Name: analysis of cap-binding proteins in human cells exposed to physiological oxygen conditions
Uploaded: 2016-12-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation.

세포 배양 1. 준비 <ol><li> 인간 세포의 시판 주식을 구입합니다. 참고 :이 프로토콜은 HCT116의 대장 암 및 기본 인간의 신장 근위 관 상피 세포 (HRPTEC)를 사용합니다. </li><li> 둘 베코의 수정 독수리 중간 (DMEM) 7.5 % 태아 소 혈청 (FBS), 1 % 페니실린 / 스트렙토 마이신 (P / S)로 보충 / 높은 포도당 매체 HCT116의 문화를 500 ml의 배지를 확인합니다. </li><li> 5 % FBS, 1 % 상피 세포 성장 보충제로 보충 상피 ?...

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생리 산소 조건에 노출 된 인간 세포 캡 결합 단백질의 분석은 신규 산소 조절 번역 개시 인자의 확인을 허용 할 수있다. mRNA의 캡 또는 다른 관련 단백질의 5 &#39;캡 이러한 요소의 선호도가 7 m 그들의 관계의 강도에 의해 측정 될 수 아가 로스 비드 GTP 결합. 이 기술의 한 가지주의는 단백질 분해 이후의 캡 결합 전위를 측정하지만,이 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용과 번역 후 변형 (PTMS)을 유지...

