Name: in utero electroporation approaches to study the excitability of neuronal subpopulations and single-cell connectivity
Uploaded: 2017-02-15T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity at JoVE.com

我们感谢R.古铁雷斯和A.莫拉莱斯的出色技术援助和洛杉矶魏斯进行编辑。 CGB是由西班牙部：西恩西亚ËINNOVACIÓN（MICINN），FPI-BES-2012-056011资助。这项工作是由来自BBVA基金会和SAF2014-58598-JIN（MINECO）到M.纳瓦雷特的资助，并从拉蒙阿雷塞斯基金会和赠款SAF2014-52119-R和BFU2014-55738-REDT（从MINECO）向基金资助M.涅托。

所有动物的程序是由马德里动物护理和使用委员会，共同体符合国家和欧洲法规认可（PROEX一十四分之一百十八; PROEX15分之331）。保持在手术过程中在无菌条件。 1. 在子宫内的电注意：此协议为Iue时从先前已公布的5，6，7更为适合。该原稿描述了一种协议，用于E15.5的IUE的胚胎，...

<ol>
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Y., Kawaguchi, D., Wang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+Control+of+a+Neuronal+Protein+Using+a+Genetically+Encoded+Unnatural+Amino+Acid+in+Neurons.">Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons.</a> J Vis Exp. (109), (2016).</li><li>Mathis, D. M., Furman, J. L., Norris, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+acute+hippocampal+slices+from+rats+and+transgenic+mice+for+the+study+of+synaptic+alterations+during+aging+and+amyloid+pathology.">Preparation of acute hippocampal slices from rats and transgenic mice for the study of synaptic alterations during aging and amyloid pathology.</a> J Vis Exp. (49), (2011).</li><li>Maravall, M., Stern, E. 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这个协议在详细描述了如何标记C75BL / 6小鼠的躯体感觉皮层的神经元，以分析它们的连接和它们的兴奋性。相对于现有的方法，它可视连通的识别方面，如每神经元轴突的分支数，它们的精确地形，和它们的解剖位置。通过改变电极的位置，有可能指定其他神经元群体，如扣带皮层（保持电极和大脑之间的角度相同，但改变磁极的取向）或海马5，并且执行类似实验标记单个神经...

树突和轴突结构的发展是电路调节在神经系统中的一个重要方面，包括在大脑皮层。它起着多样化神经元亚群的选择性布线过程中起关键作用。若干最近的报告表明，除了连接性，神经元的分子多样性由获取烧成的高度特异性的方式体现出来。然而，机制确定发育过程中不同的神经元亚型的兴奋性和连接性，以及它们的协调程度，仍然知之甚少1,2。 体内损失-和增益的功能分析允许对特定基因的表达水平和其在电路的发展的影响之间的关系的研究。 在子宫内电（IUE）是广泛用于研究的技术在特定神经元群体的兴趣的基因的功能，并研究它们的连接的总体图案。然而，为了确定在活的小鼠轴突和树突皮质层的形态特征，是必不可少的疏标记神经元。一个的Cre重组系统用IUE组合可用于在足够低的密度来标记的神经元的稀疏人口来解析所识别的皮质椎板的各个细胞发出的突起。此方法标记足够数目的每皮质神经元的电脑（ 图1）的合理数量的分析之后，得到定量数据。这份手稿提出了连通性等精细分析的方法。它也提供了一个类似的策略来分析，在单独的实验中，通过在绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）进行电流钳记录神经元的电性能-electroporated从急性皮层切片的细胞。这些亲母育酚是通用的，可以适用于WT和转基因动物的神经元的兴奋性和连通性的研究中，以及在其损失和功能增益由附加质粒IUE期间引入神经元。 虽然该协议描述了在胚胎天（E）15.5小鼠的电穿孔，该技术可以在任何年龄E9.5 3和日龄（P）的2 4之间执行。虽然电在早期阶段目标的神经元和丘脑的前体和皮质的深层，后期电痕更多的表层（如 E15.5 IUE目标层II-III神经元）。总之，IUE的具有单细胞形态学分析和电的组合是阐明在神经系统的基本神经元的巨大结构和功能的多样性的分子机制的有用工具。

