Name: cultivation of caenorhabditis elegans in three dimensions in the laboratory
Uploaded: 2016-12-12T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

이 작품은에 의해 지원되었다 새 탐정 그랜트 [2014R1A1A1005553] JIL에 한국 연구 재단 (NRF)에서; 와 연세대 학교 미래 리더 챌린지 그랜트 [2015-22-0133] JIL에

1. NGT-3D 및 NGB-3D를위한 솔루션을 준비 <ol><li> 다음 멸균 솔루션을 준비 : 0.1454 M NaCl 용액 1 L, 1 M CaCl2를, 1 M 황산 1 L 1 L, 원성 국물 (LB), KH 2의 1 M KPO 4 버퍼 (108.3 g 1 L PO 4 및 K 2 35.6 g HPO 4, H 2 O 기입 L 1). 이러한 솔루션을 사용 NGM의 제조 이전 프로토콜 (10)에서 찾을 수있다. </li><li> 121 ° C, 15 분에서 오토 클레이브 솔루션을 제공...

<ol>
	<li>Corsi, A. K., Wightman, B., Chalfie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Transparent+Window+into+Biology:+A+Primer+on+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">A Transparent Window into Biology: A Primer on Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 200 (2), 387-407 (2015).</li><li>Consortium, C. E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+C.+elegans:+a+platform+for+investigating+biology.">Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology.</a> Science. 282 (5396), 2012-2018 (1998).</li><li>Choi, J. I., Yoon, K. H., Kalichamy, S. S., Yoon, S. S., Lee, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+natural+odor+attraction+between+lactic+acid+bacteria+and+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">A natural odor attraction between lactic acid bacteria and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> ISME J. 10 (3), 558-567 (2016).</li><li>Gaertner, B. E., Phillips, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+as+a+platform+for+molecular+quantitative+genetics+and+the+systems+biology+of+natural+variation.">Caenorhabditis elegans as a platform for molecular quantitative genetics and the systems biology of natural variation.</a> Genet Res (Camb). 92 (5-6), 331-348 (2010).</li><li>Cutter, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+evolution+in+the+wild.">Caenorhabditis evolution in the wild.</a> Bioessays. 37 (9), 983-995 (2015).</li><li>Brenner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 77 (1), 71-94 (1974).</li><li>Felix, M. A., Braendle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+natural+history+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The natural history of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Curr Biol. 20 (58), R965-R969 (2010).</li><li>Barriere, A., Felix, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+local+genetic+diversity+and+low+outcrossing+rate+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+natural+populations.">High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations.</a> Curr Biol. 15 (13), 1176-1184 (2005).</li><li>Lee, T. Y., Yoon, K. H., Lee, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NGT-3D:+a+simple+nematode+cultivation+system+to+study+Caenorhabditis+elegans+biology+in+3D.">NGT-3D: a simple nematode cultivation system to study Caenorhabditis elegans biology in 3D.</a> Biol Open. 5 (4), 529-534 (2016).</li><li>Lewis, J. A., Flemming, J. T., Epstein, H. F., Shakes, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+Culture+Methods.">Basic Culture Methods.</a> Caenorhabditis elegans.: Modern Biological Analysis of an Organism. 48, 4-27 (1995).</li><li>Choi, S. Y., Yoon, K. H., Lee, J. I., Mitchell, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Violacein:+Properties+and+Production+of+a+Versatile+Bacterial+Pigment.">Violacein: Properties and Production of a Versatile Bacterial Pigment.</a> Biomed Res Int. , 465056 (2015).</li><li>Solis, G. M., Petrascheck, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Caenorhabditis+elegans+life+span+in+96+well+microtiter+plates.">Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans life span in 96 well microtiter plates.</a> J Vis Exp. (48), (2011).</li><li>Kwon, N., Pyo, J., Lee, S. J., Je, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-D+worm+tracker+for+freely+moving+C.+elegans.">3-D worm tracker for freely moving C. elegans.</a> PLoS One. 8 (2), e57484 (2013).</li><li>Pierce-Shimomura, J. T., Chen, B. L., Mun, J. J., Ho, R., Sarkis, R., McIntire, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+analysis+of+crawling+and+swimming+locomotory+patterns+in+C.+elegans.">Genetic analysis of crawling and swimming locomotory patterns in C. elegans.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (52), 20982-20987 (2008).</li><li>Kwon, N., Hwang, A. B., You, Y. J., SJ, V. L., Je, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+C.+elegans+behavioral+genetics+in+3-D+environments.">Dissection of C. elegans behavioral genetics in 3-D environments.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 9564 (2015).</li></ol>

