Name: measurement of outgassing rates of steels
Uploaded: 2016-12-13T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels at JoVE.com

This work was supported jointly by the Converging Research Center Program through the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Korea (NRF-2014M3C1A8048817) and R&amp;D Convergence Program of NST (National Research Council of Science and Technology) of Republic of Korea (CAP-14-3-KRISS).

Precaución: Por favor, siga todas las prácticas de seguridad adecuadas durante el montaje de los equipos y cámaras de muestra. Por favor, use equipo de protección personal (gafas de seguridad, guantes, zapatos de seguridad, etc.). 1. La fabricación de una cámara de vacío de la muestra <ol><li> Diseño y fabricación de la cámara de vacío <ol><li> Preparar y presentar los planos de diseño a un proveedor comercial o un taller de maquinaria en la empresa pa...

<ol>
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A. 34 (2), 021601 (2016).</li><li>Battes, K., Day, C., Hauer, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outgassing+rate+measurements+of+stainless+steel+and+polymers+using+the+difference+Method.">Outgassing rate measurements of stainless steel and polymers using the difference Method.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 33 (2), 021603 (2015).</li><li>Jousten, K., Putzke, S., Buthig, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+pressure+measurement+standard+for+characterizing+partial+pressure+analyzers+and+measuring+outgassing+rates.">Partial pressure measurement standard for characterizing partial pressure analyzers and measuring outgassing rates.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 33 (6), 061603 (2015).</li><li>Redhead, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommended+practices+for+measuring+and+reporting+outgassing+data.">Recommended practices for measuring and reporting outgassing data.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 20 (5), 1667-1675 (2002).</li><li>Jousten, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+of+total+pressure+gauges+in+the+UHV+and+XHV+regions.">Calibration of total pressure gauges in the UHV and XHV regions.</a> J. Vac. Soc. Jpn. 37 (9), 678-685 (1994).</li><li>Nemanic, V., Setina, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outgassing+in+thin+wall+stainless+steel+cells.">Outgassing in thin wall stainless steel cells.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 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(110), e53937 (2016).</li><li>Saitoh, M., Shimura, K., Iwata, T., Momose, T., Ishimaru, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+vacuum+gauges+on+outgassing+rate+measurements.">Influence of vacuum gauges on outgassing rate measurements.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 11 (5), 2816-2821 (1993).</li><li>Calder, R., Lewin, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+stainless-steel+outgassing+in+ultra-high+vacuum.">Reduction of stainless-steel outgassing in ultra-high vacuum.</a> Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 18, 1459-1472 (1967).</li></ol>

Se han reportado numerosos métodos para la medición de las tasas de desgasificación en la literatura. métodos experimentales incluyen el rendimiento, la modulación de la conductancia, de dos trayectos, RoR, y variaciones de estos métodos. Sin embargo, hay un método es ideal para la obtención de los datos de desgasificación necesarios. 10 El método RoR usando SRG, sin embargo, se convirtió en el método de elección para la medición de materiales de baja desgasificación. 11-13 SRG ...

