Name: new variations for strategy set-shifting in the rat
Uploaded: 2017-01-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat at JoVE.com

This study was supported by Human Frontier Science Program and the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Science Society.

Alle procedurer for anvendelse af dyr blev godkendt af Animal Care og brug Udvalg på Okinawa Institut for Videnskab og Teknologi. 1. Dyr <ol><li> Opnå mandlige Lang-Evans rotter (250-300 g ved ankomst). </li><li> Ved ankomsten, huse en gruppe af to eller tre rotter sammen i en uge og senere adskille dem i individuelle bure. Bemærk, at denne eksperimentelle design indebærer fødevare- restriktion og skal holde et dyr i hvert bur til at kontrollere mængden fødevarer indtages. </li><li>...

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<html> Vi udviklede nye variationer over den etablerede sæt skiftende paradigme til brug i rotter. Ved hjælp af disse paradigmer blev cholinerge læsioner i striatum sig at forringe set-shifting, hvilket tyder på en specifik rolle striatale cholinerge interneuroner i set-forskydning: undertrykkelse af en gammel regel og facilitering af efterforskning en ny regel. Effekterne afveg mellem dorsomedial og ventrale striatum, i overensstemmelse med den anden rolle af disse strukturer i læring. ...

Behavioral fleksibilitet er et centralt krav for overlevelse i en verden i forandring. En af de etablerede adfærdsmæssige paradigmer for at teste denne evne er sat-shifting, hvor et skift af opmærksomhed fra en stimulus dimension til en anden er nødvendig for at ændre handlingsstrategier efter en ændring i reglen. Flere områder af hjernen, såsom præfrontale cortex og striatum er impliceret i set-skiftende 2, 3, 4, 5. Neurale mekanismer for denne funktion er blevet undersøgt over adskillige arter, herunder mennesker 5, aber 6 og rotter 1, 7, 8, 9. Men rotte versioner af set-skiftende opgaver er ikke blevet så omfattende udviklet. Omkostningseffektiviteten af ​​rotter, deres hensigtsmæssige<html> størrelse for stereotaktisk kirurgi, og tilgængeligheden af nyligt udviklede genetiske metoder 10, motivere videreudvikling af set-skiftende paradigmer til brug i rotter. Et typisk sæt skiftende paradigme for rotter kræver et skift mellem to adfærdsmæssige strategier: for eksempel en reaktion strategi og en visuel-cue strategi. Rotter oprindeligt nødt til at vælge en af to muligheder (såsom venstre eller højre løftestænger i en operant automatiseret version 1 eller venstre eller højre våben i en T-labyrint version 7, 8, 9, 11). Efter et angivet skift, de skal skifte til anvendelse af en visuel-cue strategi, såsom en lys cue angiver den korrekte side. Under disse konventionelle set-skiftende opgaver, er det nødvendigt at skifte opmærksomheden fra en stimulus dimension til en anden dimension, der havde været tidligere irrelevant. Indholdsproduktion &quot;&gt; Ud over at skifte til en dimension, der havde været tidligere irrelevant, er der også den logiske mulighed for, at en stimulus tidligere var relevant, eller tidligere fraværende, og nu roman. Rigtig livssituationer i naturen kan medføre opmærksomhed på en roman, eller historisk relevant, men ikke afgørende cue. Derfor er vi betragtede disse undertyper af set-skift, i en ny variant af gnaver sæt-shifting baseret på en tidligere etableret automatiseret set-skiftende opgave 1. Vi har for nylig demonstreret anvendelsen af den nye version af forsatte-shifting paradigmer i et eksperiment for at bestemme virkningen af neurochemically specifikke læsioner i striatum 12. I vores tidligere undersøgelse har vi målrettet cholinerge interneuroner frigiver acetylcholin (ACh), i dorsomedial eller ventrale striatum siden ACh og disse subregioner har været impliceret i adfærdsmæssige fleksibilitet. Alle de eksperimentelle betingelser krævede de samme strategiske skift but hver involverede forskellige typer opmærksomhedsgraden skift: en ny, tidligere relevant eller tidligere irrelevant cue. Vi her beskriver detaljerede procedurer i de paradigmer, og fremhæve repræsentative resultater tyder på, at striatale cholinerge systemer spiller en fundamental rolle i set-shifting, som er adskilles mellem forskellige striatale delregioner afhængigt adfærdsmæssige sammenhænge 12.