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		<tr>
			<td>pCAG-Cre</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>13775</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCALNL-GFP</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>13770</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCAG-DsRed2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>15777</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCAG-GFP</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>11150</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Green</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>301.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>12362</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen (Rimadyl)</td>
			<td>Pfizer GmbH</td>
			<td>1615 ESP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane (IsoFlo)</td>
			<td>Abbott (Esteve)</td>
			<td>1385 ESP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine (Imalgene)</td>
			<td>Merial</td>
			<td>2528-ESP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (Xilagesic)</td>
			<td>Calier</td>
			<td>0682-ESP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone Iodine</td>
			<td>Meda</td>
			<td>694109.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye Ointment (Lipolac)</td>
			<td>Angelini</td>
			<td>65.277</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td>Gibco by Life Technologies</td>
			<td>24020-091</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma -Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Handle #3 - 12cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Blades #10</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10010-00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson Forceps-Serrated - Straight 12 cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>1106-12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hardened Fine Scissors - Straight &#160; 11 cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14090-11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors Mezenbaum-Nelson Curved L=14,5cm</td>
			<td>Teleflex</td>
			<td>PO143281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin curved tips - Style 7 Dumoxel</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>0303-7-PO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps-Inox</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mathieu Needle Holder - Serrated</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12010-14</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AutoClip Applier</td>
			<td>Braintree scientific, Inc</td>
			<td>ACS&#160;APL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9mm AutoClips</td>
			<td>MikRon Precision, Inc.</td>
			<td>205016</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutures - Polysorb 6-0</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>UL-101</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Razor&#160;</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>ER 240</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries (100mm, 1.0/0.58 Outer/Inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Wold Precision Instrument Inc.</td>
			<td>1B100F-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated microcapillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma -Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5177-5EA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze (Aposan)</td>
			<td>Laboratorios Indas, S.A.U.</td>
			<td>C.N. 482232.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Swabs (Star Cott)</td>
			<td>Albasa</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle 25G (BD Microlance 3)</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>300600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma -Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0389</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma -Aldrich</td>
			<td>158127</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Compound</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>4583</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Dish 100 x 20 mm</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFP Tag Polyclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9542&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10270106&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-500ML</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporator ECM 830&#160;</td>
			<td>BTX Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>45-0002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum electrodes 650P 7 mm</td>
			<td>Nepagene</td>
			<td>CUY650P7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope&#160;for Fluorescent Imaging - MZ10F</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VIP 3000 Isofluorane Vaporizer</td>
			<td>Matrx</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCS-SP5 Laser Scanning System</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axiovert 200 Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat - CM 1950</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P-97 Micropette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Company</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch clamp analysis softwarw (p-Clamp Clampfit 10.3)</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acquisition software (MultiClamp 700B Amplifier)</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>DD1440A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized Micromanipulator + Rotating Base&#160;</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>MP-225</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Table</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miniature Peristaltic Pumps</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in utero electroporation approaches to study the excitability of neuronal subpopulations and single-cell connectivity

神经系统是由不同的神经元类型的一个巨大的范围。这些神经元亚群的特征在于，其它的特征，其独特的树突形态，其轴突连通的特定的模式，和它们的选择性点火的反应中。负责开发期间分化的这些方面的分子和细胞机制仍然知之甚少。 在这里，我们描述了联合协议标签和表征皮层神经元的结构连接性和兴奋性。在子宫内电（IUE）协议的修改使得神经元人口稀少的标签。这，反过来，使树突和单个神经元，轴突突起的层位置的精确表征，和形态分析的轴突的识别和跟踪。 IUE也可以用来研究在的兴奋性变化野生型（WT），或通过将其与全细胞记录从电脑的急性切片结合遗传修饰的神经元。这两种技术有助于更好地理解的结构和功能连接的耦合和分子机制控制发育过程中的神经元的多样性。这些发育过程对轴突布线，神经元的功能的多样性，以及认知障碍的生物学重要的影响。