Aceros se utilizan rutinariamente en la construcción debido a sus buenas propiedades mecánicas. Ciertos aceros (aceros ferrosos, en particular) son materiales preferidos para aplicaciones que implican al vacío. Dependiendo del tipo y grado, estos aceros tienen tasas de desgasificación suficientemente bajas esenciales para alto vacío (HV, 10 - 7 &lt;p &lt;10-5 Pa) o ultra alto vacío (UHV, 10 -10 &lt;&lt;10 P - 7 Pa) sistemas . Además, una amplia investigación se ha llevado a cabo para el desarrollo de los procedimientos especiales de pre-tratamiento que reducen la desgasificación 1-3. Las medidas de pretratamiento están diseñados para reducir al mínimo la inversión de bombeo o para mejorar el vacío de HV a UHV o de UHV a vacío extrema alta (p &lt;10-10 Pa). Aunque se han propuesto muchos métodos prácticos para reducir la rata desgasificacióne de aceros ferrosos, métodos recientes se centran en la reducción del tiempo y la temperatura requerida para obtener una tasa de desgasificación inferior. tratamiento térmico a 350 ° C-450 ° C en lugar de disparar al vacío a 800 ° C-950 ° C, es un buen ejemplo de este enfoque. 1,4,5 Por otra parte, la elección del material ideal para una aplicación específica de vacío es crítica; por ejemplo, la selección de un material ferrítico con una tasa de desgasificación muy bajo para su uso en el blindaje del campo magnético. 6,7 Durante estas investigaciones, la medición precisa de la velocidad de salida de gases es un requisito previo para la selección de los materiales candidatos o verificar la eficacia de los diversos procedimientos de tratamiento previo. 8,9 Las técnicas experimentales más comunes que se utilizan para la medición de la desgasificación son el rendimiento y los métodos de la subida de tasa de presión. 10 Recientemente, varios experimentos se han realizado para medir la tasa de desgasificación de hidrógeno basado en el método RoR usando centrifugadogalga rotor Ning (SRG). 1, 11-13 El método RoR usando SRG es muy adecuado para la medición de las tasas de desgasificación de hidrógeno muy bajas, que a menudo limitan la presión más baja alcanzable en un sistema de vacío de acero. Esto es porque el SRG tiene bombeo insignificante o acción desgasificación. Además, la SRG también tiene una excelente precisión y buena linealidad en alto vacío y el rango de vacío ultra-alto. 14 Teniendo en cuenta que la literatura publicada sobre los experimentos de RoR se limita, vale la pena describir los detalles experimentales para desarrollar una comprensión más profunda del método. En este artículo de vídeo, se describe en detalle el proceso de establecer el experimento y proporcionan instrucciones detalladas para llevar a cabo mediciones de desgasificación utilizando el método de RoR. Para demostrar la eficacia del método, las tasas de desgasificación de dos aceros utilizados comúnmente (acero inoxidable 304 y S20C acero suave) se midieron antes y después de un tratamiento de precalentamiento para reducir el outgassin hidrógenotasa g. Se compararon los valores pre y post-tratamiento. resultados experimentales típicas utilizando una configuración bastante simple se presentan para demostrar la eficacia del método optimizado para la evaluación de las tasas de desgasificación bajo hidrógeno.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="869">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;width:869px;">Sample chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Stainless steel, 304</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">POSCO&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.posco.co.kr)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Mild steel, D3752</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Xiangtan Iron&#38;Steel co.,LTD (http://www.hnxg.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Mild steel, D3752</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">SeAh Besteel (www.seahbesteel.co.kr)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;width:869px;">Cleaning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Cleaning bath</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Samill IDS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Ultrasonic cleaning, heating, timer, concentration control&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Samchun Chemical (www.samchun.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">A1759</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">HPLC GRADE (99.7%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Tekusolv</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">NCH Co.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.nch.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">0368-0058J</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Solvents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">BN cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Henkel surface technologies (na.henkel-adhesives.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">6610263775</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Akkaline, pH 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">A995-4</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">HPLC Reagent(99.9%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Deionized water (Electro deionizer SYSTEM)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">A.T.A&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.atagroup.co)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">EDI SYSTEM</td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Liquid N2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Hanyoung (www.gasmaster.co.kr)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">B/T 176 L</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">LN2 dewar, purity 99.999%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;">Welding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;">Tungsten Inert Gas wedling machine</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Thermal Arc (www.victortechnologies.com/thermalarc)</td>
			<td>400GTSW</td>
			<td>Ar gas prefllow&#38;postflow 8 liter/min, backflow 5 liter/min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">turning jig</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Vactron&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.vactron.co.kr)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Made to order</td>
			<td>Made to order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Ar gas</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Lindekorea (www.lindekorea.com)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purity 99.999%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;">Leak test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Leak detector</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Adixen&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.adixen.fr/en/)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">ASM380</td>
			<td>Pumping Speed(air): 9.7 l/s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">He gas</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Lindekorea (www.lindekorea.com)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purity 99.999%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;width:869px;">Vacuum equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Spinning rotor gauge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MKS Instruments (www.mks.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">SRG-3</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Controller, head, and thimble set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Industrial level meter</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MKS Instruments (www.mks.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">SRG-3</td>
			<td>For SRG assemble &#177; 1&#730;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Tektronix&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.tek.com)</td>
			<td>TDS2012B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Residulal gas analyser</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Balzers</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">QMA200</td>
			<td>m/e 0-100&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">TMP(HiPace 80)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Pfeiffer Vacuum (www.pfeiffer-vacuum.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">PMP03941</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Pumping Speed(N2): 67 l/s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Scroll pump</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Anest Iwata&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.anest-iwata.co.jp)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">ISP 90</td>
			<td>Pumping Speed(Air): 1.8 l/s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">All-metall easy close angle valve(CF35)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">VAT Inc.&#160; (www.vatvalve.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">54032-GE02-0002</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Rotatable flange</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Angle valve(KF25)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MDC Vacuum Inc. (www.mdcvacuum.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">KAV-100</td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Five-Way Crosses&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MDC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Made to order</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">CF4-1/2 Spool-rotatable 1-way to CF2-3/4 Nipple 3ea, Vacuum degassed at 400&#8451; for 3 days</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Reducing Tees&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MDC</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Made to order</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">CF4-1/2 Flange to CF2-3/4 Tees(Half flange), Vacuum degassed at 400&#8451; for 3 days</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;">Temperature control&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Chiller</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">JEIO Tech&#160;&#160; (www.jeiotech.com)</td>
			<td>RW-2025G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Cooling line</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">LS Metal&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.lsmetal.biz)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">C1100</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Level Wound Coil, Diameter 10mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Heater controllers</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">HMT</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Made to order</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Bakeout program controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Electrical heater tapes</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Brisk heat (www.briskheat.com)</td>
			<td>BIH101080L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Thermocouple(K type)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">miraesensor (www.miraesensor.com)</td>
			<td>MR-2290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Handheld multimeter</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Saehan&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.saehan.co.kr)</td>
			<td>3234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Data recorder(Temp.)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Yokogawa (www.yokogawa.com)</td>
			<td>GP10-1E1F-UC10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of outgassing rates of steels

