Name: direct imaging of laser-driven ultrafast molecular rotation
Uploaded: 2017-02-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by grants-in-aid KAKENHI from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) Japan (#26104539, #26620020, #26810011, #15H03766, #15KT0060, #16H00826, and #16K13927); the Konica Minolta Science and Technology Foundation; the "Planting Seeds for Research" program of TokyoTech; the Imaging Science Project of the Center for Novel Science Initiatives (CNSI) at the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) (#IS261006); the RIKEN-IMS joint program on "Extreme Photonics;" and the Consortium for Photon Science and Technology (CPhoST).

BEMÆRK: Gennem denne protokol, vi præcisere, hvad vi faktisk gjorde for at udvikle den nuværende metode. Nøjagtige parametre, herunder kammer og optisk opsætning design og størrelser og typer af delene, er det ikke altid nødvendigt at anvende det nuværende system til læserens apparatet. Essensen af ​​procedurerne vil blive givet som noter i hvert trin. 1. Konstruktion af en 2D-slice Imaging Apparatur BEMÆRK: I hele dette trin, alle de kommercielt tilg...

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Den nuværende procedure giver os mulighed for at fange en real-time film molekylær rotation med en slids-baseret 2D-billedbehandling setup. Fordi de observerede ioner passerer gennem spalten, trin 1.5 er en af ​​de kritiske trin. Kanterne af spalten skal knivene være skarpe. Når der er en lille defekt, såsom en 0,3 mm dent i spalten, er en ridse observeret i ion billede (figur 6). I et sådant tilfælde, bør spalten klinge poleres med 2000-grus vådt sandpapir. Bor...

For en dybere forståelse og bedre udnyttelse af den dynamiske karakter af molekyler, er det vigtigt at klart visualisere molekylære bevægelser af interesse. Time-løst Coulomb eksplosion imaging er en af de magtfulde metoder til at nå dette mål 1, 2, 3. I denne fremgangsmåde er de molekylær dynamik af interesse initieres af en pumpe ultrakorte laser felt og derefter probet med en tidsforsinket probe puls. Ved probe bestråling, er molekyler formere ioniseret og brudt ind fragmentioner på grund af Coulomb frastødning. Den rumlige fordeling af de udkastede ioner er et mål for den molekylære struktur og rumlige orientering ved sonden bestråling. En sekvens af måling scanning pump-probe forsinkelsestiden fører til skabelsen af ​​en molekylær film. Det er bemærkelsesværdigt, at for det simpleste tilfælde - diatomiske molekyler - vinkelfordelingen af ​​de udslyngede ionerdirekte afspejler den molekylære akse distribution (dvs. den kvadrerede roterende bølge funktion). Med hensyn til pumpen proces, har de seneste fremskridt i sammenhængende styring af molekylær bevægelse ved hjælp af ultrakorte laser felter førte til oprettelsen af stærkt kontrollerede roterende bølge pakker 4, 5. Endvidere kan omdrejningsretningen aktivt kontrolleres ved anvendelse af en polarisering-kontrollerede laser felt 6, 7, 8. Det er derfor blevet forventet, at et detaljeret billede af molekylær rotation, herunder bølge natur, kunne visualiseres, når Coulomb eksplosion imaging teknik er kombineret med en sådan pumpe proces 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Men vi noglegange støder eksperimentelle vanskeligheder forbundet med de eksisterende billeddiagnostiske metoder, som nævnt nedenfor. Formålet med dette papir er at præsentere en ny måde at overvinde disse vanskeligheder og skabe en høj kvalitet film af molekylære roterende bølge pakker. Den første eksperimentelle film af molekylær rotation taget med den nuværende metode, sammen med dens fysiske konsekvenser, blev præsenteret i vores tidligere papir 11. Baggrunden for udviklingen, den detaljerede teoretiske aspekt af den foreliggende imaging teknik, og en sammenligning med andre eksisterende teknikker vil blive givet i en kommende papir. Her vil vi først og fremmest fokusere på de praktiske og tekniske aspekter af proceduren, herunder en kombination af den typiske pumpe-probe optisk opsætning og den nye billeddannende apparat. Som i den foregående papir, er det målet system ensrettet roterende kvælstof molekyler 11. Den største eksperimentelle sværhedsgradeksisterende imaging setup, vist skematisk i figur 1, har at gøre med placeringen af detektoren, eller kameraet vinkel. Fordi rotationsaksen falder sammen med laser formering akse 6, 7, 8 i laser-felt-induceret molekylær rotation, er det ikke praktisk at installere en detektor langs rotationsaksen. Når detektoren er installeret for at undgå laserbestråling, kameravinklen svarer til en side observation af rotation. I dette tilfælde er det umuligt at rekonstruere den oprindelige orientering af molekyler fra den forventede (2D) ion billede 14. En 3D billeddannende detektor 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, med hvilke ankomsttid til toppen detektoren og ion impact positioner kan måles, tilbydes en unik måde at direkte observere molekylær rotation ved hjælp af Coulomb eksplosion imaging 10, 12. Men de acceptable ion tællinger pr laser skud er lav (typisk &lt;10 ioner) i 3D-detektor, hvilket betyder, at det er vanskeligt at skabe en lang film af molekylær bevægelse med høj billedkvalitet 14. Dødtiden af ​​detektorerne (typisk NS) påvirker også billedopløsning og billeddannelse effektivitet. Det er heller ikke en simpel opgave at gøre en god pumpe-probe beam overlap ved at overvåge en real-time ion billede med en laser gentagelseshastighed på &lt;~ 1 kHz. Selv om flere grupper har observeret roterende bølge pakker ved hjælp af 3D-teknik, blev geografisk information er begrænset og / eller direkte, og en detaljeret visualisering af bølge natur, herunder komplicerede nodal strukturer, blev ikke nået 10, 12. Essensen afden nye imaging teknik er anvendelsen af &quot;nye kamera vinkel&quot; i figur 1. I denne konfiguration er laserstråle eksponering for en detektor undgås, mens 2D detektoren er parallel med rotationsplanet, hvilket fører til observationen fra rotationsaksen retning. Spalten muliggør kun ion i rotationsplanet (polarisationsplanet af laserimpulserne) for at bidrage til et billede. En 2D detektor, der tilbyder en højere tællehastighed (typisk ~ 100 ioner) end en 3D detektor, kan anvendes. Opsætningen af ​​elektronikken er enklere end i tilfældet med 3D-registrering, mens målingen effektivitet er højere. Tidskrævende matematisk rekonstruktion, såsom Abel inversion 14, er heller ikke nødvendigt at udtrække kantet information. Disse træk fører til let optimering af målesystemet og til produktion af høj kvalitet film. En standard 2D / 3D ladet partikel billeddannende apparat kan let modificeres til den foreliggende opsætning without brug af dyrt udstyr.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="618">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">CMOS camera</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Toshiba TELI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BU-238M-ES</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">equipped with SONY IMX174 sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">High voltage switch</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Behlke</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HTS-41-03-GSM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">High voltage switch</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Behlke</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HTS-80-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:249px;">Digital delay generator</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Stanford research systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DG535</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:249px;">Digital delay generator</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Stanford research systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DG645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Microchannel plate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Photonis</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">Pulsed valve</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">LAMID LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Even-Lavie valve&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">High repetition, room temperature model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:249px;">Molecular beam skimmers</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Institute for Molecular Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13C11</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3 and 1.5 mm center hole, 25 degrees full inner angle, and ~50 mm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Optical Comparator</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">V-24B</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">DPSS laser</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Lighthouse Photonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sprout</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Femtosecond Ti:Sapphire oscillator</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">KMLabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Halcyon</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Femtosecond Ti:Sapphire amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Quantronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Odin-II HE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Motorized linear stage</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma Koki</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KST(GS)-100X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Manual X-stage</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma Koki</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TSD-601S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">High resolution mirror mount</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Suprema SX100-F2KN-254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">High resolution mirror mount</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">LIOP-TEC GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SR100-100R-2-HS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:249px;">Polarization checker</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Paradigm Devices, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">O-tool VIS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:249px;">Instrument communication interface</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NI-MAX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:249px;">Graphical development environment for measurement programs</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LabVIEW 2014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">Laser line dielectric mirror</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">CVI/LEO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TLM2-400/800-45UNP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Laser line dielectric mirror</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Altechna</td>
			<td colspan="2">Low GDD Ultrafast mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Laser line dielectric mirror</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Altechna</td>
			<td colspan="2">Low GDD Ultrafast mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:249px;">Femtosecond polarizer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Advanced Thin Films</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PBS-GVD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

