), 1132-1140 (2006).</li><li>Dirnagl, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bench+to+bedside:+the+quest+for+quality+in+experimental+stroke+research.">Bench to bedside: the quest for quality in experimental stroke research.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 26 (12), 1465-1478 (2006).</li></ol>

Der Schlaganfall ist unter den Hauptursachen für langfristige Behinderung und Tod weltweit 1. Jenseits der Akutbehandlung, neue Ansätze und Mechanismen zu untersuchen Genesung nach einem Schlaganfall zu beschleunigen und zu verbessern bleibt ein erstklassiges medizinisches Ziel 7. Experimentelle Schlaganfall Forscher häufig Nagetiermodellen von fokaler zerebraler Ischämie beschäftigen. In der Tat, Modelle vorübergehend oder bleibend MCAo induzieren imitieren eine der häufigsten Arten von fok...

Stroke is among the principal causes of long-term disability and death worldwide1, coming second after coronary heart disease. In addition, stroke is the primary cause of long-term disability, underscoring its tremendous socioeconomic impact6-8. Beyond acute treatment, investigating new approaches and mechanisms to accelerate and enhance recovery after stroke remains a prime medical goal7. 
In the last few decades, data from experimental stroke research has contributed substantially to understanding the complex pathophysiological cascades triggered by ischemia9,10. Excitotoxicity, apoptosis, peri-infarct depolarization, and inflammation have been identified as the most relevant mediators of cell death following focal cerebral ischemia. Moreover, using animal models of cerebral ischemia, important concepts, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic approaches have been developed and validated (e.g., "penumbra" and thrombolysis)11.
The availability of experimental stroke models, combined with non-invasive imaging modalities (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography, or laser speckle contrast analysis), enables the researcher to investigate hyperacute and chronic pathophysiological changes induced by the ischemic insult in a longitudinal manner12. Along with studying the spatiotemporal profile of the evolving lesion, changes resembling neuronal plasticity can be investigated and correlated to functional outcomes and histological findings. Within the last few years, further methodological advances have been made using the combination of cerebral ischemia models and in vivo microscopy via cranial windows13. These new techniques allow investigators to analyze the neurovascular unit at the cellular and molecular level, with great analytic power in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases following focal cerebral ischemia14. Moreover, in vivo microscopy imaging of microcirculatory dynamics has revealed novel aspects of cerebral microvasculature function and angioarchitecture, with significant pathophysiological relevance15-17. 
In this protocol, we present how to perform a chronic CW preparation lateral to the sagittal sinus and how to surgically induce a distal stroke underneath the window. This mouse model can be applied to sequential imaging of acute, subacute, and chronic changes following focal cerebral ischemia via epi-illuminating, confocal laser scanning, and two-photon intravital microscopy.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular surgical microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000 C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source for microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>CL 6000 LED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad with rectal probe</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>21061-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaethesia system for isoflurane</td>
			<td>Draeger</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Abott</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont forceps #5</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11251-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont forceps #7</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11271-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar Forceps</td>
			<td>Erbe</td>
			<td>20195-501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">Erbe&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 20195-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdrill</td>
			<td colspan="2">FST&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 18000-17&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>12010-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein, Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein,Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Feuerstein, Suprama</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinary Recovery Chamber</td>
			<td>Peco Services</td>
			<td>V1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lateral chronic cranial window preparation enables in vivo observation following distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice

Fokaler zerebraler Ischämie (dh ischämischer Schlaganfall) verursachen kann schwere Hirnverletzung, zu einem schweren Verlust der neuronalen Funktion führen und damit zu einer Vielzahl von motorischen und kognitiven Behinderungen. Die hohe Prävalenz stellt eine ernste gesundheitliche Belastung, wie Schlaganfall zu den Hauptursachen für langfristige Behinderung und Tod weltweit 1 ist. Wiederherstellung der neuronalen Funktion ist in den meisten Fällen nur teilweise. Bisher sind Behandlungsmöglichkeiten sehr begrenzt, insbesondere aufgrund der engen Zeitfenster für die Thrombolyse 2,3. Die Bestimmung Methoden Erholung von Schlaganfall zu beschleunigen bleibt ein hervorragendes medizinisches Ziel; jedoch wurde dies durch eine unzureichende mechanistische Einblicke in den Recovery-Prozess behindert. Experimentelle Schlaganfall Forscher häufig Nagetiermodellen von fokaler zerebraler Ischämie beschäftigen. Jenseits der akuten Phase wird der Schlaganfallforschung an der subakuten und chronischen Phase nach einer zerebralen Ischämie zunehmend konzentriert. Die meisten Schlaganfall Forscher gelten permanent oder transient Verschluss der MCA bei Mäusen oder Ratten. Bei Patienten, Verstopfungen des MCA gehören zu den häufigsten Ursachen für einen ischämischen Schlaganfall 4. Neben proximalen Verschluss der MCA mit dem Glühfaden Modell, chirurgische Verschluss des distalen MCA ist wahrscheinlich die am häufigsten verwendete Modell in der experimentellen Schlaganfallforschung 5. Occlusion eines distalen (zur Verzweigung der lenticulo-Striatum Arterien) MCA Zweig erspart typischerweise das Striatum und betrifft vor allem die Neocortex. Gefäßverschluss können dauerhaft oder vorübergehend sein. Hohe Reproduzierbarkeit der Läsion Volumen und sehr niedrige Mortalitätsraten in Bezug auf die langfristige Ergebnis sind die wichtigsten Vorteile dieses Modells. Hier zeigen wir, wie eine chronische Hirn Fenster (CW) Vorbereitung lateral des Sinus sagittalis durchzuführen, und danach, wie chirurgisch zu einem distalen Hub unter dem Fenster induzieren eine Kraniotomie Ansatz. Dieser Ansatz kann über für sequentielle Abbildung von akuten und chronischen Veränderungen nach Ischämie angewendet werdenepi-Beleuchtung, konfokalen Laser-Scanning und Zwei-Photonen-Intravitalmikroskopie.

