Name: utilizing 3d printing technology to merge mri with histology: a protocol for brain sectioning
Uploaded: 2016-12-06T13:00:00
Duration: 15 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing 3D Printing Technology to Merge MRI with Histology: A Protocol for Brain Sectioning at JoVE.com

The Intramural Research Program of NINDS supported this study. We thank the NIH Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility. We thank Jennifer Lefeuvre and Cecil Chern-Chyi Yen for assistance with postmortem MRI acquisition. We thank John Ostuni and the Section on Instrumentation Core Facility for assistance with 3D printing. Figure 1 of this work used snapshots from MeshLab, a tool developed with the support of the 3D-CoForm project.

<ol>
	<li>Evans, A. C., Frank, J. A., Antel, J., Miller, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+MRI+in+clinical+trials+of+multiple+sclerosis:+comparison+of+image+processing+techniques.">The role of MRI in clinical trials of multiple sclerosis: comparison of image processing techniques.</a> Ann Neurol. 41 (1), 125-132 (1997).</li><li>'t Hart, B. A., van Kooyk, Y., Geurts, J. J. G., Gran, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+primate+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+model;+a+bridge+between+mouse+and+man.">The primate autoimmune encephalomyelitis model; a bridge between mouse and man.</a> Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2 (5), 581-593 (2015).</li><li>Ontaneda, D., Hyland, M., Cohen, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+sclerosis:+new+insights+in+pathogenesis+and+novel+therapeutics.">Multiple sclerosis: new insights in pathogenesis and novel therapeutics.</a> Annu Rev Med. 63, 389-404 (2012).</li><li>Guy, J. R., Sati, P., Leibovitch, E., Jacobson, S., Silva, A. C., Reich, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Custom+fit+3D-printed+brain+holders+for+comparison+of+histology+with+MRI+in+marmosets.">Custom fit 3D-printed brain holders for comparison of histology with MRI in marmosets.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 257, 55-63 (2016).</li><li>Breen, M. S., Lazebnik, R. S., Wilson, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+registration+of+magnetic+resonance+image+data+to+histological+sections+with+model-based+evaluation.">Three-dimensional registration of magnetic resonance image data to histological sections with model-based evaluation.</a> Ann Biomed Eng. 33 (8), 1100-1112 (2005).</li><li>Dauguet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+stained+histological+slices+and+3D+non-linear+registration+with+in-vivo+MRI+for+whole+baboon+brain.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of stained histological slices and 3D non-linear registration with in-vivo MRI for whole baboon brain.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 164 (1), 191-204 (2007).</li><li>McGrath, D. M., Vlad, R. M., Foltz, W. D., Brock, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technical+note:+fiducial+markers+for+correlation+of+whole-specimen+histopathology+with+MR+imaging+at+7+tesla.">Technical note: fiducial markers for correlation of whole-specimen histopathology with MR imaging at 7 tesla.</a> Med Phys. 37, 2321-2328 (2010).</li><li>Schormann, T., Zilles, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+linear+and+nonlinear+transformations:+An+integration+of+light+microscopical+and+MRI+data.">Three-Dimensional linear and nonlinear transformations: An integration of light microscopical and MRI data.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 6, 339-347 (1998).</li><li>Jiang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+MR,+fluorescence+and+histology+imaging+strategy+in+a+human+breast+tumor+xenograft+model.">Combined MR, fluorescence and histology imaging strategy in a human breast tumor xenograft model.</a> NMR Biomed. 26 (3), 285-298 (2013).</li><li>Absinta, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postmortem+magnetic+resonance+imaging+to+guide+the+pathologic+cut:+individualized,+3-dimensionally+printed+cutting+boxes+for+fixed+brains.">Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging to guide the pathologic cut: individualized, 3-dimensionally printed cutting boxes for fixed brains.</a> J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 73 (8), 780-788 (2014).</li><li>Gait&#225;n, M. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perivenular+brain+lesions+in+a+primate+multiple+sclerosis+model+at+7-tesla+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Perivenular brain lesions in a primate multiple sclerosis model at 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Mult Scler. 