Name: inducing ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse ear skin for intravital multiphoton imaging of immune responses
Uploaded: 2016-12-22T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inducing Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the Mouse Ear Skin for Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of Immune Responses at JoVE.com

We thank Thomas Graf for providing us with the LysM-eGFP mice.

وأجريت التجارب على التعامل مع الحيوانات الحية وفقا لكل استخدام الحيوانات ذات الصلة والمبادئ التوجيهية واللوائح الرعاية. 1. اختيار الفئران مراسل فلوري <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام منذ 12 أسابيع 6- لLysM-EG...

<ol>
	<li>Black, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=National+Pressure+Ulcer+Advisory+Panel's+updated+pressure+ulcer+staging+system.">National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel's updated pressure ulcer staging system.</a> Adv Skin Wound Care. 20, 269-274 (2007).</li><li>Kalogeris, T., Baines, C. P., Krenz, M., Korthuis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+biology+of+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">Cell biology of ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 298, 229-317 (2012).</li><li>Huebener, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+HMGB1/RAGE+axis+triggers+neutrophil-mediated+injury+amplification+following+necrosis.">The HMGB1/RAGE axis triggers neutrophil-mediated injury amplification following necrosis.</a> J Clin Invest. 125, 539-550 (2015).</li><li>Wassermann, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chronic+pressure+ulcer+model+in+the+nude+mouse.">A chronic pressure ulcer model in the nude mouse.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 17, 480-484 (2009).</li><li>Stadler, I., Zhang, R. Y., Oskoui, P., Whittaker, M. S., Lanzafame, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+simple,+noninvasive,+clinically+relevant+model+of+pressure+ulcers+in+the+mouse.">Development of a simple, noninvasive, clinically relevant model of pressure ulcers in the mouse.</a> J Invest Surg. 17, 221-227 (2004).</li><li>Tsuji, S., Ichioka, S., Sekiya, N., Nakatsuka, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+a+microcirculatory+model+of+pressure+ulcers.">Analysis of ischemia-reperfusion injury in a microcirculatory model of pressure ulcers.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 13, 209-215 (2005).</li><li>Ng, L. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+the+neutrophil+response+to+sterile+tissue+injury+in+mouse+dermis+reveals+a+three-phase+cascade+of+events.">Visualizing the neutrophil response to sterile tissue injury in mouse dermis reveals a three-phase cascade of events.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 131, 2058-2068 (2011).</li><li>Li, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+multiphoton+imaging+of+immune+responses+in+the+mouse+ear+skin.">Intravital multiphoton imaging of immune responses in the mouse ear skin.</a> Nat Protoc. 7, 221-234 (2012).</li><li>Tong, P. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+skin+immune+atlas:+three-dimensional+analysis+of+cutaneous+leukocyte+subsets+by+multiphoton+microscopy.">The skin immune atlas: three-dimensional analysis of cutaneous leukocyte subsets by multiphoton microscopy.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 135, 84-93 (2015).</li><li>Saito, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+loss+of+MCP-1+attenuates+cutaneous+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+a+mouse+model+of+pressure+ulcer.">The loss of MCP-1 attenuates cutaneous ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse model of pressure ulcer.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 128, 1838-1851 (2008).</li><li>Faust, N., Varas, F., Kelly, L. M., Heck, S., Graf, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insertion+of+enhanced+green+fluorescent+protein+into+the+lysozyme+gene+creates+mice+with+green+fluorescent+granulocytes+and+macrophages.">Insertion of enhanced green fluorescent protein into the lysozyme gene creates mice with green fluorescent granulocytes and macrophages.</a> Blood. 96, 719-726 (2000).</li><li>Roediger, B., Ng, L. G., Smith, A. L., Fazekasde de St Groth, B., Weninger, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+dendritic+cell+migration+within+the+skin.">Visualizing dendritic cell migration within the skin.</a> Histochem Cell Biol. 130, 1131-1146 (2008).</li><li>Kikushima, K., Kita, S., Higuchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-invasive+imaging+for+the+in+vivo+tracking+of+high-speed+vesicle+transport+in+mouse+neutrophils.">A non-invasive imaging for the in vivo tracking of high-speed vesicle transport in mouse neutrophils.</a> Sci Rep. 3, 1913 (2013).</li><li>Ng, L. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migratory+dermal+dendritic+cells+act+as+rapid+sensors+of+protozoan+parasites.">Migratory dermal dendritic cells act as rapid sensors of protozoan parasites.</a> PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000222 (2008).</li><li>Soohoo, A. L., Bowersox, S. L., Puthenveedu, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+clathrin-mediated+endocytosis+of+G+protein-coupled+receptors+at+single-event+resolution+via+TIRF+microscopy.">Visualizing clathrin-mediated endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors at single-event resolution via TIRF microscopy.</a> J Vis Exp. , e51805 (2014).</li><li>Beltman, J. B., Maree, A. F., de Boer, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysing+immune+cell+migration.">Analysing immune cell migration.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 9, 789-798 (2009).</li></ol>