번역 컨트롤은 특히 세포 스트레스 일의 기간 동안, 유전자 발현의 전사 조절에 동등하게 중요한 단계로 부상하고있다. 번역 제어의 초점은 단백질 합성의 첫 번째 단계는 7 methylguanosine에 진핵 개시 인자 4E (eIF4E에)의 결합을 포함 개시의 속도 제한 단계 (m 7 GTP)의 mRNA 2의 5 &#39;캡에있다 . 의 eIF4E는 eIF4A, RNA 헬리 카제 및 eIF4G, 다른 번역 요인과 40S는 3 리보솜의 채용에 필요한 비계 단백질을 포함 eIF4F라는 이름의 삼량 체 복합체의 일부입니다. 정상적인 생리 조건에서의 mRNA의 대부분은 모자에 의존하는 메커니즘을 통해 번역되어 있지만, 세포 스트레스의 기간에 따라 인간의 mRNA의 약 10 %는 1,4 intiation 모자 독립적 인 번역을 허용 할 수있는 5 &#39;의 UTRs가 포함되어 있습니다. 모자 종속 번역은 역사적으로 동의어있다OU에 eIF4F으로, 그러나, eIF4F의 스트레스 별 변화는 추세 주제 5-8이되었다. 다양한 세포 응력의 eIF4E 활성이 라파 마이신 복합체 1 (mTORC1)의 포유 동물 표적을 통해 억압되도록. 이러한 키나아제의 목표 중 하나의 증가 된 활성을 초래 응력 하에서 손상되고, 제 (4E-BP) 단백질 4E는 바인딩. 비 인산화 4E-BP는의 eIF4E 및 블록 eIF4G 모자 종속 번역 9,10의 억압의 원인과 상호 작용하는 능력을 결합한다. 흥미롭게도, eIF4E2 (또는 4EHP)라는 이름의 eIF4E의 동족체는 아마도 스트레스 중재 억압을 회피 할 수 4E-BP (11)에 대한 훨씬 낮은 친 화성을 가지고있다. 사실, 처음으로 인해 eIF4G (12)과의 상호 작용의 부족에 번역의 리프레 특징, eIF4E2는 저산소 스트레스 6,13- 동안 그들의 3 &#39;UTR에서 RNA 저산소증 응답 요소를 포함 mRNA를 수백의 번역을 시작합니다. 이 활성화 난eIF4G3, RNA는 저산소 eIF4F 복합체, 또는 eIF4F H 6,13-을 구성하는 단백질 모티브 (4) 및 저산소증 유도 인자 (HIF) 2α 바인딩과의 상호 작용을 통해 달성 s의. 정상적인 조건에서 리프레으로 eIF4E2는 GIGYF2 및 ZNF598 (14)와 결합한다. 이 단지는 부분적으로 아가로 오스 연계 m 7 GTP 친 화성 수지를 통해 확인되었다. 이 고전적인 방법 (15)는 번역의 분야에서 표준과 최고의 가장 일반적으로 아래로 끌어 오기에 캡 결합 복합체를 분리하는 기술을 사용하고 체외에서 결합 분석 16-19입니다. 캡 - 의존적 번역 기계가 상호 변경 부 6-8,13와 같이 유연하고 적응력이 대두되고,이 방법은 급속 스트레스 반응에 관여하는 신규 한 캡 - 결합 단백질을 확인하기위한 강력한 도구이다. 여러 진핵 모델 시스템은 스트레스 반응 등을위한 eIF4E2의 동족체를 사용하여 나타나는 또한, eIF4F의 변화는 광범위한 영향을 미칠 수A. 장대 (20)로, S. Pombe 21 D. 22을 melanogaster의, 그리고 C. 23 엘레 간스. 증거 eIF4F 변동 엄격 조건을 강조하지만, 정상적인 생리 24에 관여 한정되지 않을 수 있음을 시사한다. (미소 전극을 통해 측정) (모세관 말단) 또는 조직 내에서 조직으로의 산소 공급은 뇌 25 2-6 %에서 다양 폐 26 3-12 %, 27 장, 4 %에서 3.5-6 %의 간 28 신장 29 7~12% 근육 30 4 %, 골수 31 6~7%. 세포와 미토콘드리아는 1.3 % 산소 32 이하를 포함한다. 이 값은 세포가 일상적으로 배양 주변 공기보다 저산소증에 훨씬 가깝다. 이것은 무엇을하는 것은 이전에 저산소증 특정 세포 과정은 생리 학적 환경에서 관련 될 수있는 것으로 생각하고 있음을 시사한다. 흥미롭게도, eIF4F 및 eIF4F H </suP&gt; 적극적으로 생리 학적 산소 또는 &quot;physioxia&quot;(24)에 노출 된 여러 가지 인간의 세포 라인에 독특한 풀 또는의 mRNA의 클래스의 번역 개시에 참여한다. 낮은 산소는 적절한 태아의 개발 (33)를 구동 세포는 일반적으로 높은 확산 속도, 긴 수명, 적은 DNA 손상과 physioxia (34) 덜 일반적인 스트레스 반응이 있습니다. 따라서, eIF4F H 가능성이 생리 학적 조건에서 선택 유전자의 발현에 중요한 요소이다. 여기, 우리는 고정 된 생리 학적 산소 조건에서 또는 조직의 미세 환경의 가능성이보다 잘 나타내는 동적 변동 범위 내에서 배양 세포에 대한 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 이 방법의 장점은 세포가 저산소 워크 스테이션 내에 용해된다는 것이다. 이 세포 용해에 저산소 세포 배양에서 전환 다른 프로토콜에서 수행되는 빈도를 명확하지 않다. 세포는 종종 첫 번째 작은 저산소증 인큐베이터에서 제거 할 수산소의 세포 응답 (하나 또는 두 개의 분) 35 빠른 같이 앞 용해,하지만 산소이 노출 생화학 적 경로에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 특정 캡 - 결합 단백질은 제 2베이스와의 상호 작용을 필요로하거나, 따라서 일부 캡 인터랙는 정제 과정에서 누락 될 수 m 7 GTP를 가수 분해 할 수있다. 아가 로스 결합 된 효소 방수 캡 유사체로는이 프로토콜에서 치환 될 수있다. 여기에 설명 된 방법을 통해 활동과 eIF4F H 및 eIF4F의 다른 변형의 구성을 탐색하는 세포 생리 학적 조건 또는 스트레스 반응시 활용 복잡한 유전자 발현 기계에 빛을 흘릴 것입니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="901">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:380px;">&#947;-aminophenyl-m7GTP agarose C10-linked beads</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Jena Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">AC-1555</td>
			<td style="width:205px;">Agarose-linked m7GTP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100 mm culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>877222</td>
			<td>10-cm culture dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">150 mm culture dish</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>130183</td>
			<td>15-cm culture dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AEBSF Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>ACROS Organics</td>
			<td>A0356829</td>
			<td>AEBSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose Beads</td>
			<td>Jena Bioscience&#160;</td>
			<td>AC-0015</td>
			<td>Agarose bead control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bromophenol Blue</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP112-25</td>
			<td>Component of SDS-PAGE loading buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.5 mL Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>FroggaBio</td>
			<td>1210-00S</td>
			<td>Used to centrifuge small volumes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1495970C</td>
			<td>Used in culturing primary cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Defined trypsin inhibitor</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>R007100</td>
			<td>DTI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dithiothreital</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP172-25</td>
			<td>DTT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Epithelial cell medium (complete kit)</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>4101</td>
			<td>Includes serum and growth factor supplements)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP229-1</td>
			<td>Component of SDS-PAGE loading buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100 mM Guanosine 5&#39;-triphosphate, 1 mL</td>
			<td>Jena Bioscience</td>
			<td>272076-0251M</td>
			<td>GTP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HCT116 colorectal carcinoma</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-247</td>
			<td>Human cancer cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>PCS-400-010</td>
			<td>HRPTEC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hyclone DMEM/High Glucose</td>
			<td>GE Life Sciences</td>
			<td>SH30022.01</td>
			<td>Standard media for human cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hyclone Penicillin-Streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>GE Life Sciences</td>
			<td>SV30010</td>
			<td>Antibiotic component of DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">H35 HypOxystation</td>
			<td>Hypoxygen</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Hypoxia workstation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Igepal CA-630</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>2198596</td>
			<td>Detergent component of lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Monopotassium phosphate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P288-500</td>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td>KCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M33-500</td>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP358-10</td>
			<td>NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium fluoride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>5299-100</td>
			<td>NaF (phosphatase inhibitor component of lysis buffer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Disodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>5369-500</td>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Premium Grade Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Seradigm</td>
			<td>1500-500</td>
			<td>FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (100 x)</td>
			<td>Cell Signalling</td>
			<td>58715</td>
			<td>Component of lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP166-100</td>
			<td>SDS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">Sodium Orthovanadate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>56508</td>
			<td>Na3VO4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP152-5</td>
			<td>Component of buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (1x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>2500-067</td>
			<td>Trypsin used to detach adherent cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of cap-binding proteins in human cells exposed to physiological oxygen conditions