고전 선충류 성장 미디어 판을 사용하여 선충의 실험 재배가 제공 한 C. elegans의에서 연구 중요한 발견의 수백에 매우 중요했다. 여기, 우리는 더 정확하게 자연 입체 서식지를 반영하는 환경에서 C. 엘레을 육성하기 위해 새로운 방법을 제시한다. 다른 방법 3D 13 C. 엘레을 관찰하기 위해 사용되었지만, 이는 고체 차원 매트릭스 웜의 재배를 허용하는 제 1 프로토?...

The study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in the laboratory has led to seminal discoveries in the field of biology over the last five decades1. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced in 19982, and it has been invaluable in understanding the contributions of individual genes to the development, physiology, and behavior of a whole organism. Scientists now are looking to further understand how these genes may contribute to the survival and reproductive fitness of organisms in their natural environments, asking questions about ecology and evolution at the genetic level3-5. 
C. elegans once again can provide an excellent system to answer these questions. However, little is known about C. elegans biology in natural nematode habitats, and there are no current methods to simulate controlled natural conditions of C. elegans in the laboratory. In the lab, C. elegans is cultivated on the surface of agar plates seeded with E. coli bacteria6. In nature, however, C. elegans and related nematodes can be found sparsely inhabiting soils throughout the globe, but they are specifically found thriving in rotting fruits and vegetative matter7,8. These three-dimensional (3D) complex environments are quite different from the simple 2D environments to which worms are exposed to in the laboratory. 
To begin to answer questions about the biology of nematodes in a more natural 3D setting, we have designed a 3D habitat for laboratory cultivation of nematodes we called Nematode Growth Tube 3D or NGT-3D for short9. The goal was to design a 3D growth system that allows for comparable growth, development, and fertility to the standard 2D Nematode Growth Media (NGM) plates10. This system supports the growth of bacteria and nematodes over their entire life cycles in 3D, allows worms to move and behave freely in three dimensions, and is easy and inexpensive to manufacture and employ. 
In the current study, we provide a step-by-step method to manufacture NGT-3D and evaluate worm development and fertility. In addition to assessing worm fitness in 3D, we sought to image, video, and assess worm behavior and physiology in 3D cultivation. Thus, in addition to NGT-3D, we present here an alternate method called Nematode Growth Bottle 3D or NGB-3D, for the microscopic imaging of C. elegans during 3D cultivation. This will be especially important for the study of known behaviors identified in 2D, and the identification of novel behaviors unique to 3D cultivation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>224620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>DAEJUNG</td>
			<td>7548-4400</td>
			<td>58.44 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar, Granulated</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>214530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>Bacto</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride, dihydrate</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>CD0050</td>
			<td>2*H2O; 147.02 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>CD0122</td>
			<td>386.67 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>B&#38;J</td>
			<td>RP090-1</td>
			<td>99.99%; 46.07 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate, anhydrous</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>MN1988</td>
			<td>120.37 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>PB0445</td>
			<td>136.09 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2&#39;-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine</td>
			<td>Tokyo Chemical Industry</td>
			<td>D2235</td>
			<td>246.19 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous</td>
			<td>Bio Basic</td>
			<td>PB0447</td>
			<td>174.18 MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-Purpose Test Tubes</td>
			<td>Stockwell Scientific</td>
			<td>ST.8570</td>
			<td>8 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test Tube Closures</td>
			<td>Stockwell Scientific</td>
			<td>ST.8575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Flask</td>
			<td>SPL Lifescience</td>
			<td>70125</td>
			<td>25 cm^2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Research Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-Definition Color Camera Head</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>DS-Fi2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC-Based Control Unit</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>DS-U3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements Basic Research, Microscope Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MQS32000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cultivation of caenorhabditis elegans in three dimensions in the laboratory