أهمية الأشعة تحت الحمراء هي واحدة من الأسباب الرئيسية للقرحة الضغط الجلد. في المراحل المبكرة (الأول والثاني) من قرحة الضغط تصف حالة الجلد البشري (بالمقارنة مع الأنسجة تحت الجلد الكامنة والعضلات). ومع ذلك، فهم المسببات المناعية ما ز...

تحدث إصابة نقص التروية ضخه (IRI) عندما يكون هناك نقص الأكسجة عابرة بسبب انسداد تدفق الدم (نقص التروية)، يليه إعادة الأوكسجين اللاحق للأنسجة (ضخه). في الجلد، ويعتقد أن نقص التروية ضخه (IR) ليكون واحدا من العوامل التي تسهم في الفيزيولوجيا المرضية لقرحة الضغط، حيث الراحة في الفراش لفترات طويلة يهيئ المرضى في المستشفيات على المدى الطويل للإصابة. في هؤلاء المرضى، ويتعرض كل من الجلد والعضلات الأساسية باستمرار للضغط الوزن المبذولة على مناطق من بروز عظمي، مما أدى إلى وقوع إصابات المترجمة التي، إذا ما تركت دون علاج، يمكن أن تصبح نخرية 1. الأضرار تشارك في المعهد الجمهوري الدولي ذات شقين. خلال نقص التروية، وانسداد الأوعية الدموية يؤدي إلى انخفاض حاد في وصول الأكسجين إلى الأنسجة. وهذا يؤدي إلى انخفاض ATP ودرجة الحموضة، والذي يعطل ATPases تشارك في الأيض الخلوي. بدوره، مستويات الكالسيوم الخلوية السنبلة، وأكدت أو ألحقت أضرارا جملتعلمي اللغة اإلنكليزية الخضوع موت الخلايا المبرمج أو نخر 2. الافراج عن محتويات الخلايا أو الضرر المرتبطة أنماط الجزيئية (الخام)، مثل HMGB1، ويسهم في الاستجابة الالتهابية 3. وتحدث هذه الإهانة الثانية خلال ضخه. على الرغم من أن تتم استعادة مستويات الأوكسجين ودرجة الحموضة أثناء ضخه، وهذا يؤدي إلى توليد أنواع الأكسجين التفاعلية (ROS)، الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى أكسدة الدهون داخل الخلايا، والحمض النووي، والبروتينات. ونتيجة لذلك، يتم تنشيط وسطاء الموالية للالتهابات، والذي ينطلق من الاستجابة الالتهابية الثانوية ينطوي على تجنيد الخلايا المناعية لموقع التهابات 2. في حين أن سلسلة من الأحداث البيوكيميائية التي أدت إلى استجابة التهابية وصفت بشكل جيد، والتنظيم المكاني والزماني للأنشطة الخلايا المناعية ليست مفهومة جيدا. هنا، نحن تصف نموذج IR قوي على الجلد الماوس الأذن باستخدام بسيط المغناطيس لقط. إلى جانب التصوير multiphoton حيوي داخلي (MP-IVM)، ونحنأقامت نموذجا للدراسة في الجسم الحي الاستجابات الالتهابية التي تحدث بعد يأخذ ضخه مكان. الأساس المنطقي وراء تطوير واستخدام هذه التقنية هو محاولة لفهم كيفية استجابة كل من خلايا الخلالية والتسلل إلى الأشعة تحت الحمراء في الوقت الحقيقي. النماذج الحالية من الأشعة تحت الحمراء باستخدام تقنية تحامل على الجناح الجلد هي الغازية للغاية، كما أنها تتطلب زرع جراحيا من ألواح الصلب في الجهة الجلد، مما يجعلها أقل من مثالية للدراسات المناعية 4. وقد وصفت تقنية تحامل غير الغازية مماثلة في 5،6 الماوس الجلد الجناح. ومع ذلك، بسبب إدراج عنصر التصوير حيوي داخلي في هذه الطريقة، ونحن بدلا من ذلك اختارت الجلد الأذن كموقع الأشعة تحت الحمراء المستهدفة، كما تلتف الحركات بسبب التنفس ويوفر الاستقرار أثناء التصوير 7،8. وعلاوة على ذلك، مجموعات فرعية الكريات البيض التي تمتد الخلالي متطابقة بين الجلد الأذن والجهة الجلد، على الرغم من أنقد تختلف الأرقام والنسب قليلا 9. وبالتالي، يمثل الجلد الأذن موقع التصوير المثالي. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن معظم البيانات التي تم استردادها من هذه النماذج IRI محدودة لتقييم العيانية (الدرجات من القرحة) والتحليلات المجهرية من نقطة النهاية مؤشرات التهابات 10. استخدام هذا النموذج، يتم تمكين الوقت الحقيقي التصور من الاستجابة الخلوية العدلات بعد ضخه في جلد الفأر مراسل الفلورسنت. ويستخدم نموذج التصوير الأذن حيوي داخلي نشرت سابقا 8 مع تعديلات إضافية (الشكلان 1 و 2).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1506">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Mice strains</td>
			<td style="width:333px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:483px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Lysozyme-GFP C57BL/6</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Thomas Graf, Center for Genomic Regulation</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">C57BL/6-C2J</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">000058</td>
			<td>To be crossed with Lysozyme-GFP to generate albino Lysozyme-GFP for skin imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Viaflex 0.9% (wt/vol) saline</td>
			<td>Baxter Healthcare</td>
			<td>F8B1323</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ketamine (100 mg ml&#8722;1 ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Parnell</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ketamine is a controlled drug and all relevant local regulations should be followed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ilium Xylazil-20 (20 mg ml&#8722;1 xylazine hydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Xylazil-20 is a controlled drug and all relevant local regulations should be followed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Evans blue (10 mg ml&#8722;1 in PBS or saline)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>46160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultrapurified water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Insulin syringe with needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>328838</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Biologix Research Company</td>
			<td>30-0135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3M paper masking tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>2214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deckglaser microscope cover glass (22 mm &#215; 32 mm)</td>
			<td>Paul Marienfeld</td>
			<td>101112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Curved splinter forceps</td>
			<td>Aesculap, B. Braun Melsungen</td>
			<td>BD312R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Veet hair removal cream</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Medical cotton-tipped applicators</td>
			<td>Puritan Medical Products Company</td>