Die Zeitleiste und repräsentative Ergebnisse sind in den Abbildungen 2 und 3 dargestellt ist . Der kraniale Fenstervorbereitung, mit einem kleinen Fenster cranial lateral des Sinus sagittalis superior (Abbildung 2 B, C, D) führt zu einer sehr niedrigen Mortalität und Morbidität , wenn sie von einem erfahrenen Chirurgen durchgeführt. Alle 10 Tiere überlebten, und alle chronischen CW für qualitativ hochwertige Bildgebung verwendet w...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice at JoVE.com

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Chirurgische Verschluss eines distalen Arteria cerebri media Zweig (MCAo) ist ein häufig verwendetes Modell in experimentellen Schlaganfallforschung. Diese Handschrift beschreibt die grundlegende Technik der Dauer MCAo, mit der Einfügung eines seitlichen Schädelfenster kombiniert werden, die die Möglichkeit für eine Längsintravitalmikroskopie in Mäusen bietet.

Lateral Chronic Cranial Fenster Vorbereitung Ermöglicht<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Beobachtung Nach Artery Occlusion Distal cerebri bei Mäusen

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of ...

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Neuroscience

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat

Fokaler zerebraler Ischämie-Modell von Endovascular Suture Verschluss der mittleren Hirnarterie im Rat

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable ...

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Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal (PHASOR): A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal PHASOR: A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Piezo-hohe Genauigkeit chirurgische Osteal Entfernung (PHASOR): Eine Technik für verbesserte kranialen Fenster Chirurgie bei Mäusen

Multiphoton microscopy has been widely adapted for imaging neurons in vivo. Repeated imaging requires implantation of a cranial window or repeated ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via the External Carotid Artery

Modellierung des Schlaganfalls bei Mäusen: Vorübergehender Verschluss der mittleren Hirnarterien über die Arteria carotis externa

Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality and the leading cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. To date, therapeutic options ...

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Implantation eines kranialen Fensters für wiederholte In-vivo-Bildgebung bei wachen Mäusen

To fully understand the cellular physiology of neurons and glia in behaving animals, it is necessary to visualize their morphology and record their ...

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

Konstruktion und Implementierung von Kohlefaser-Mikroelektroden-Arrays für chronische und akute In-vivo-Aufnahmen

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. ...

A Model for Encephalomyosynangiosis Treatment after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Stroke in Mice

Ein Modell für die Enzephalomyosynangiose-Behandlung nach einem durch Verschluss der mittleren Hirnarterie induzierten Schlaganfall bei Mäusen

There is no effective treatment available for most patients suffering with ischemic stroke, making development of novel therapeutics imperative. The ...

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

Im lebenden Organismus Weitfeld- und Zwei-Photonen-Kalzium-Bildgebung einer Maus mit einem großen Schädelfenster

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the ...

Assessment of Thermal Damage from Robot-Drilled Craniotomy for Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Abschätzung der thermischen Schädigung durch robotergebohrte Kraniotomie bei der kranialen Fensterchirurgie bei Mäusen

Cranial window surgery allows for the imaging of brain tissue in live mice with the use of multiphoton or other intravital imaging techniques. However, ...

Establishing a Transcranial Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Mice Model

A Modified Transcranial Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model to Study Stroke Outcomes in Aged Mice

Innovative Techniques and Future Directions in Stroke Research (Video) | JoVE

Ein modifiziertes transkranielles Modell für den Verschluss der mittleren Hirnarterie zur Untersuchung von Schlaganfallergebnissen bei gealterten Mäusen

In experimental stroke research, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with an intraluminal filament is widely used to model ischemic stroke in mice. ...