Aceros se utilizan comúnmente los materiales en la fabricación de sistemas de vacío debido a sus buenas propiedades mecánicas, la corrosión y de vacío. Una variedad de aceros cumple el criterio de baja desgasificación requerido para aplicaciones de alta o ultra alto vacío. Sin embargo, un material dado puede presentar diferentes velocidades de desgasificación en función de su proceso de fabricación o los distintos procesos de pretratamiento implicadas durante la fabricación. Por lo tanto, la medición de las tasas de desgasificación es muy deseable para una aplicación de vacío específico. Por esta razón, el aumento de la velocidad de la presión método (ROR) a menudo se utiliza para medir la emisión de gases de hidrógeno después del horneado. En este artículo, se proporciona una descripción detallada del diseño y ejecución del protocolo experimental que participan en el método de RoR. El método RoR utiliza un medidor de rotor para minimizar los errores que se derivan de la desgasificación o la acción de bombeo de un medidor de vacío. Las tarifas de desgasificación de dos aceros ordinarios (acero inoxidable y macero ILD) se midieron. Las mediciones se realizaron antes y después del pretratamiento térmico de los aceros. El pretratamiento térmico de los aceros se realizó para reducir la emisión de gases. Las tasas extremadamente bajas de desgasificación (del orden de 10 - 11 Pa m 3 seg - 1 m - 2) se pueden medir de manera rutinaria usando muestras relativamente pequeñas.

Como era de esperar, el gas residual después de la limpieza térmica era principalmente hidrógeno. 7 El aumento de la presión medida mediante el SRG fue lineal durante un largo período de tiempo (Figura 5). Por lo tanto, el efecto podría ser insignificante readsorción y la tasa de desgasificación intrínseca (q) para los aceros probados en este estudio puede ser evaluado utilizando el método de RoR. 10 Los datos de la subida de pres...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels at JoVE.com

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

A protocol for the measurement of outgassing rates of hydrogen from ordinary steel vacuum chambers using the rate-of-pressure rise method is presented.