			<td>806-WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">C-fold towels</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>20311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipes delicate task wipes</td>
			<td>Kimtech Science</td>
			<td>34155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gold-plated, N42-grade neodymium magnets, 12mm in diameter and 2mm thick&#160;</td>
			<td>first4magnets</td>
			<td>F656S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic guide, 10cm by 1.5cm (polyvinyl chloride material)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fold in half lengthwise, bind with masking tape and slot magnet in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">High vacuum grease</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TriM Scope II single-beam two-photon microscope</td>
			<td>LaVision BioTec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tunable (680&#8211;1,080 nm) Coherent Chameleon Ultra II One Box Ti:sapphire laser (&#8805;3.3 W at 800 nm; pulse length of 140 fs, 80 MHz repetition rate)</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Water-dipping objectives (20&#215;, NA = 1.0)</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>XLUMPLFLN20xW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Miscroscope filter and mirror sets (for imaging GFP, SHG, Evans Blue)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">495 long-pass</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>T495LPXR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">560 lomg-pass</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>T560LPXR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">475/42 band-pass</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>FF01-475/42-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">525/50 band-pass</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>ET525/50m</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">655/40 band-pass</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>NC028647</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Skin-imaging stage platform (refer to diagram for assembly)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">A metal base plate (126 mm &#215; 126 mm &#215; 1 mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">A brass platform for the ear (79 mm &#215; 19 mm; 1 mm thickness at side, 0.5 mm thickness in the middle; Fig. 1) with slit (1.7 mm &#215; 1 mm; 1.5 mm away from long edge)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Two plastic blocks (10 mm in height)&#8212;for heat insulation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Curved holder, for positioning the control thermistor on the ear platform</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Interface cable CC-28 with DIN connector and thermistors, one for the temperature control and the other for the temperature monitor</td>
			<td>(Warner Instruments (Harvard Apparatus)</td>
			<td>640106</td>
			<td>connect the interface cable to both resistive heater blocks set at 35&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Resistive heater blocks RH-2</td>
			<td>(Warner Instruments (Harvard Apparatus)</td>
			<td>640274</td>
			<td>Resistive heater blocks can heat the brass ear platform up to over 100 &#176;C within minutes. Ensure that the control thermistor has been properly secured in the holder in order to avoid overheating.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller TC-344B for the ear platform</td>
			<td>(Warner Instruments (Harvard Apparatus)</td>
			<td>640101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller TR-200 for mouse heating pad</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>21052-00</td>
			<td>Unit is no longer for sale. Ask manufacturer for alternatives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Power supply for TR-200</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>21051-00</td>
			<td>Unit is no longer for sale. Ask manufacturer for alternatives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heating pad</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>21060-00</td>
			<td>Unit is no longer for sale. Ask manufacturer for alternatives.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Animal rectal probe&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>21060-01</td>
			<td>Unit is no longer for sale. Ask manufacturer for alternatives. After connecting the rectal probe and heating pad to the temperature controller TR-200, set the temperature to 37 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coverslip holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2 plastic rods, 1 cm in diameter, 10 cm in length</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 plastic adaptor with holes drilled to accommodate rods (refer to diagram)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3 plastic tightening screws for keeping plastic rods in place</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;">1 metal plate, 6 cm x 2.5 cm, with a 2 cm square cut at 1 end, 2 mm edge away from short edge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 pair of nut and bolt for attaching metal plate to plastic rod</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">1 acrylic base (4 cm x 5 cm x 1.5 cm) with magnet to hold coverslip holder on skin-imaging stage platform. 1 rod is permanently fixed onto base.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:565px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:333px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Imaging analysis software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Imaris v8.1.2</td>
			<td>Bitplane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