为了表征在细节和整个开发神经元的形态变化，有必要稀疏标记神经元。一个Cre重组稀释系统允许感兴趣的基因在神经元的人口稀少的表达，因此，只有那些掺入这种酶的神经元表达GFP（ 图1A）。使用这种策略，层II-III是针对在E15.5通过IUE标记。 CAG-的DsRed2在1微克/μL，是共电为控制和动物活体识别正面电大脑。重要的是，抗GFP抗体染色后，信号足够强，让他?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity at JoVE.com

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

这份手稿规定， 在子宫内电（IUE）用来描述在单细胞水平与荧光标记的神经元兴奋性神经元的结构连接协议。组织学是用于表征树突和轴突突起。在急性切片全细胞记录被用来研究兴奋性。

在子宫内电途径研究神经元亚群的兴奋性和单细胞连接

The nervous system is composed of an enormous range of distinct neuronal types. These neuronal subpopulations are characterized by, among other features, ...

The overall goal of this in utero electroporation approach is to characterize the structural connectivity and excitability of cortical neurons under normal and experimental conditions. This method can help answer key questions in the developmental neurobiology, such as dissecting the structure and functional connectivity of the brain and the biology of cognitive disorders. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows the marking of a sparse population of neurons and allows you to dress the dendrites and access the individual neurons which leads to more efficient, more fimetic quantitative analysis.Before the injection, prepare ten microliters of DNA mixture per surgery for either single cell labeling or standard patch clamp study. Then, manipulate the embryos gently with fingers to locate the telencephalon. Next, place a prepared borosilicate capillary in a mouth pipette.Pass the tip of the needle through the uterus, avoiding blood vessels, until it reaches the lateral ventricle. After that, slowly inject approximately one microliter of Fast Green colored DNA solution until a large blue spot is observed. A critical step in this procedure is the injection of the DNA.This should be done as gently as possible. Now, place the seven millimeter platinum electrodes laterally on the head of an embryo and apply voltage via the platinum electrodes. In this procedure, cryoprotect the fixed brains in ten milliliters of 30%sucrose in PBS at four degrees Celsius for one to two days until they sink.Then prepare one cubed centimeter aluminum foil cubes and fill the cubes 2/3 or the way with OCT. Afterward, put the brains in the cubes and freeze them on dry ice. Subsequently store the frozen brains at 80 degrees Celsius.To section the brains in the cryostat, place a drop of OCT on the surface of the specimen disc. Peel the aluminum foil from the histology block and position the block at the desired orientation on top of the liquid OCT. Apply firm pressure until the histological block is fixed.Then insert the specimen disc into the specimen head of the cryostat and orient the specimen for sectioning. Then slice 50-100 micrometer thick sections and transfer the floating cryosections to PBS using a fine brush. Subsequently, block the sections for one hour at room temperature with 5%fetal bovine serum in PBS, containing 0.5%Triton X-100.Next, incubate them overnight at four degrees Celsius with 1:500 primary antibody diluted in blocking solution. The next day, wash the sections three times in PBS. Add 1:500 secondary antibody diluted in blocking solution and incubate the sections for one hour at room temperature.Then wash the sections three times in PBS. Afterward, counterstain the sections with dapE in PBS containing 0.5%Triton X-100 for ten minutes. Rinse the sections with PBS and mount them with mounting medium.To reconstruct the neurons, acquire images of the brain sections with high magnification and high resolution. Next, select Tile Scan in the acquisition software to cover the area of interest, spanning all dendrites and axonal processes. Acquire a sufficient number of stacks on the Z axis to avoid information loss.After that, open the image and select the segmented line option from the menu. Draw a line following the structure of the neuron. Subsequently, go to Analyze, Tools, followed by ROI manager, then Add to save the line.Repeat this process for every axon or dendrite of the analyzed neuron. In the ROI Manager menu, press Measure to get the length. Export the measurements to a text file or spreadsheet for analysis.To perform a recording of GFP expressed neuron from a GFP electroporated mouse, place the brain in a chilled culture dish. Cut off the cerebellum with small scissors. Then pick up the brain with a spatula and blot it dry on a paper towel.Glue the ventral caudal plane of the brain on a Vibratome holder. Place the holder on a Vibratome filled with ice cold ACSF and ensure the Vibratome chamber has continuous carbogenation. Following this, obtain acute slices by cutting 300 micrometer coronal sections within 15 minutes.Next, incubate the acute slices at 25 degrees Celsius for at least 60 minutes in ACSF while bubbling with carbogen. After 60 minutes, transfer a slice to the recording chamber using a Pasteur pipette or a small brush. Hold down the slice with a harp and profuse it with ACSF at a rate of two milliliters per minute.To patch a GFP positive neuron, locate the area of interest through the microscope at 10x. Then find a GFP positive cell using the 60x objective. Next, fill the recording electrode with intracellular solution.Subsequently, place a glass pipette in the pipette holder. Afterward, place the pipette tip in the bath and focus on the tip. Once the pipette is in the bath, apply positive pressure through the back pressure control system.Approach the cell of interest under visual guidance while maintaining back pressure in the pipette. Upon the appearance of a small dimple on the cell's surface, release the pressure. At this point, a tight seal with a resistance larger than one giga-ohm may be formed.Otherwise, apply a light negative pressure to facilitate it. While the seal is being formed, bring the holding voltage clamp to 60 millivolts. Once the giga-ohm seal is formed, apply a pulse of suction to rupture the cell membrane and break into the whole cell mode.Once it is in whole cell mode, switch from voltage clamp to current clamp mode and start recording. These images show the delivery of vectors to layer 2/3 neurons by in utero electroporation at embryonic day 15.5, and the coronal sections were prepared at post-natal day 16. The CAG DsRed2 vector was cotransfected as a control.GFP is expressed only in those neurons that also incorporated cre, allowing the recombination of the LoxP sites in the CALNL GFP vector. Here is a high magnification confocal image of the dendritic arbors of another sparsely labeled GFP neuron. This is a pyramidal neuron electroporated with GFP which was observed under bright fields and green fluorescence conditions.Here is a typical, regular spiking response of a CAG-GFP electroporated control neuron at layer 2/3. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 30 minutes for in utero electroporations and half a day for the patch clamp recording if it's performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to do the surgery as fast as possible to reduce the stress of the mother and increase the chances of survival of the pups.Following this procedure, other methods like expression can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like the relationship between expression of specific genes and their influence in the development of the surrogate. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of developmental neuroscience to explore connectivity and morphology of neurons in mice. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use in utero operation to describe the structure and connectivity of neurons at the single cell level and the excitability of fluorescently labeled neurons.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In Utero Electroporation Approaches to Study the Excitability of Neuronal Subpopulations and Single-cell Connectivity