20 (1), 64-71 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Protokollen beskrevet her muliggør en nøjagtig sammenligning mellem MRI og histologi sektioner. Protokollen er præsenteret i en samlet format, der kan anvendes på hjerner fra mennesker eller små dyr såsom silkeaber og gnavere. Forskelle specifikke for store (menneske) og mindre (ikke-human primat og gnavere) hjerner er fremhævet, og i ledsagende video og tal, vi demonstrere anvendelsen i silkeabe. Selv om det synspunkt er ligetil, kræver fremgangsmåden mange trin samt anvendelse af flere typer af software. Desuden flere spørgsmål potentielt påvirker nøjagtigheden af ​​denne metode er vigtige at nævne. Billedkvaliteten af in vivo MRI er en vigtig faktor. For at minimere forskellen i billedopløsningen mellem MR og digitaliserede histologiske billeder, bør anvendes den mindst mulige MRI voxel størrelse. Dette begreb gælder også for kvaliteten af ​​det postmortem MRI billede. Mens den øgedeerhvervelse tid i postmortem MRI tillader meget højere billedopløsning, forberedelse kan introducere billedartefakter såsom fokale signal dropouts relateret til luftbobler. Disse artefakter kan tilsløre områder af væv samt påvirke dens kontur. Endvidere er dimensionerne af vævet på obduktion MRI sandsynligvis vil blive berørt af fiksering proces og varighed. Mens in vivo til ex vivo MRI kamp kan tilnærmes ved at udnytte anatomiske landemærker i skive geometri setup under erhvervelse, ville en ikke-lineær registrering stadig være nødvendigt for at nå en højere grad af nøjagtighed i matchende disse to MRI-billeder. Udformningen af ​​indehaveren af ​​hjernen og pålægsmaskine er også et afgørende skridt. Ved at skabe den digitale model af hjernen, er en udjævning algoritme anvendt denne lidt forstørrer model i forhold til den faste hjernen. Dette muliggør let indføring af hjernen i holderen og pålægsmaskine og reducerer skarpe kanter i holderen &amp;# 39; s kontur. Men hvis modellen er for stor (fx med mere end 5%), hjernen kan bevæge sig under obduktion MR og / eller skæring. Et andet vigtigt punkt er at tilpasse designet af hjernen modellen, så cerebellum er korrekt placeret inden i 3D trykte objekt. Dette kan være særligt udfordrende, når lillehjernen er blevet beskadiget under hjernen ekstraktion ved obduktion. Ved udskrivning hjernen pålægsmaskine og holder, skal den type 3D-printer også vælges med omhu. Nogle multi-jet printere kræver efterbehandling ved hjælp af en ovn til at fjerne støttemateriale. Mens disse printere kan producere objekter, der er vandtætte og relativt mere holdbart end desktop smeltet deposition modellering (FDM) printere, at opvarmningen fjerne understøtninger kan let slå kassen, skaber klinge huller, der ikke er helt vinkelret på hjernen kontur. Hjernen sektionering er et andet afgørende skridt. Før skære the hele hjernen i plader, er det vigtigt at sørge for, at hjernen sidder stramt inde i hjernen pålægsmaskine: der bør være nogen bevægelse, når et let tryk påføres hjernen. Dette vil gøre det muligt for knivene til at skære gennem hjernen på det præcise sted fastsat af efterforskerne. En kontinuerlig, afbalanceret pres bør anvendes på både knivholderne når der skæres. Afhængigt af skarpheden af ​​bladene og stivheden af ​​væv, kunne en mindre tværgående skærebevægelse være fordelagtigt til opretholdelse af plane snitflader. Den paraffin-embedding proces kan også være en kilde til misforholdet mellem MR og histologi. Hvis vævet plade ikke sidder fladt mod kassetten under indlejringsprocessen, vil der være en hældning mellem skæreplanet af mikrotomen og overfladen sted af pladen. Dette vil kræve at skære ubrugelige sektioner for at finde et fladt plan, i hvilket alle væv er udsat for. En måde at korrigere for tilter ved at ændre vinklen af ​​betragtningsplanet på high-isotrope opløsning postmortem MRI. Dette er imidlertid næsten umuligt at udføre på in vivo MRI, der normalt erhverves med anisotropisk opløsning (typisk tykke koronale skiver). Endelig kan vævet opleve nogle deformation under formalin rentebindingsperiode og paraffin indlejring (svind), samt under udarbejdelsen af ​​dias (folde, revner, rynker). Nogle af disse deformationer kan korrigeres ved at sætte 4-5 um sektioner i et vandbad før overførsel på dias. Lign kan delvist løses ved at udføre deformerbare billede coregistration af de histologiske digitaliserede billeder til de postmortem MRI-billeder. Ikke desto mindre, minimerer deformationerne med omhyggelig og dygtig praksis er den mest effektive metode til at matche MRI volumener til histologi sektioner. Afslutningsvis den metode indført her muliggør investigators præcist at vurdere den underliggende patologi MR-fund. Mere generelt er det en lovende metode til at identificere og / eller validere nye MRI biomarkører for forskningsundersøgelser, der er målrettet specifikke patologiske processer, såsom betændelse eller remyelinering.

