Name: generation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from whole blood
Uploaded: 2016-12-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood at JoVE.com

We would like to thank our technician Karolin Thurnes, Divison of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, and Dr. Annelies M&#252;hlbacher and Dr. Paul H&#246;rtnagl, Central Institute for Blood Transfusion and Immunological Department, for their valuable help and support regarding this manuscript. We thank the Austrian Science Fund for supporting this work (P24598 to DW, P25389 to WP).

Etica dichiarazione: consenso informato scritto è stato ottenuto da tutti i partecipanti donatori di sangue dall&#39;Istituto Centrale per Blood Transfusion &amp; Dipartimento immunologica, Innsbruck, Austria. L&#39;uso di esemplari rimasti anonimi per scopi scientifici è stato approvato dal Comitato Etico della Medical University di Innsbruck. 1. Arricchimento delle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) <ol><li> Concentrazione di PBMC mediante centrifugazione. <ol><li> Aprire il...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+levels+of+HIV-1+infection+in+cutaneous+dendritic+cells+promote+extensive+viral+replication+upon+binding+to+memory+CD4++T+cells.">Low levels of HIV-1 infection in cutaneous dendritic cells promote extensive viral replication upon binding to memory CD4+ T cells.</a> J Exp Med. 182, 2045-2056 (1995).</li><li>McDonald, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recruitment+of+HIV+and+its+receptors+to+dendritic+cell-T+cell+junctions.">Recruitment of HIV and its receptors to dendritic cell-T cell junctions.</a> Science. 300, 1295-1297 (2003).</li><li>Pruenster, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C-type+lectin-independent+interaction+of+complement+opsonized+HIV+with+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells.">C-type lectin-independent interaction of complement opsonized HIV with monocyte-derived dendritic cells.</a> Eur J Immunol. 35, 2691-2698 (2005).</li><li>Wilflingseder, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IgG+opsonization+of+HIV+impedes+provirus+formation+in+and+infection+of+dendritic+cells+and+subsequent+long-term+transfer+to+T+cells.">IgG opsonization of HIV impedes provirus formation in and infection of dendritic cells and subsequent long-term transfer to T cells.</a> J Immunol. 178, 7840-7848 (2007).</li><li>Kapsenberg, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic-cell+control+of+pathogen-driven+T-cell+polarization.">Dendritic-cell control of pathogen-driven T-cell polarization.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 3, 984-993 (2003).</li><li>Mills, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TLR-dependent+T+cell+activation+in+autoimmunity.">TLR-dependent T cell activation in autoimmunity.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 11, 807-822 (2011).</li><li>Banki, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complement+as+an+endogenous+adjuvant+for+dendritic+cell-mediated+induction+of+retrovirus-specific+CTLs.">Complement as an endogenous adjuvant for dendritic cell-mediated induction of retrovirus-specific CTLs.</a> PLoS Pathog. 6, e1000891 (2010).</li><li>Posch, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibodies+attenuate+the+capacity+of+dendritic+cells+to+stimulate+HIV-specific+cytotoxic+T+lymphocytes.">Antibodies attenuate the capacity of dendritic cells to stimulate HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.</a> J Allergy Clin Immunol. 130, 1368-1374 (2012).</li><li>Posch, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complement-Opsonized+HIV-1+Overcomes+Restriction+in+Dendritic+Cells.">Complement-Opsonized HIV-1 Overcomes Restriction in Dendritic Cells.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11, e1005005 (2015).</li><li>Wilflingseder, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immediate+T-Helper+17+Polarization+Upon+Triggering+CD11b/c+on+HIV-Exposed+Dendritic+Cells.">Immediate T-Helper 17 Polarization Upon Triggering CD11b/c on HIV-Exposed Dendritic Cells.</a> J Infect Dis. 212, 44-56 (2015).</li><li>Grassi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells+have+a+phenotype+comparable+to+that+of+dermal+dendritic+cells+and+display+ultrastructural+granules+distinct+from+Birbeck+granules.">Monocyte-derived dendritic cells have a phenotype comparable to that of dermal dendritic cells and display ultrastructural granules distinct from Birbeck granules.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 64, 484-493 (1998).</li></ol>

Questo protocollo descrive la generazione di cellule dendritiche derivate da monociti (MDDCs) attraverso l&#39;isolamento di monociti umani da sangue anti-coagulato utilizzando un saggio a base di nanoparticelle magnetiche. In questo protocollo, le fasi di centrifugazione sono eseguite a monte della procedura di isolamento cellulare, che porta ad un arricchimento della frazione PBMC. Sebbene le cellule sono persi durante la centrifugazione, di sovrapporre il contenuto di un pacchetto di sangue intero sul mezzo gradiente...