inducing ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse ear skin for intravital multiphoton imaging of immune responses

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when there is transient hypoxia due to the obstruction of blood flow (ischemia) followed by a subsequent re-oxygenation of the tissues (reperfusion). In the skin, ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is the main contributing factor to the pathophysiology of pressure ulcers. While the cascade of events leading up to the inflammatory response has been well studied, the spatial and temporal responses of the different subsets of immune cells to an IR injury are not well understood. Existing models of IR using the clamping technique on the skin flank are highly invasive and unsuitable for studying immune responses to injury, while similar non-invasive magnet clamping studies in the skin flank are less-than-ideal for intravital imaging studies. In this protocol, we describe a robust model of non-invasive IR developed on mouse ear skin, where we aim to visualize in real-time the cellular response of immune cells after reperfusion via multiphoton intravital imaging (MP-IVM).

يستخدم هذا البروتوكول الجلد الأذن منصة التصوير مبنية خصيصا، كما هو مبين في الشكل 1. العديد من الميزات من هذه المنصة تم تصميمها خصيصا لتسهيل التصوير مع الحفاظ على إعدادات الفسيولوجية. وضع الأذن على منصة النحاس ساخنة لا يحافظ فقط على الأذن عن...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inducing Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the Mouse Ear Skin for Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of Immune Responses at JoVE.com

Inducing Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the Mouse Ear Skin for Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of Immune Responses

يصف هذا البروتوكول تحريض نموذج نقص التروية ضخه (الأشعة تحت الحمراء) على الجلد الأذن الماوس باستخدام المغناطيس لقط. باستخدام نموذج التصوير حيوي داخلي مبنية خصيصا، ندرس في الاستجابات الالتهابية الجسم الحي بعد ضخه. الأساس المنطقي وراء تطوير هذه التقنية هو توسيع نطاق فهم كيفية استجابة الكريات البيض إلى إصابة الأشعة تحت الحمراء الجلد.

حمل إصابة نقص التروية ضخه في الجلد الأذن ماوس لحيوي داخلي Multiphoton التصوير من الاستجابات المناعية