In vivo MRI provides a noninvasive and sensitive measure of tissue integrity at the macroscopic level. Changes in MRI signal intensity seen in vivo are outcome measures in many ongoing clinical trials.1 While the intensity changes seen via MRI can identify areas of abnormality in the context of the whole brain, they are often not sufficiently specific to differentiate pathological processes. This is especially true of dynamic processes involving multiple pathologies. For example, in multiple sclerosis (MS) or its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), inflammation, edema, myelin degradation, axonal destruction, gliosis, and neuronal death overlap. 2, 3 To obtain the necessary specificity regarding the underlying pathology, context must be taken into account, together with knowledge of the histology of the MRI-identified abnormal tissues.
However, even in well-controlled animal experiments, matching histology with in vivo MRI is fundamentally challenging for various reasons. First, the difference in dimensional scales between histology sections and MRI is of several orders of magnitude.4 Second, for proper comparison, the orientation of MRI slice plane must match the sectioning plane of the brain tissue when cut. Due to the shape of the brain, it is very difficult to make consistently straight and accurate cuts when the brain is sitting on a flat surface. Third, the large size of the brain relative to a potentially small area of interest (lesion, tumor, etc.) creates a "needle-in-a-haystack" scenario for the pathologist processing the tissue. Fourth, even when the target tissue is found, it is commonly processed in such a way as to render virtually impossible an association with the original MRI data. Finally, traditional pathological sectioning of brain tissue is often imprecise and inconsistent, further complicating the comparison between histology sections and MRI images. 
 Previous attempts to overcome these challenges relied on the use of deformational algorithms to coregister the data and/or placement of fiducial markers within or around the tissue as a reference.5, 6, 7, 8 The former approach requires complex computational models that are particularly susceptible to complications due to data formatting, imaging artifacts, and changes caused by tissue processing.4 On the other hand, the latter approach introduces the possibility of contaminating or otherwise harming the tissue itself.9
The approach described here improves the transition between modalities through the use of postmortem MRI to bridge the gap between in vivo MRI and histology. Postmortem MRI provides three-dimensional (3D) images of the brain at higher resolution than can be achieved in vivo and furthermore provides the data needed for producing a morphologically accurate model of the brain surface. This digital model can then be used to create a 3D-printed custom holder for the brain. With careful positioning, the brain holder allows for precise, MRI-oriented brain sectioning, reducing the need for complex mathematical algorithms, and enables a focus on specific regions for targeted sampling. 
Our laboratory recently introduced new methods for creating custom brain holders and slicers using postmortem MRI and 3D-printing technology for human10 and marmoset brains.4 The two methods allow for a more accurate correlation between MRI and histology in a research setting, and ultimately allow a deeper understanding of the specific pathology underlying MRI abnormalities. Carefully designed experiments, in which the brain is sampled repeatedly over time in vivo, can provide context for interpretation of the pathology, which in turn can add specificity to interpretation of the MRI. Here, we present a modified protocol in a unified framework that can be applied to any brain tissue, whether it derive from nonhuman primates, rodents, or humans. We provide detailed instructions, and a corresponding video, for the marmoset sectioning. Although the overall protocol applies to any type of brain, due to differences in MRI acquisition and tissue size, as well as the challenges encountered when dealing with specific brain types, there are some differences in the approach depending on the type of brain being processed. In this presentation, sections with "human" will denote differences in protocol specific to the human brain.