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new variations for strategy set-shifting in the rat

Adfærdsmæssige fleksibilitet er afgørende for overlevelse i skiftende miljøer. Bredt defineret, adfærdsmæssige fleksibilitet kræver et skift af adfærdsmæssige strategi baseret på en ændring i styrende regler. Vi beskriver en strategi, der er-shifting opgave, der kræver en opmærksomhedsgraden skift fra en stimulus dimension til en anden. Paradigmet er ofte brugt til at teste kognitiv fleksibilitet i primater. Imidlertid gnaveren version er ikke blevet så omfattende udviklet. Vi har for nylig udvidet et etableret sæt skiftende opgave i rotten en ved at kræve opmærksomhed på forskellige stimuli efter kontekst. Alle de eksperimentelle betingelser nødvendige dyr til at vælge enten en venstre eller højre arm. Oprindeligt alle dyr skulle vælge på grundlag af placeringen af ​​håndtaget. Efterfølgende en ændring i reglen indtraf, hvilket krævede et skift i sæt fra stedbunden regel til et, hvor den korrekte løftestang blev indikeret ved en lys cue. Vi sammenlignede ydeevne på three forskellige versioner af opgaven, hvor lyset stimulus var enten roman, tidligere relevant, eller tidligere irrelevant. Vi fandt, at bestemte neurokemiske læsioner selektivt forringet evnen til at gøre bestemte typer af sæt skift som målt ved udførelse på de forskellige versioner af opgaven.

Vi brugte den strategi, der skiftende opgave er beskrevet ovenfor til at undersøge, hvilken rolle af cholinerge interneuroner i adfærdsmæssige fleksibilitet. Vi sammenlignede effekten på opgaven med et immunotoksin-induceret selektiv læsion af cholinerge interneuroner i dorsomedial (DMS), ventrale striatum (VS) og saltvand-injicerede kontrol. Alle dyr havde til at skifte fra at vælge en arm baseret på den side (venstre eller højre), til at vælge ud fra en cue lys over den korrekte håndtag. Vi brugte tre eksper...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat at JoVE.com

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Set-shifting, en form for adfærdsmæssige fleksibilitet, kræver en opmærksomhedsgraden skift fra en stimulus dimension til en anden. Vi har udvidet en etableret gnaver set-skiftende opgave 1 ved at kræve opmærksomhed på forskellige stimuli efter kontekst. Opgaven blev kombineret med specifikke læsioner at identificere neuron undertyper bag en vellykket skift.