Translational control is a focal point of gene regulation, especially during periods of cellular stress. Cap-dependent translation via the eIF4F complex is by far the most common pathway to initiate protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, but stress-specific variations of this complex are now emerging. Purifying cap-binding proteins with an affinity resin composed of Agarose-linked m7GTP (a 5' mRNA cap analog) is a useful tool to identify factors involved in the regulation of translation initiation. Hypoxia (low oxygen) is a cellular stress encountered during fetal development and tumor progression, and is highly dependent on translation regulation. Furthermore, it was recently reported that human adult organs have a lower oxygen content (physioxia 1-9% oxygen) that is closer to hypoxia than the ambient air where cells are routinely cultured. With the ongoing characterization of a hypoxic eIF4F complex (eIF4FH), there is increasing interest in understanding oxygen-dependent translation initiation through the 5' mRNA cap. We have recently developed a human cell culture method to analyze cap-binding proteins that are regulated by oxygen availability. This protocol emphasizes that cell culture and lysis be performed in a hypoxia workstation to eliminate exposure to oxygen. Cells must be incubated for at least 24 hr for the liquid media to equilibrate with the atmosphere within the workstation. To avoid this limitation, pre-conditioned media (de-oxygenated) can be added to cells if shorter time points are required. Certain cap-binding proteins require interactions with a second base or can hydrolyze the m7GTP, therefore some cap interactors may be missed in the purification process. Agarose-linked to enzymatically resistant cap analogs may be substituted in this protocol. This method allows the user to identify novel oxygen-regulated translation factors involved in cap-dependent translation.

M이 7 GTP 선호도 열에서의 eIF4E 및 eIF4E2의 산소에 반응하여 캡 결합 능력 분석 1 및도 2는 두 사람의 세포주에서 산소 변동에 대한 응답으로 두 가지 주요 캡 - 결합 단백질의 전형적인 m 7 GTP 선호도 정화의 서양 말을 나타냅니다 F의 igure 1과 대장 암의 주요 인간 신장 근위 관 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions at JoVE.com

Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions

Here, we present human cell culture protocols to analyze translation initiation factors that bind the 5' cap of mRNA during physiological oxygen conditions. This method utilizes an Agarose-linked m7GTP cap analog and is suitable to investigate cap-binding factors and their interacting partners.