Medición de la desgasificación tarifas de Aceros

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the outgassing rate of hydrogen from vacuum chambers using the rate of pressure rise method. This method can help answer key questions in the vacuum measurement field, such as measurement of the outgassing rate of very low outgassing materials. The main advantage of this technique is that the outgassing rate can be systematically measured even from extremely low outgassing materials, or relatively small samples.Demonstrating the procedure will be Se-Hyun Kim, a grad student from my laboratory. First, assemble the vacuum components of the experimental apparatus sequentially, using copper gaskets from the pump side to the sample side. Using a wrench, tighten all the flange joints face to face with a copper gasket, except the joint between the sample chamber and the chamber isolation valve.Using a level meter, adjust the spinning rotor gauge, or SRG flange assembly, and the sample chamber, so that the axis of the SRG head is vertical. Tighten the flange joint between the sample chamber and the chamber isolation valve face to face, while maintaining the SRG flange's level. Next, connect the roughing pump and the helium leak detector or HLD with isolating valves to the clamp flange port of the exhaust end of the turbomolecular pump, or TMP.To perform a leak test, turn on the HLD. Once the detector is ready, open the HLD valve, and close the roughing pump valve. Pump down the setup using the HLD, waiting for approximately 30 minutes to pump out the residual helium gas.Ensure that the helium level is within the minimum detectable limit of the HLD. Spray helium gas through the leak test groove on the flanges. Then, measure any change in the helium level ensuring that the chamber is leak tight.If not leaks are detected, stop the leak test, and vent the vacuum system. Then, open the roughing pump valve and close the HLD valve. Pump down the vacuum system by switching on the TMP and the roughing pump at the same time.For bake-out, remove the SRG head from the flange assembly, wrap the vacuum components between the SRG flange assembly and the inlet flange of the TMP and band heaters. Following this, check that there is no electrical short circuit between the heaters and the vacuum parts using a handheld multimeter. Next, connect the heaters to the extension cable, then to their respective heater controllers.Afterwards, wrap the chamber in aluminum foil. Now, raise the temperature of the chamber to 150 degrees celsius, at a ramp rate of one to two degrees celsius per minute. Maintain the temperature of the residual gas analyzer, or RGA electronics, under 50 degrees celsius, using a cooling fan.At this point, de-gas each of the RGA filaments by electron bombardment for at least five minutes. Measure the RGA spectrum from a one to 50 mass to charge ratio, to ensure that the water peak is less than one half of the hydrogen peak. Allow the system to cool down to room temperature at a ramp rate of one to two degrees celsius per minute.Check for leaks referring to the RGA spectrum measured during the cooldown. Next, analyze the residual gas in the sample chamber and measure the RGA spectrum. After closing the chamber isolation valve, measure the RGA spectrum again.Verify that the sum of all impurity gasses, such as water, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide is below five percent. Following this, assemble the SRG head on the SRG flange assembly. Using a level meter for reference, ensure that the axis of the SRG head is within plus or minus two degrees max.Start the SRG, and wait for stabilization of the residual drag, which usually takes a few hours. Enter the proper input parameters such as gas, temperature, and measurement interval. While waiting for the signal to stabilize, stabilize the temperature of the sample by switching on the chiller to run cool water through the system.Then, set the fluid temperature to 15 degrees celsius. Following this, start the heater controller for the sample, and set the target temperature to 24 degrees celsius. After closing the oven door, wait for the temperature to stabilize within plus or minus 0.1 degrees celsius.Now, verify that the variation of the offset value of the signal is within plus or minus one times 10 to the minus nine Pascal per second. Check the signal level provided by the SRG controller, which should be at least minus 10 decibels, and ideally between zero and six decibels. Next, check the damping level provided by the SRG controller which should be between minus 35 and minus 60 decibels, and is normally satisfied in the system using the TMP and scroll pump, that is laid on a rubber pad.Gently close the all metal angle valve to start the pressure build up being careful not to subject the SRG to mechanical shock. After closing the door of the oven, acquire pressure data for eight to 24 hours using a computer. Pre-check the measured data to verify that the variation in temperature is within plus or minus 0.1 degrees celsius after stabilization, and that the pressure rise is linear with 10 percent error.Continue to measure data until the pressure rise becomes linear within 10 percent error for at least 16 hours. Finally, turn off all equipment. The residual gas after the bake-out was mostly hydrogen, and the pressure rise was linear over a long period of time.Thus, the reabsorption effect might be negligible, and the intrinsic outgassing rate for the steels tested in this study can be evaluated using the rate of pressure rise method. The measured outgassing rate for untreated STS 304 steel was consistent with reported values, and an approximately 22 fold reduction in outgassing was achieved with the medium temperature heat pre-treatment. While the outgassing rates for untreated mild steels were very low, the outgassing rates were second to the rates of stainless steels after intensive heat treatment.In addition, the outgassing rate for mild steel decreased by only 66 percent following heat treatment, and no significant reduction in outgassing was observed. These measurements strongly suggest that the difference in outgassing between stainless steels and mild steels can be attributed to the differences in the steel making processes, and in particular, the secondary metallurgy processes during which impurity gasses are extracted. Once mastered, this technique can be done in five days, if it is performed properly.While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to check if there are leaks and to maintain the temperature of the system precisely. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to build the outgassing rate measurement system, and how to measure the outgassing rate systematically, using the rate of pressure rise method.

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