Le cellule dendritiche (DC) sono le più importanti cellule specializzate che presentano l&#39;antigene del nostro sistema immunitario. Immaturo DC (IDC) risiedono nella pelle o nei tessuti delle mucose e sono quindi tra le prime cellule immunitarie per interagire con gli agenti patogeni invasori. DC rappresentano il ponte tra l&#39;innato e il sistema immunitario adattativo 1, dal momento che possono attivare T e cellule B risposte dopo il rilevamento degli agenti patogeni. Inoltre, contribuiscono a risposte immunitarie pro-infiammatorie causa della secrezione di elevate quantità di citochine, come IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-12. DC attivare anche le cellule NK e attirare altre cellule immunitarie al sito di infezione da parte di chemiotassi. DC può essere diviso in cellule immature dendritiche (IDC) e cellule dendritiche mature (MDC) 2 sulla base della loro morfologia e funzione. Dopo il riconoscimento di antigeni estranei da uno dei molti recettori pattern recognition (ad esempio, recettori toll-like, tipo Clectine, o complemento recettori) abbondantemente espresso sulla superficie delle cellule, iDCs subiscono grandi cambiamenti e cominciano a maturare. Durante questo processo di maturazione, i recettori per la cattura di antigene sono down-regolati, mentre molecole essenziali per la presentazione dell&#39;antigene sono regolate up-3. DC mature up-regolazione dei complesso maggiore di istocompatibilità I e II (MHC I e II), molecole co-stimolatorie come CD80 e CD86, che sono essenziali per la presentazione dell&#39;antigene e l&#39;attivazione dei linfociti T. Inoltre, l&#39;espressione del recettore delle chemochine CCR7 sulla superficie cellulare viene indotta, che permette la migrazione delle DC dai tessuti periferici ai linfonodi. La migrazione è facilitata dalla &quot;rolling&quot; di DC lungo un ligando chemochina 19 (CCL19 / MIP-3b) e chemochine ligando 21 (CCL21 / SLC) gradiente ai linfonodi 4-6. Dopo la migrazione, MDCS presentano l&#39;antigene processato per naïve cellule CD4 + e CD8 +, quindi initiating una risposta immunitaria adattativa contro l&#39;invasore patogeno 7. Questa interazione con le cellule T nei linfonodi è anche associato con la diffusione del virus 8. Altri studi in vitro hanno rivelato che le cellule dendritiche catturare e trasferire l&#39;HIV a cellule T e che questo risultati di trasmissione in una infezione vigorosa 9-12 in modo efficiente. Questi esperimenti evidenziano che in vivo HIV sfrutta DC come navette dalla periferia ai linfonodi. Durante presentazione dell&#39;antigene, DC secernono interleuchine chiave che determinano la differenziazione delle cellule T helper effettrici, e quindi il risultato della intera risposta immunitaria contro il microbo è determinata in questo interazione. Oltre a tipo 1 (Th1) e tipo 2 cellule (Th2) T effettrici, altri sottoinsiemi di cellule T CD4 + helper (ad esempio, il tipo 17 (Th17) e di tipo 22 (cellule Th22) T) sono state descritte, e la loro induzione e la funzione sono stati studiati a fondo. DC sono inoltre coinvolti inla generazione di cellule T regolatorie (Tregs) 13,14. Queste cellule sono immunosoppressiva e possono fermare o down-regolare l&#39;induzione o la proliferazione delle cellule T effettrici e sono quindi di fondamentale importanza per lo sviluppo di immunità e la tolleranza. DC convenzionali umani (CDC) comprendono diversi sottoinsiemi di cellule con una origine mieloide (vale a dire, Cellule di Langerhans (LCS) e per via cutanea e DC interstiziali) o di origine linfoide (ad esempio, cellule dendritiche plasmacitoidi (pDCs)). Per gli esperimenti in vitro o strategie di vaccinazione DC, DC derivate da monociti sono abitualmente utilizzati come modello per DC dermici. Queste cellule mostrano somiglianze nella fisiologia, la morfologia e la funzione di cellule dendritiche mieloidi convenzionali. Esse sono generate mediante aggiunta di interleuchina 4 (IL-4) e granulociti-macrofagi fattore stimolante le colonie (GM-CSF) di monociti isolati da donatori sani 12,15-18. Le cellule dendritiche possono anche essere isolati direttamente da cutanee o mucose biopsie, o può anche be sviluppato da cellule progenitrici ematopoietiche isolate da campioni di sangue del cordone ombelicale ottenuti ex utero CD34 +. Qui, si dimostra come i monociti sono isolati e stimolati dal sangue umano anti-coagulato dopo cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) di arricchimento mediante centrifugazione in gradiente di densità. Dopo incubazione per 5 giorni, monociti umani in condizioni specifiche sono differenziati in iDCs e sono pronti per le procedure sperimentali in un ambiente non clinico.