생리 산소 조건에 노출 된 인간 세포의 캡 결합 단백질의 분석

Translational control is a focal point of gene regulation, especially during periods of cellular stress. Cap-dependent translation via the eIF4F complex ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to capture cap-binding proteins in conditions of low oxygen. This method utilizes an agarose linked seven methyl-guanosine cap analog to investigate cap-binding factors and their interacting partners. This method will help answer key questions in the field of protein synthesis such as identifying novel oxygen regulated factors involved in cap dependent translation.The main advantage of this technique is that cells are kept in a hypoxia workstation up until the point of lysis. The implications of this technique extend towards cancer therapy because cancer cells within a tumor are exposed to very low levels of oxygen and translational control plays a key role in tumor progression. We first had the idea for this method when we read a recent publication from Corona's colleagues reporting that tissue oxygenation is actually closer to what we call hypoxia rather than the normaxia that cells are routinely cultured in.Begin this procedure will cell culture as described in the text protocol. After counting the cells using a hemocytometer feed 150 millimeter cultured dishes containing 15 milliliters of complete medium to obtain a cell density of 2500 to 5000 cells per square centimeter. Use two 150 millimeter dishes for each cap-binding assay.Place the seeded culture dishes in the incubator at 37 degrees celsius and a five percent carbon dioxide atmosphere. After the cells have incubated at least 24 hours place the cells into a hypoxia workstation for the desired time. Then, set the workstation to the appropriate physioxia.Pre-warm one X phosphate buffered saline, or PBS, and trypsin in a 37 degree celsius water bath for 30 minutes. Aliquot 980 microliters of lysis buffer into a 1.5 microliter centrifuge tube for each cap-binding assay being performed. 10 microliters of 100X protease inhibitor cocktail and 10 microliters of 4-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrocloride to the 980 microliters of lysis buffer on ice.Discard the media from each 150 millimeter dish in a waste container within the hypoxia workstation. Then, wash the cells with three to four milliliters of warm one X PBS and discard the liquid. Add one milliliter of warm 05 percent trypsin EDTA to each dish and let the dishes sit for two minutes or until the cells are no longer adhered to the plate.Using a pipette transfer the cells of one plate to a 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tube. Repeat as needed so that each plate of cells is transferred to a separate 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tube. Centrifuge the micro-centrifuge tubes at 6000 times g for 90 seconds to pellet the cells.Following centrifugation aspirate the trypsin using a pipette without disturbing the pellet. Wash the cells with warm one X PBS by gently pipetting 200 microliters of PBS into the tube just above the pellet. Then aspirate the PBS without disturbing the pellet.Next, pipette 500 microliters from the one milliliter prepared lysis buffer solution onto the first cellular pellet. Re-suspend the pellet entirely by pipetting up and down. Combine the re-suspended cells with the second cell pellet and re-suspend the second pellet by pipetting up and down.Repeat this process until all pellets have been combined and re-suspended for each sample. Next, combine the lysate with the remaining 500 microliters of lysis buffer in a 1.5 liter micro-centrifuge tube. Remove the samples from the hypoxia workstation.Lyse the cells using gentle agitation by rotating the samples at four degrees celsisus for 1.5 to two hours. Following incubation, centrifuge the lysed cells at 1200 times g for 15 minutes at four degrees celsius to remove cellular debris. Transfer the lysate to a new 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tube and discard the pellet.Reserve a portion of the supernatant to be used as whole cell lysate input control for western blot analysis. To prepare for the cap-binding assay use scissors to remove the tip of the pipette to facilitate collection of the bead slurry. For each sample transfer 50 microliters of the blank agarose bead control slurry and 50 microliters of the m7GTP agarose C10-linked beads slurry to separate 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tubes.Then, pellet the beads by centrifuging the slurry at 500 times g for 30 seconds. Remove the supernatant carefully and re-suspend the beads in 500 microliters of TBS. After repeating these steps pellet the beads at 500 times g for 30 seconds and remove the supernatant.Next, transfer the supernatant containing the lysate to the 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tube containing the blank agarose beads. Incubate for 10 minutes at four degrees celsius with gentle agitation. After 10 minutes, pellet the blank agarose beads by centrifuging at 500 times g for 30 seconds.Following centrifugation transfer the lysate that doesn't bind to the beads to the 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tube containing the m7GTP agarose C10-linked beads. Wash the blank agarose beads by re-suspending the beads in 500 microliters of lysis buffer, pelleting the beads by centrifuging at 500 time g for 30 seconds, and discarding the supernatant. Repeat this four times for a total of five washes.Re-suspend the blank agarose beads in one X SDS-PAGE sample buffer. And boil the beads for 90 seconds at 95 degrees celsius. Store the sample at 20 degrees celsius for future western blot analysis to observe weather the protein of interest binds non-specifically to the bead.Incubate the lysate with the m7GTP agarose C10-linked beads with gentle agitation for one hour at four degrees celsuis to capture cap-binding proteins. Following agitation, pellet the m7GTP agarose C10-linked beads by centrifuging at 500 times g for 30 seconds. After discarding the supernatant, wash the m7GTP agarose C10-linked beads as before.Re-suspend the beads in 600 microliters of lysis buffer and add GTP to a final concentration of one millimolar. Incubate the m7GTP agarose C10-linked beads plus one millimolar GTP with gentle agitation for one hour at four degrees celsius. This will dissociate proteins that non-specifically interact with m7GTP.Pellet the m7GTP agarose C10-linked beads by centrifuging at 500 time g for 30 seconds. Transfer the supernatant to a new 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tube, and add 200 microliters of four X SDS-PAGE sample buffer. After washing the beads as before, re-suspend the beads in one X SDS-PAGE sample buffer and boil at 95 degrees celsius for 90 seconds.Shown here are representative western blots of a typical m7GTP affinity purification of two major cap-binding proteins in response to oxygen fluctuations in primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. The cell lysates were exposed to eight percent, five percent, three percent, or one percent oxygen for 24 hours. The lanes include 10 percent of the whole cell lysate as the input, a GTP washed to measure the specificity for m7GTP, and the proteins bound to m7GTP beads after the GTP wash.Data from at least three independent experiments were quantified by Image J and expressed as relative density units relative to 10 percent input of the whole cell lysate. Results indicate that human cells cultured under physiological oxygen utilize two cap-binding proteins to recruit distinct mRNAs for translation. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to capture cap-binding proteins in low oxygen conditions.While attempting this procedure it's important to remember to keep cells in the hypoxia workstation up until the point of lysis, as oxygen can rapidly alter the biochemical properties of these translation initiation factors. Following this procedure other methods like polysome fractionation can be performed to answer additional questions such as which cap-binding proteins associate with active translation under conditions of low oxygen.