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utilizing 3d printing technology to merge mri with histology: a protocol for brain sectioning

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the delineation between normal and abnormal tissue on a macroscopic scale, sampling an entire tissue volume three-dimensionally. While MRI is an extremely sensitive tool for detecting tissue abnormalities, association of signal changes with an underlying pathological process is usually not straightforward. In the central nervous system, for example, inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage, gliosis, and neuronal death may all induce similar findings on MRI. As such, interpretation of MRI scans depends on the context, and radiological-histopathological correlation is therefore of the utmost importance. Unfortunately, traditional pathological sectioning of brain tissue is often imprecise and inconsistent, thus complicating the comparison between histology sections and MRI. This article presents novel methodology for accurately sectioning primate brain tissues and thus allowing precise matching between histology and MRI. The detailed protocol described in this article will assist investigators in applying this method, which relies on the creation of 3D printed brain slicers. Slightly modified, it can be easily implemented for brains of other species, including humans.

Arbejdsgangen af ​​denne fremgangsmåde er opsummeret i figur 1. Når hjernen skiver, en visuel sammenligning mellem de MR-billeder og billeder af de overfladiske overflader af pladerne viser en god orientering match tværs af flere plader (figur 2). Efter pladerne er indlejret i paraffin, er de i snit på en mikrotom og farvet. En mere grundig sammenligning mellem den høje opløsning postmortem MRI og de farvede histologiske sektioner viser en nøjagtig og konsistent match tværs af alle strukturerne i silkeabe hjernen (figur 3). I denne dyremodel af MS, dyrene udvikle hvid substans læsioner spredt over hele cerebral hvide substans. Disse læsioner kan detekteres noninvasivt ved at udføre MRI. Figur 4 viser evnen hos denne teknik til at belyse den patologiske substrat af MR-fund. Små læsioner fundet på in vivo-MRI kanspores på både obduktion MRI og histologi. Som vist i indsatsene, demyelinisering inden læsionerne er en af ​​hovedkomponenterne køre MR-signalet ændring (hyperintensity forhold til omgivende væv). Den histologi og obduktion MR kan også vise læsioner besvaret, på in vivo MRI (figur 4). <img alt="figur 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780fig1.jpg" /> Figur 1. Arbejdsgang for at skabe en silkeabe hjerne pålægsmaskine boks. Hjernen er fast med formalin (A1) og en T2-vægtet MRI er erhvervet med isotrope voxels på 150 um pr kant (A2). Billederne behandles og tærsklingsbehandles at skabe en binær maske (A3). Overfladen bliver derefter gengives i 3D modeling software (A4). En boolesk subtraktion mellem en slicer skabelon og hjernen Modellen skaber en digital model af hjernen pålægsmaskine (B1). Hjernen pålægsmaskine boks er trykt på en 3D-printer (B2). Hjernen anbringes derefter fast i slicer boks tilskæring (B3). <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.</a> <img alt="Figur 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780fig2.jpg" /> Figur 2. Fra venstre til højre: In vivo MRI, postmortem MRI, og væv slab fotografi. Udskæring fly blev etableret baseret på obduktion MRI (B) og visuelt i forhold til det tilsvarende in vivo MRI slice (A). Hjernen blev derefter skåret, og de resulterende plader blev fundet at være konsistente (C). <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.</a> <img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780fig3.jpg" /> Figur 3. Høj opløsning postmortem MRI og histologisektion matching. Plader blev indlejret i paraffin, skåret med en mikrotom i 4 um snit og farvet med hurtig blå og cresylviolet (B). Snittene blev derefter visuelt matches med 100 um T2 * vægtede MRI baseret på hjernens strukturer (A). Detaljer for at erhverve dette billede er i supplerende afsnit i protokollen og Tabel 1. Brain strukturer: (1) Rød pil = intern kapsel, blå pil = forreste kommissurstiverne; (2) røde pil = putamen, blå pil = optisk tarmkanalen; (3) røde pil = caudatus, blå pil = hippocampus; (4) røde pil = corpus callosum, blå pil = cerebral akvædukt; (5) røde pil = ringere colliculus, blå pil = pyramideformede tarmkanalen. Den stiplede boks i B1 angiver en skive, hvor, enten under hjernen opskæring eller paraffin indlejring, forårsaget en fejl en svag rotation omkring Y-aksen, hvilket fører til misforhold mellem den forreste commissure til venstre. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Klik her for at se en</a>større version af denne figur. <img alt="Figur 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780fig4.jpg" /> Figur 4. Sporing læsioner fra in vivo MRI til histologi sektion. In vivo MRI viste ingen overbevisende tegn på abnorm hyperintensity signal at foreslå læsioner i enten optisk tarmkanalen (A1). Men den høje opløsning postmortem MRI viser, klare hyper intense linjer i begge optiske skrifter (A2). Den hurtige blå / cresylviolet plet af en 4 um histologi afsnit viser, at hyperintense områder ses på ex vivo MRI er demyeliniserede (A3). I den cerebrale hvide substans, in vivo MRI viser subtile hyperintensity bilateralt (B1, forstørret i mellemværker). De hyperintense områder er mere indlysende på den høje opløsning postmortem MRI (B2). Den LFB plet af en 4 um histologi afsnit viser, at disse områder er demyeliniserede (B3). Efter sammenligning med baseline in vivo MR og en hemotoxylin-og-eosin pletten, blev den højre side bestemt til at være en anatomisk abnormitet, ikke en demyeliniserede læsion. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.</a> <img alt="Supplerende kodefiler" src="/files/ftp_upload/54780/54780supplementalfiles.jpg" /> Supplerende kodefiler. Brain_Slicer_Parts_Marmoset.stl: <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54780/Brain_Slicer_Parts_Marmoset.stl" target="_blank">Klik her for at downloade denne fil.</a> Brain_Slicer_Parts_Human.stl: <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54780/Brain_Slicer_Parts_Human.stl" target="_blank">Klik her for at downloade denne fil.</a> Cap_Insert.stl: <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54780/Cap_Insert.stl" target="_blank">Klik her for at downloade denne fil.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing 3D Printing Technology to Merge MRI with Histology: A Protocol for Brain Sectioning at JoVE.com