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

在子宫内的电穿孔其次原发性神经文化为研究基因的功能在皮层神经元的一个子集

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect ...

科研

神经科学

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

在子宫内电穿孔：鼠标控制时空基因Transefection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Methods for Study of Neuronal Morphogenesis: Ex vivo RNAi Electroporation in Embryonic Murine Cerebral Cortex

Methods for Study of Neuronal Morphogenesis: Ex vivo RNAi Electroporation in Embryonic Murine Cerebral Cortex

神经元形态的研究方法：<em&gt;体外</em&gt; RNAi技术在胚胎小鼠大脑皮质的电穿孔

The cerebral cortex directs higher cognitive functions. This six layered structure is generated in an inside-first, outside-last manner, in which the ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

可视化和遗传操作在小鼠大脑皮层和使用海马树突和棘<em&gt;在子宫内</em&gt;电穿孔

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

外用转基因大鼠通过代<em&gt;在子宫内</em&gt;电穿孔和<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;生物发光筛选

 In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

遗传操纵鼠标的发展下丘脑通过<em&gt;在子宫内</em&gt;电穿孔

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

谷氨酸和GABA快速微离子导入：一个有用​​的工具，调查突触整合

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

小脑颗粒神经元的遗传操作<em&gt;体外</em&gt;和<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;为研究神经元形态和迁移

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

等电脑国家的诱导研究内源性突触活动对神经元兴奋性影响<em&gt;在体内</em

The way neurons process information depends both on their intrinsic membrane properties and on the dynamics of the afferent synaptic network. In ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

时间依赖性增加对微电极阵列刺激神经元细胞培养物的网络响应

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...