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we know about C. elegans is limited to laboratory cultivation of the nematodes that may not necessarily reflect the environments they normally inhabit in nature. Cultivation of C. elegans in a 3D habitat that is more similar to the 3D matrix that worms encounter in rotten fruits and vegetative compost in nature could reveal novel phenotypes and behaviors not observed in 2D. In addition, experiments in 3D can address how phenotypes we observe in 2D are relevant for the worm in nature. Here, a new method in which C. elegans grows and reproduces normally in three dimensions is presented. Cultivation of C. elegans in Nematode Growth Tube-3D (NGT-3D) can allow us to measure the reproductive fitness of C. elegans strains or different conditions in a 3D environment. We also present a novel method, termed Nematode Growth Bottle-3D (NGB-3D), to cultivate C. elegans in 3D for microscopic analysis. These methods allow scientists to study C. elegans biology in conditions that are more reflective of the environments they encounter in nature. These can help us to understand the overlying evolutionary relevance of the physiology and behavior of C. elegans we observe in the laboratory.

NGT도 3d의 구조는 한천 (도 1a)에 걸쳐 이격 된 작은 박테리아 콜로니 한천 채워진 시험관 결과 단순하고 간단한 프로토콜이다. 웜 자유롭게 세균성 식민지를 발견하고 소비, 한천 매트릭스를 통해 이동할 수 있습니다. C. elegans의 재현과 NGT-3D 정상적으로 성장할 수 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위해, 우리는 다산과 표준 2D NGM 플레이트와 3D의 애벌레 개발을 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

우리는 NGT-3D 및 NGB-3D라는 3D 선충 재배 시스템을 구축하는 간단한 방법을 제시한다. 이러한 표준 2D 실험실 C. elegans의 배양 플레이트보다 자연 예쁜 꼬마 선충 서식지에 더 유사 서식지에서 선충의 체력과 행동을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