direct imaging of laser-driven ultrafast molecular rotation

Vi præsenterer en metode til at visualisere laser-induceret, ultrahurtige molekylære roterende bølgepakken dynamik. Vi har udviklet en ny 2-dimensional Coulomb eksplosion imaging setup, hvor en hidtil-upraktisk kameravinkel realiseres. I vores imaging teknik er diatomiske molekyler bestrålet med en cirkulært polariseret stærk laser puls. Den udstødte atomare ioner accelereres vinkelret på laser formering. Ionerne liggende i laser polarisationsplanet udvælges ved anvendelse af en mekanisk spalte og afbildes med et højt gennemløb, 2-dimensional detektor installeret parallelt med polarisationsplanet. Fordi der anvendes en cirkulært polariseret (isotrope) Coulomb eksploderende puls, den observerede vinkelmæssige fordeling af de udslyngede ioner svarer direkte til de kvadrerede roterende bølge funktion på tidspunktet for pulsen bestråling. For at oprette en real-time film af molekylær rotation er nærværende imaging teknik kombineret med en femtosekund pumpe-probe optical setup, hvor pumpen pulser skabe ensrettet roterende molekylære ensembler. På grund af den høje billedkvalitet gennemløb af vores registreringssystem, kan pumpen-probe eksperimentel betingelse let optimeres ved at overvåge en real-time snapshot. Som et resultat, at kvaliteten af ​​den observerede filmen er tilstrækkelig høj til at visualisere den detaljerede bølge karakter af bevægelse. Vi bemærker også, at den nuværende teknik kan implementeres i eksisterende standard ion imaging opsætninger, der tilbyder en ny kameravinkel eller synspunkt for de molekylære systemer uden behov for omfattende ændring.

Figur 4A viser en sonde kun rå billede af N 2+ ion skubbet på sonde bestråling (Coulomb eksplosion), taget for en sonde laser skud. Hvert lyspunkt svarer til en ion. Figur 4B viser en summeret billede af 10.000 binariseres rå kamerabilleder. Disse billeder viser, at vores imaging setup kan overvåge molekylerne af alle orientering vinkler i polarisationsplanet. Figur 4C viser den normaliserede polar plot svarende ti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation at JoVE.com

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

We present a protocol for creating a real-time movie of a molecular rotational wave packet using a high-resolution Coulomb explosion imaging setup.

Direkte Imaging af Laser-drevet Ultrahurtig Molekylær Rotation

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb ...

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