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			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD19&#160; Clone&#160; HIB19</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td>APC Mouse Anti-Human CD83&#160; Clone&#160; HB15e</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551073</td>
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			<td>BD Imag Anti-Human CD14 Magnetic Particles&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557769</td>
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			<td>BD Imagnet</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
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			<td>BSA (Albumin Fraction V)</td>
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			<td>Costar 6 Well Clear TC-Treated Multiple Well Plates</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3506</td>
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			<td>Density gradient media: Ficoll-Paque Premium</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences</td>
			<td>17-5442-03</td>
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			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (D-PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
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			<td>Falcon 10mL Serological Pipet</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357551</td>
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			<td>Falcon 25mL Serological Pipet</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357525</td>
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			<td>Falcon 50mL High Clarity PP Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352070</td>
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			<td>Falcon Round-Bottom Tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
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			<td>FITC Mouse Anti-Human CD3&#160; Clone&#160; HIT3a</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555339</td>
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			<td>Ghost Dye Violet 510 (Cell Viability Reagent)</td>
			<td>Tonbo biosciences</td>
			<td>13-0870</td>
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			<td>GM-CSF</td>
			<td>MACS Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-862</td>
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			<td>Heat Inactivated FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), EU Approved Origin (South America)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10500-064</td>
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			<td>Hettich Rotanta 460R</td>
			<td>Hettich</td>
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			<td>IL-4 CC</td>
			<td>PromoKine</td>
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			<td>Isolation buffer: BD IMag Buffer (10X)&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552362</td>
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			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
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			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes, 1,5 ml, SuperSpin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>211-0015</td>
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			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human CD14&#160; Clone&#160; M5E2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555398</td>
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			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human CD209&#160; Clone&#160; DCN46</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551265</td>
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			<td>RPMI-1640 medium</td>
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			<td>UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
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generation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells from whole blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Dopo centrifugazione del sangue anti-coagulato con un cuscino di saccarosio, cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) sono arricchite in interfase sopra del mezzo gradiente di densità (Figura 1). Dopo che i PBMC sono disegnate fuori, analisi FACS viene eseguita per caratterizzare le diverse popolazioni di cellule all&#39;interno delle PBMC utilizzando marcatori lignaggio (ad esempio, CD3 per i linfociti T, CD14 per i monociti, e CD19 per i linfociti B)...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