Utilizing 3D Printing Technology to Merge MRI with Histology: A Protocol for Brain Sectioning

Det overordnede mål med denne protokol er at præcist at tilpasse magnetisk resonans imaging (MRI) image volumener med histologiresultater sektioner via oprettelsen af ​​skræddersyede 3D-printet hjerne indehavere og pålægsmaskine bokse.

Udnytte 3D Printing Technology til Flet MRI med Histologi: En protokol for Brain Skæring

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the delineation between normal and abnormal tissue on a macroscopic scale, sampling an entire tissue volume ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Funktionel Neuroimaging Med Ultrasonic blod-hjerne barrieren forstyrrelser og mangan-forstærket MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

A Dual Tracer PET-MRI Protocol for the Quantitative Measure of Regional Brain Energy Substrates Uptake in the Rat

En Dual Tracer PET-MR-protokollen for kvantitativ måling af Regional Brain Energy Substrater Optagelse i Rat

We present a method for comparing the uptake of the brain&#39;s two key energy substrates: glucose and ketones (acetoacetate [AcAc] in this case) in the ...

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Høj opløsning<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Manuel Segmentering Protokol for humant hippocampus Underfelter Brug 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has ...

Modification of a Colliculo-thalamocortical Mouse Brain Slice, Incorporating 3-D printing of Chamber Components and Multi-scale Optical Imaging

Ændring af et Colliculo thalamus Mouse Brain Slice, Omfattende 3D-print af Afdeling Komponenter og Multi-skala Optisk Imaging

The ability of the brain to process sensory information relies on both ascending and descending sets of projections. Until recently, the only way to study ...

Combining Optogenetics with Artificial microRNAs to Characterize the Effects of Gene Knockdown on Presynaptic Function within Intact Neuronal Circuits

Ved at kombinere Optogenetics med kunstige MicroRNA at karakterisere effekter af genet Knockdown på præsynaptiske funktion inden for intakt Neuronal kredsløb

The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a ...

Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain

Tilpasning af mikroelektrode Array teknologi for studiet af anæstesi-induceret neurotoksicitet i hjernen, intakt Grisling

Every year, millions of children undergo anesthesia for a multitude of procedures. However, studies in both animals and humans have called into question ...

3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol

3D scanning teknologi bridging mikrokredsløb og makro skala hjernen billeder i 3D roman indlejring overlappende protokol

The human brain, being a multiscale system, has both macroscopic electrical signals, globally flowing along thick white-matter fiber bundles, and ...

Functional MRI in Conjunction with a Novel MRI-compatible Hand-induced Robotic Device to Evaluate Rehabilitation of Individuals Recovering from Hand Grip Deficits

Funktionel MRI i forbindelse med en roman MRI-kompatibel hånd-induceret robot enhed til at evaluere rehabilitering af enkeltpersoner inddrive fra håndgreb underskud

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging technique that images brain activation in vivo, using endogenous ...