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when there is transient hypoxia due to the obstruction of blood flow (ischemia) followed by a subsequent ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to understand how immune cells respond to ischemia reperfusion through intravital multiphoton imaging of the mouse ear skin. This method can help to address some of the very important questions in the field of Immunology and Dermatology to understand the dynamic behavior of immune cell. The main advantage of this technique is that it provide a robust imaging model for studying cellular activities in the skin under inflamed or a resting state.Though this method may provide insight into ischemic reperfusion injuries, this can also be applied to other systems such as hypersensitivity reactions as well as infections. To begin this procedure, place the mouse on a heating pad to maintain its body temperature at 37 degrees Celsius throughout the preparation procedure. Confirm the depth of anesthesia by the absence of toe pinch reflex.Next, apply ophthalmic lubricant on the animal's eyes to prevent dryness while under anesthesia. Afterward, carefully apply depilatory cream to the upper two thirds of the dorsal ear and wait for two to three minutes. Then, remove the cream using wet cotton tip applicators in a thorough but gentle manner.Now, induce ischemia in the mouse ear skin using the neodymium magnets. To do so, first slot the magnets into their individual plastic guides. Position one magnet such that only the edge will contact with a second ventral magnet, which should be placed below the ventral side of the ear with the ear laying flat on the magnet.Once ready, carefully let the magnets come together. After 1.5 hours of ischemia, remove the magnets by twisting them away from each other using the plastic guides, allowing reperfusion to take place. Immediately after magnet removal, administer Evans Blue or another blood vessel labeling agent of choice intravenously.In this step, cut two pieces of masking tape. Allow the adhesive sides to stick together whilst leaving about one millimeter of adhesive along its width. Then, cut the masking tape in two to accommodate its placement within the slit on the ear platform.Insert this masking tape about halfway through the slit such that the adhesive side faces up. After that, position the mouse on the heating pad such that the ear to be imaged is next to the masking tape strip. By using two PBS moistened cotton tip applicators, gently press the ear against the adhesive strip.Using the strip as a guide, bring the mouse ear through the slit while simultaneously adjusting the mouse closer towards the stage. As the ear skin is very fragile, this step must be done very carefully to avoid any preparation-induced injuries. To remove the sticky tape, first add a drop of PBS to reduce the adhesiveness of the tape.Then, separate the mouse ear from the masking tape as gently as possible using a fine paint brush. Flatten the ear against the ear platform by gently rolling a moist cotton tip applicator over the ear. Subsequently, put a drop of PBS underneath the coverslip and gently place it over the ear.Afterward, insert the rectal temperature probe and connect the wires to the heating system according to manufacturer's instructions. To acquire images, place the animal under the multiphoton microscope. Start with an imaging region that is in close proximity to the edge of the ischemia characterized by massive Evans Blue leakage.The schematic diagram here shows the positioning of the magnets. These two photos show a pre-ischemic and a post-ischemic ear after magnet clamping. In this schematic of the ear indicates the region imaged with respect to where the magnet had been placed.This time lapse sequence of maximum projection, shows the neutrophil infiltration in response to reperfusion in LysM-eGFPM albino mouse ear skin after 1.5 hours of ischemia. At earlier time points, the lack of Evans Blue signal indicates temporary vessel occlusion after ischemia. Once mastered, preparations for the ischemic reperfused ear for imaging can be done in less than 30 minutes if it is performed properly.While performing this procedure, it is important to constantly check the depth of anesthesia and the temperature of the mouse. Following this procedure, other method like whole mouse staining of the mouse ear skin can be performed to have a global view of the cellular localizations. After the developments of this protocol, it paved the way for researcher in the field of Immunology and Dermatology to explore innate immunity in the mouse ear skin.After watching these videos, you should have a good understanding of how to establish a mouse ear skin imaging model to study ischemic reperfusion injury. Don't forget that working with multiphoto microscope can be hazardous. And precautions such as laser safety training should be undertaken.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Normothermic Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Mouse Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

توقف القلب والإنعاش القلبي Normothermic : نموذج الفأر من نقص التروية ، إعادة إشباع الخلايا الإصابات

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused ...

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (IRI) of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

Real-time Digital Imaging of Leukocyte-endothelial Interaction in Ischemia-reperfusion Injury IRI of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

في الوقت الحقيقي التصوير الرقمي من خلايا الدم البيضاء البطاني التفاعل في الإسكيمية-ضخه من الإصابات (IRI) في الجرذان العضلة المشمرة

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has been implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, ...

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

نقص التروية-ضخه نموذج من إصابة الكلى الحاد والتليف آخر الاصابات في الفئران

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

نموذج الفئران من المعوية الإسكيمية-ضخه إصابة

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

A Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Elevation of Intraocular Pressure

نموذج الفأر من الشبكية الإسكيمية-ضخه إصابة خلال ارتفاع ضغط العين

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, ...

Two-vessel Occlusion Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion

انسداد السفينتين الماوس النموذجي لضخه الاسكيمية الدماغي

In this study, a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion mouse model is employed to study cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. A reproducible and reliable mouse ...

Evaluation of Coronary Flow Reserve After Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

تقييم احتياطي التدفق التاجي بعد إعادة ضخ الإقفارية عضلة القلب في الفئران

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

نموذج الفئران قبل السريرية لدراسة نقص التروية-ضخ الاصابه في جراحه المجهرية الترميمية

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Delayed Intramyocardial Delivery of Stem Cells after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Murine Model

تأخر التسليم داخل القلب للخلايا الجذعية بعد إصابة إعادة ضخ الإقفاري في نموذج مورين

There is significant interest in the use of stem cells (SCs) for the recovery of cardiac function in individuals with myocardial injuries. Most commonly, ...

Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Simulating Hemodynamic Changes in Rat Liver Transplant Model

إصابة الجهاز الإقصاب الإقفاري-Reperfusion عن طريق محاكاة التغيرات الديناميكية الدموية في نموذج زراعة كبد الفئران

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, ...