Nye Variationer for Strategi Set-shifting i Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Behavior flexibility is critical for survival in this changing world. One of the behavior paradigms testing this ability is set-shifting task which is being used for both primates and rodent. This task requires attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another for changing behavioral strategy.In a typical version of the rat set-shifting task animals have to attend to a previously irrelevant stimulus dimension. However, during real life situation, we often change our action strategy by paying attention not only to the previously irrelevant stimulus dimension, but also to the other stimuli, such as completely novel and historically relevant cue. In this article, we introduce new variation of the rat set-shifting task.We need three different conditions for the set shift. In all three conditions, the same change in behavioral strategy is required which include two phases, an initial response strategy and a subsequent switch to a visual cue strategy. During the response strategy, a reward is given when the correct lever is pressed.The lever remains the same throughout this phase. Next, a change to the visual cue strategy occurs when a new rule to obtain a reward is applied, as animals are required to select the lever on which a visual cue is illuminated. In Condition one, no light is given in an initial response and animals have to attend to a novel light cue.In Condition two, a light cue indicates the correct side in the initial response strategy, but this cue is not necessarily used for making a choice. In this case, the animals attend to a historically relevant cue. In Condition three, the visual cue randomly appears above either lever, regardless if it's correct or not, so it has to be ignored.This case requires that the animals have to attend to the previously irrelevant cue in the next visual cue strategy. On arrival of animals, groups of two or three rats are housed together. After a week, they are each moved into individual cages and food restricted.Five days before experiments, they are gently handled daily for five minutes. Each operant chamber is composed of a house light, a pure tone generator, two identical visual cue indicators, two levers, and a food tray. On the first day of experiments, animals are put into an operant chamber for 20 minutes of habituation.Once animals have been assigned to a particular chamber, all the behavioral tasks are performed there. After habituation, 10-15 pellets are given when returned to their home cage, allowing the animals to become familiar with a reward. The following day, magazine training begins.Here, a total of 20 pellets are given to each animal at a rate of one pellet per minute. The next stage is a continuous reinforcement schedule. Here animals can obtain one pellet by pressing a lever once.This continues until they receive 60 rewards or 40 minutes pass in each session. When animals have completed a session for at least two consecutive days, they proceed to the next phase. Here animals are trained on the lever press trial.The trial commences with a three second tone. Two seconds after the tone ceases, either the left or right lever is presented. The animals are required to press the lever within ten seconds to obtain a reward.They perform 80 trials per session with an inter-trial interval of 20-30 seconds. When they make fewer than ten omissions out of 80 trials, they proceed to the last training session. The Side Bias Test determines the animal's preference for either lever.A successful trial occurs when there are at least two lever presses on each of the left and right levers. First, animals need to choose one lever to receive a reward. This selected side is counted.In the next attempt, they are required to choose the opposite side to their first choice to obtain a reward. If they respond to the same side, no reward is given and the trial is continued until animals press the other side. This test has seven trials and enables us to define each animal's side preference.From this point on, the testing session begins. A daily session has 80 trials. In this session, animals have to respond to one side of the levers that is the opposite to their preference.Similar to the performed lever press trial training, two seconds after the tone delivery, two levers are presented, and animals are allowed to make a choice. If it's correct, they obtain a reward. If they respond to the other side, the trial is counted as an incorrect trial and no reward is given.When animals do not respond within ten seconds, the trial is counted as an omission. This initial learning of the response strategy is continued for four days. In this phase, there are three different conditions which differ in how a visual cue is presented.In Condition one, no light cue is given. In Condition two, a light cue is illuminated on the correct side, but animals do not have to use this cue because they learn this strategy based on lever location. In Condition three, a light cue is randomly presented either on the left or right side, which is an irrelevant light cue.After animals have learned a response strategy based on the lever location, the behavioral rule changes to a visual cue strategy. In Condition one, animals must attend to a completely novel stimulus. In Condition two, they must attend to a previously relevant cue.In Condition three, animals must attend to a previous irrelevant cue. Importantly, all the conditions require the same change in behavioral strategy. In this visual cue learning, the number and type of errors are analyzed in detail.First, taking all the trials in which a light cue is illuminated on the opposite side of the previously correct lever, if animals respond to the previously correct lever, this error is classified as either a perseverative or regressive error. To separate those errors, the number of errors in a ten trial moving window is counted by advancing the window one trial at a time. Perseverative errors are scored until animals make fewer than eight errors out of the ten trial window.After this point, subsequent errors are regarded as regressive errors. In contrast, never-reinforced errors are scored when animals make a response to the previously incorrect lever in which a light cue did not exist. Using these new variations in behavioral experimental design our recent study compared intact rats against rats with selective lesions of the striatal cholinergic interneurons.The lesion animals were intact in acquisition of initial response strategy. As well, they did not show a significant decline in the percentage of correct responses across three conditions and in any treatment after the set-shift. However, careful analysis of error types indicated differences.When cholinergic interneurons of the ventral striatum were ablated, animals scored more perseverative errors when they had to shift their attention to a novel stimulus. On the other hand, animals with a loss of cholinergic interneurons of the dorsal medial striatum were more perseverative to the old strategy when they had to attend to the previously irrelevant stimulus. Furthermore, this condition and associated impairment of decreased number of never-reinforced errors was observed.In contrast, neither lesion affected a behavioral shift in which the light cue remained relevant. These results indicate that the ventral cholinergic system appears to be needed when attention to a novel stimulus is required, whereas the dorsal medial cholinergic system may be important when attention to a previously irrelevant cue is needed. Here we introduced a new variation of the set-shifting task for testing behavioral flexibility in the rat.We believe application of these new paradigms make it possible to further understand neural mechanism underlying a flexible control of actions upon a change in behavioral rules.

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

En procedure til at undersøge effekten af ​​langvarig mad begrænsning på Heroin Søger i afholdende Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Opmærksomhedskravet Set Shifting Opgave: Et mål for kognitiv fleksibilitet i mus

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Moderat Prænatal Alkohol Eksponering og kvantificering af social adfærd hos voksne rotter

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Infant Auditory Processing og event-relaterede Brain Svingninger

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Brug af aktivitetsbaseret Anoreksi gnaver Model til Undersøgelse Neurobiologisk Grundlag for Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Ultralyd Billeder af Tongue: En Tutorial for Evaluering og oprydning af Speech Sound fejl

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

Stereotactically-guided Ablation of the Rat Auditory Cortex, and Localization of the Lesion in the Brain

Stereotactically guidede Ablation af rotte auditive Cortex og lokalisering af læsion i hjernen

The rat auditory cortex (AC) is becoming popular among auditory neuroscience investigators who are interested in experience-dependence plasticity, ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

En ny metode for at fremkalde en Depression-lignende adfærd i rotter

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

Effektivt optage øje-hånd koordination til isammenhæng spektrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Online Gamers

Transcranial direkte strøm stimulering til online gamere

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that applies a weak electric current to the scalp to modulate ...