Generazione di derivate da monociti cellule dendritiche umane da sangue intero

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

The overall goal of this CD14 magnetic beads separation technique is to isolate monocytes from the blood for their further differentiation into dendritic cells or macrophages in vitro. This method can help answer key questions in the field of immunology about the recognition, processing, and presentation of pathogens or antigens by dendritic cells. The main advantage of this isolation procedure is that the 98 to 99%pure monocyte population can be obtained.Demonstrating the procedure will be Karolin Thurnes, a technician from our work group. Begin by splitting the blood pack volume among sterile 50 milliliter centrifuge tubes according to the amount of blood received. Adjust the final volume in each tube to 50 milliliters with sterile Dulbecco's PBS as necessary and centrifuge the samples.Using a sterile one milliliter serological pipette connected to a laboratory vacuum pump, remove the plasma and platelet layers leaving the boundary layers undisturbed. Then, use a new 25 milliliter pipette to combine the mononuclear cell boundary layers from two of the tubes in the new sterile 50 milliliter conical tube. Next, add 15 milliliters of density gradient medium to each of 450 milliliter conical tubes and pipetting slowly and carefully, overlay 25 milliliters of pooled blood cells onto the density gradient in each tube.Separate the cells by centrifugation. Then aspirate the plasma and platelet upper layers and transfer the PBMC interphases into new individual 50 milliliter conical tubes. Wash the PBMCs two times with up to 50 milliliters of sterile DPBS, pulling the cells after the first centrifugation and resuspending the pellet in 50 milliliters of fresh DPBS after the second.After counting, collect the cells by centrifugation for monocyte magnetic particle isolation. To purify the monocytes by magnetic particle isolation, adjust the PBMC concentration to eight times 10 to the 7th cells per milliliter of isolation buffer. Next, vortex the anti-human CD14 magnetic particles thoroughly and mix 50 microliters of particles for every one times 10 to the 7th PBMCs into the cells, and transfer the cell bead solution to a sterile 15 milliliter tube.After 30 minutes at room temperature, adjust the total volume to 12 milliliters of isolation buffer, and transfer two milliliters of the cell particle suspension into each of six sterile round bottom tubes. Immediately place the tubes onto the cell separation magnet for 10 minutes at room temperature. Then remove the supernatant containing the peripheral blood lymphocytes from each tube.Remove the tubes from the magnet and add two milliliters of fresh isolation buffer to each cell sample. Gently pipette up and down to resuspend the cells and particles, and return the tubes to the magnet for another five minutes. At the end of the incubation, remove the supernatant again, and resuspend the cells in two milliliters of fresh isolation buffer as just demonstrated.Then pull the CD14 positive monocyte containing cell fractions into a new 50 milliliter tube and bring the final volume of the tube up to 50 milliliters in sterile DPBS. To differentiate the purified monocytes into dendritic cells, collect the cells by centrifugaiton and resuspend the pellet in 50 milliliters of DPBS. After counting, spin down the cells again and resuspend the pellet at a one times 10 to the 6th cells per milliliter concentration and prewarmed culture medium.Transfer three milliliters of cells into each well of a six well plate and add recombinant human Interleukin four and GMCSF to each well for a 48 hour incubation at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. On the second day of culture, restimulate the cells with fresh cytokines and return the plate to the incubator. On day five, pull the supernatants and gently pipette fresh medium into the wells several times to harvest the immature dendritic cells.After density gradient separation, a typical PBMC fraction is comprised of about 4%B-lymphocytes, 28%monocytes and 68%other cells. 44%of which are t-lymphocytes. After magnetic particle separation, flow cytometric analysis of the negative fraction reveals a similar percentage of b-lymphocytes, a higher percentage of the other cell populations and a greatly reduced percentage of monocytes.Characterization of the positive fraction demonstrates the high purificaiton efficiency with over 99%of the cells expressing CD14. After five days of Interleukin four and GMCSF simulation, the CD14 positive cells differentiate into immature CD83 negative DC-SIGN positive monocyte derived dendritic cells which are comparable to dermal dendritic cells in the morphology, behavior, and receptor expression. Once mastered, this technique can be completed in four to five hours if it is performed properly.After watching this video, you should have a good understading of how to isolate monocytes from whole blood and differentiate them into dendritic cells. This technique is very important for researchers in the field of immunology to explore not only dendritic cell, but also monocyte and macrophage function in the primary in vitro human cell system. Following this procedure, other methods like microscopic analysis, flow cytometry, infection or antigen presentation essays can be performed to answer questions about dendritic cell biology, function and interactions with antigens.Don't forget that working with blood can be hazardous and that precautions such as wearing gloves, a lab coat or having a hepatitis vaccination should always be taken before beginning this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

Isolamento di cellule dendritiche mieloidi e cellule epiteliali di timo umano

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1&#946; in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

Attivazione e misurazione dei NLRP3 inflammasome all&#39;attività utilizzando IL-1β in cellule dendritiche umane derivate da monociti

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Generazione di Human alloantigene-specifiche cellule T da sangue periferico

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

Cultura dei macrofagi macrofagi colony-stimulating factor differenziata umana derivate da monociti

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells by Imaging Flow Cytometry: A Comparison between Two Monocyte Isolation Protocols

Caratterizzazione delle derivate da monociti cellule dendritiche umane di Citometria a Flusso Imaging: un confronto tra due protocolli di isolamento dei monociti

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells of the immune system that play a crucial role in lymphocyte responses, host defense mechanisms, and ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

Destrano migliora l'efficienza di trasduzione lentivirale di cellule NK primarie Murine ed umane

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Generazione di anticorpi monoclonali umani discriminante da rari B antigene-specifiche cellule circolanti nel sangue

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the ...

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

L'elettroporazione di siRNA alla modulazione dell'autofagia nell'herpes Simplex Virus Tipo 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) induces autophagy in both, immature dendritic cells (iDCs) as well as mature dendritic cells (mDCs), whereas ...

Visualization of Inflammatory Caspases Induced Proximity in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Visualizzazione della prossimità indotta da caspasi infiammatorie nei macrofagi derivati da monociti umani

Inflammatory caspases include caspase-1, -4, -5, -11, and -12 and belong to the subgroup of initiator caspases. Caspase-1 is required to ensure correct ...

Determination of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using Bovine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Determinazione dell'immunogenicità del vaccino utilizzando cellule dendritiche derivate da monociti bovini

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the immune system. They patrol the organism looking for pathogens and ...