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Conjugative Mating Assays for Sequence-specific Analysis of Transfer Proteins Involved in Bacterial Conjugation

접합에 참여 전송 단백질의 서열 별 분석을위한 공역 결합 분석 실험

The transfer of genetic material by bacterial conjugation is a process that takes place via complexes formed by specific transfer proteins. In Escherichia ...

연구

유전학

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

인공 요소 엔지니어 것은 특히 인간 세포에서의 스 플라이 싱을 조작 할

The processing of most eukaryotic RNAs is mediated by RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) with modular configurations, including an RNA recognition module, which ...

Peptide-derived Method to Transport Genes and Proteins Across Cellular and Organellar Barriers in Plants

펩타이드 유래의 방법은 식물의 유전자와 단백질 세포 간 및 Organellar 장벽을 수송하는

The capacity to introduce exogenous proteins and express (or down-regulate) specific genes in plants provides a powerful tool for fundamental research as ...

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

DNA 수정에 대 한 Immunostaining: 공초점 이미지의 계산 분석

For several decades, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) has been thought to be the only DNA modification with a functional significance in metazoans. The discovery of ...

Adaptation of Hybridization Capture of Chromatin-associated Proteins for Proteomics to Mammalian Cells

교 잡의 적응 포유류 세포 단백질 Chromatin 관련 단백질의 캡처

The hybridization capture of chromatin-associated proteins for proteomics (HyCCAPP) technology was initially developed to uncover novel DNA-protein ...

Highly Efficient Gene Disruption of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by CRISPR/Cas9

CRISPR/Cas9에 의해 Murine 인간과 조 혈 조상 세포의 고효율 유전자 장애

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. ...

Differentiation, Maintenance, and Analysis of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: A Disease-in-a-dish Model for BEST1 Mutations

Differentiation, Maintenance, and Analysis of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: A Disease-in-a-dish Model for BEST1 Mutations

차별화, 유지 보수, 및 인간 망막 안료 상피 세포의 분석: BEST1 돌연변이 대 한 접시에 질병 모델

Although over 200 genetic mutations in the human BEST1 gene have been identified and linked to retinal degenerative diseases, the pathological mechanisms ...

Single-cell RNA Sequencing and Analysis of Human Pancreatic Islets

단세포 RNA 시퀀싱 및 인간 췌장 섬 분석

Pancreatic islets comprise of endocrine cells with distinctive hormone expression patterns. The endocrine cells show functional differences in response to ...

Generation of Defined Genomic Modifications Using CRISPR-CAS9 in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

인간 다능성 줄기 세포에서 CRISPR-CAS9를 사용하여 정의된 게놈 수정 생성

Human pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful system to study gene function and model specific mutations relevant to disease. The generation of precise ...

Investigation of the Transcriptional Role of a RUNX1 Intronic Silencer by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Investigation of the Transcriptional Role of a RUNX1 Intronic Silencer by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

급성 골수성 백혈병 세포에서 CRISPR/Cas9 리보뉴클레오단백질에 의한 RUNX1 내성 소음기의 전사 적 역할 조사

The bulk of the human genome (~98%) is comprised of non-coding sequences. Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are non-coding DNA sequences that contain binding ...