의 재배<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em&gt; 실험실에서 세 가지 차원에서

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to manufacture a three dimensional cultivation system for nematodes that may better simulate natural conditions. This method can answer key questions in the field of C elegans development, physiology and behavior. We first had the idea for this method when we were studying natural nematode behavior in rotting fruit which is a 3D environment.This technique is advantage compared to standard two dimensional cultivation techniques because nematodes reside in 3D habitats in nature. Though this method has been developed C elegans cultivation, it can also be applied to other nematodes. Demonstrating this procedure will be Tong Young Lee, a graduate student in my laboratory.To begin this procedure, Otto Clave the prepared solutions at 121 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. Next, prepare 50 milliliters of the sterile cholesterol solution at 5 milligrams per milliliter. In a 50 milliliter conical tube, add 0.25 grams of cholesterol and 50 milliliters of 99.99%ethanol and mix well.Next, sterilize the cholesterol solution using a 50 milliliter syringe with a 0.45 vented syringe filter and remove any undeveloped cholesterol. Then, inoculate 10 milliliters of lysogeny broth with bacteria. Culture the bacterial inoculation at 37 degrees Celsius in a shaking incubator overnight.In preparation for a serial dilution, allocate nine milliliters of the Sodium Chloride solution into seven sterile 15 milliliter conical tubes. To make a tent of the seventh fold dilution of Opi 50 Strain E Coli. Afterward, pop out one milliliter of the bacterial culture or diluted bacterial culture to a new tube with nine milliliters of Sodium Chloride solution.And vortex the mixture well. After preparing the bacterial culture, add 0.6 grams of Sodium Chloride, one gram of granulated auger and 0.5 grams of peptone in a 500 milliliter flask. Place a magnetic stir bar into the flask.Then add 195 milliliters of distilled water and cover the flask with aluminum foil. Next, Otto Clave the sample at 121 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. Subsequently, place the hot Otto Claved flask into a stir plate, stir at a moderate speed for at least two hours until it reaches 40 degrees Celsius.Alternatively, the flask can be cooled to 40 degrees Celsius by placing it in a 40 degrees Celsius water bath for 15 minutes before transferring it on a stir plate. Be sure to cool sufficiently as continuing from here. A high temperature may lead to clouding of the finished auger but temperature that is too low may result in premature hardening of the auger.When the temperature of auger media reaches 40 degrees Celsius, add Calcium Chloride, Cholesterol Solution, Magnesium Sulfate and Potassium Phosphate Buffer and continue to stir the solution. For NGT-3D lifespan assay, add 80 microliters of 150 millimeter FUDR to the media to result in a final concentration of 120 micromolar. Then, remove six milliliters of auger media into a sterile conical tube and keep it warm in an incubator.This media will be used for the bacteria free top layer. Next add six milliliters of the diluted bacteria culture into the flask directly on a sterilized bench. For NGT-3D, pour 6.5 milliliters of media into the eight milliliter clear plastic test tubes to form a bacteria auger layer.And carefully dispense 200 micro liters of the bacteria free media on top of the semi-hard 3D media to make a thin bacteria free layer on top. Then close the cover of the chamber tightly. For NGB-3D, pour 65 milliliters of media into a 25 centimeter squared clear plastic cell culture bottle.Then position the chamber vertically at room temperature for one week to allow bacterial colonies to grow to considerable size of at least one millimeter diameter. In this procedure, pick a L four stage worm and transfer it to a bacteria free NGM plate. Then allow the worm to freely move around for a few minutes in order to remove bacteria from it's body.And repeat the procedure two more times. Afterward, carefully place the clean worm on the surface of the 3D media. The worm should've actually entered the auger into the 3D auger matrix.Then close the cover loosely to incubate for 96 hours at 20 degrees Celsius. After four days, close the lid tightly and place the NGT-3D culture chamber into a water bath at 88 degrees Celsius to melt the auger. Using a glass pipette, transfer the melted media onto a nine centimeter plastic petri dish.Afterward, using a transmission stereo dissecting microscope, count the number of worms at the L3, L4 and adult stages. As shown here, the construction of NGT-3D is a simple and straightforward protocol that results in an auger filled test tube with small bacterial colonies spaced throughout the auger. To confirm whether C elegans can reduce and grow normally in NGT-3D, fertility and larva development are compared in 3D with the standard 2D NGM plates.In the Relative brood size assay, adult C elegans hermaphrodites in NGT-3D reproduced just as well as hermaphrodites in the standard 2D MGM plates when bacterial colonies are plentiful with at least 60 colonies. Furthermore, larva development in NGT-3D also proceeds normally when there are plenty of bacterial colonies with the majority of worms in the adult state after 96 hours. However, if bacterial colonies are sparse in the 3D matrix, both relative brood size and larva development are negatively impacted.Here is a survival curve of the wild type C elegans in NGT-3D or NGM plates. Once mastered, this technique can be done in three hours if performed properly. Following this procedure, other methods like life span assays and behavior analysis can be performed in order to answer questions about aging and behavior in 3D.After its development, this technique can pave the way for researchers in the fields of genetics to explore questions about ecology and evolution in C elegans. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to cultivate nematodes in a 3D laboratory environment.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

분리 및 체외에서</em의> 활성화 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스 정자

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and ...

연구

생물학

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

측정 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스</em96 웰 플레이트에 Microtiter> 수명

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor ...

Solid Plate-based Dietary Restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Solid Plate-based Dietary Restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans

솔리드 플레이트 기반식이 제한에 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스</em

Reduction of food intake without malnutrition or starvation is known to increase lifespan and delay the onset of various age-related diseases in a wide ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

상순 Embryogenesis의 시간 경과 현미경 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

기본<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; 방법 : 동기화 및 전망

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

에서 프로스타글란딘 추출 및 분석<em&gt; Caenorhabditis의 엘레</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

사용<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em&gt; 다세포 생물의 단백질 항상성을 연구하는 모델 시스템으로

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Hemi-laryngeal Setup for Studying Vocal Fold Vibration in Three Dimensions

3 차원에 보컬 배 진동 연구 반의 laryngeal 설치

The voice of humans and most non-human mammals is generated in the larynx through self-sustaining oscillation of the vocal folds. Direct visual ...

A Protocol for Laboratory Housing of Turquoise Killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri)

A Protocol for Laboratory Housing of Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

실험실 주택의 청록색 송사리 (Nothobranchius furzeri)에 대 한 프로토콜

The development of husbandry practices in non-model laboratory fish used for experimental purposes has greatly benefited from the establishment of ...

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

그대로 꼬마 선 충 에 산소 소비 속도의 측정

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous ...