Name: solvent bonding for fabrication of pmma and cop microfluidic devices
Uploaded: 2017-01-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

We acknowledge financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, #436117-2013), the Cancer Research Society (CRS, #20172), Myeloma Canada, and Grand Challenges Canada.

Si noti che tutti i passi descritti di seguito sono stati sviluppati ed eseguito in un ambiente non-camera sterile. I passi bonding solvente può certamente essere eseguite in una camera sterile, se disponibile, ma questo non è necessario. 1. Preparazione di termoplastici microfluidici Livelli dispositivo <ol><li> Progettare e fabbricare strati dispositivo microfluidica dalla termoplastico di scelta, utilizzando un metodo di fabbricazione adeguato (per esempio, micromilling ...

<ol>
	<li>Beebe, D. J., Mensing, G. A., Walker, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physics+and+applications+of+microfluidics+in+biology.">Physics and applications of microfluidics in biology.</a> Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 4, 261-286 (2002).</li><li>Situma, C., Hashimoto, M., Soper, S. a. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Merging+microfluidics+with+microarray-based+bioassays.">Merging microfluidics with microarray-based bioassays.</a> Biomolecular Engineering. 23 (5), 213-231 (2006).</li><li>Paguirigan, A. L., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+meet+cell+biology:+Bridging+the+gap+by+validation+and+application+of+microscale+techniques+for+cell+biological+assays.">Microfluidics meet cell biology: Bridging the gap by validation and application of microscale techniques for cell biological assays.</a> BioEssays. 30 (9), 811-821 (2008).</li><li>Young, E. W. K., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamentals+of+microfluidic+cell+culture+in+controlled+microenvironments.">Fundamentals of microfluidic cell culture in controlled microenvironments.</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 39 (3), 1036-1048 (2010).</li><li>Duffy, D. C., McDonald, J. C., Schueller, O. J. A., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Prototyping+of+Microfluidic+Systems+in+Poly(dimethylsiloxane).">Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Systems in Poly(dimethylsiloxane).</a> Analytical Chemistry. 70 (23), 4974-4984 (1998).</li><li>Berthier, E., Young, E. W. K., Beebe, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineers+are+from+PDMS-land,+Biologists+are+from+Polystyrenia.">Engineers are from PDMS-land, Biologists are from Polystyrenia.</a> Lab on a Chip. 12 (7), 1224-1237 (2012).</li><li>Sackmann, E. K., Fulton, A. L., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+present+and+future+role+of+microfluidics+in+biomedical+research.">The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research.</a> Nature. 507 (7491), 181-189 (2014).</li><li>Young, E. W. K., Berthier, E., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+enhanced+autofluorescence+and+impact+on+cell+microscopy+for+microfabricated+thermoplastic+devices.">Assessment of enhanced autofluorescence and impact on cell microscopy for microfabricated thermoplastic devices.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 85 (1), 44-49 (2013).</li><li>Wallow, T. I., Morales, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-distortion,+high-strength+bonding+of+thermoplastic+microfluidic+devices+employing+case-II+diffusion-mediated+permeant+activation.">Low-distortion, high-strength bonding of thermoplastic microfluidic devices employing case-II diffusion-mediated permeant activation.</a> Lab on a Chip. 7 (12), 1825-1831 (2007).</li><li>Tsao, C. W., DeVoe, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bonding+of+thermoplastic+polymer+microfluidics.">Bonding of thermoplastic polymer microfluidics.</a> Microfluidics and Nanofluidics. 6 (1), 1-16 (2009).</li><li>Young, E. W. K., Berthier, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+prototyping+of+arrayed+microfluidic+systems+in+polystyrene+for+cell-based+assays.">Rapid prototyping of arrayed microfluidic systems in polystyrene for cell-based assays.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 83 (4), 1408-1417 (2011).</li><li>Truckenm&#252;ller, R., Henzi, P., Herrmann, D., Saile, V., Schomburg, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bonding+of+polymer+microstructures+by+UV+irradiation+and+subsequent+welding+at+low+temperatures.">Bonding of polymer microstructures by UV irradiation and subsequent welding at low temperatures.</a> Microsystem Technologies. 10 (5), 372-374 (2004).</li><li>Tsao, C. W., Hromada, L., Liu, J., Kumar, P., DeVoe, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+temperature+bonding+of+PMMA+and+COC+microfluidic+substrates+using+UV/ozone+surface+treatment.">Low temperature bonding of PMMA and COC microfluidic substrates using UV/ozone surface treatment.</a> Lab on a Chip. 7 (4), 499-505 (2007).</li><li>Wan, A. M. D., Sadri, A., Young, E. W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+phase+solvent+bonding+of+plastic+microfluidic+devices+assisted+by+retention+grooves.">Liquid phase solvent bonding of plastic microfluidic devices assisted by retention grooves.</a> Lab on a Chip. 15 (18), 3785-3792 (2015).</li><li>Guckenberger, D. J., de Groot, T. E., Wan, A. M. D., Beebe, D. J., Young, E. W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micromilling:+a+method+for+ultra-rapid+prototyping+of+plastic+microfluidic+devices.">Micromilling: a method for ultra-rapid prototyping of plastic microfluidic devices.</a> Lab on a Chip. 15 (11), 2364-2378 (2015).</li><li>Cameron, N. S., Roberge, H., Veres, T., Jakeway, S. C., John Crabtree, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+fidelity,+high+yield+production+of+microfluidic+devices+by+hot+embossing+lithography:+rheology+and+stiction.">High fidelity, high yield production of microfluidic devices by hot embossing lithography: rheology and stiction.</a> Lab on a Chip. 6 (7), 936 (2006).</li><li>Yang, S., Devoe, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+device+fabrication+by+thermoplastic+hot-embossing.">Microfluidic device fabrication by thermoplastic hot-embossing.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 949, 115-123 (2013).</li><li>Konstantinou, D., Shirazi, A., Sadri, A., Young, E. W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+hot+embossing+and+milling+for+medium+volume+production+of+thermoplastic+microfluidic+devices.">Combined hot embossing and milling for medium volume production of thermoplastic microfluidic devices.</a> Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 234, 209-221 (2016).</li><li>Maszara, W. P., Goetz, G., Caviglia, A., McKitterick, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bonding+of+silicon+wafers+for+silicon-on-insulator.">Bonding of silicon wafers for silicon-on-insulator.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 64 (10), 4943 (1988).</li><li>Bhattacharyya, A., Klapperich, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+and+chemical+analysis+of+plasma+and+ultraviolet-ozone+surface+treatments+for+thermal+bonding+of+polymeric+microfluidic+devices.">Mechanical and chemical analysis of plasma and ultraviolet-ozone surface treatments for thermal bonding of polymeric microfluidic devices.</a> Lab on a Chip. 7 (7), 876-882 (2007).</li></ol>

The feasibility of potential bonding strategies depends on available equipment. While hotplates are relatively common and free weights can be purchased inexpensively, high pressure strategies will require the use of a heated press. For example, our optimal PMMA bonding recipe requires high pressure to bond with ethanol (see Table 1), and the required pressure is not attainable for typical device sizes using free weights. Thus, if only a hotplate and weights are available, PMMA can instead be bonded with ...

Microfluidica è emerso nel corso degli ultimi venti anni come la tecnologia adatta per lo studio chimica e fisica alla microscala 1, e con crescente promessa di contribuire in modo significativo alla ricerca di biologia 2-4. La maggior parte dei dispositivi microfluidici stata storicamente fatta da poli (dimetilsilossano) (PDMS), un elastomero siliconico che è facile da usare, poco costoso, e offre alta qualità funzionalità di replica 5. Tuttavia, PDMS ha carenze ben documentato ed è incompatibile con elevati volumi di fabbricazione processi 6,7, e come tale, c&#39;è stata una crescente tendenza fabbricazione di dispositivi microfluidici da materiali termoplastici, a causa del loro potenziale per la produzione di massa e quindi commercializzazione. Uno dei principali ostacoli alla più ampia adozione di microfabbricazione di plastica sta realizzando facile, incollaggio di alta qualità dei dispositivi di plastica. strategie attuali impiegano tHermal, adesivi, e le tecniche di incollaggio di solventi, ma molti soffrono di sfide significative. Incollaggio termico aumenta autofluorescenza 8 e spesso deforma geometrie microcanali 9 - 11, mentre le tecniche adesive richiedono stencil, allineamento preciso, ed infine lasciato lo spessore dell&#39;adesivo esposto al microcanali 10. Bonding solvente è attraente grazie alla sua semplicità, tunability, e basso costo 10,12 - 14. In particolare, la sua tunability consente ottimizzazione per una varietà di materie plastiche, che possono produrre coerente, bonding alta qualità che riduce al minimo la deformazione di microfeatures 14. Durante bonding solvente, esposizione solvente aumenta la mobilità delle catene polimeriche vicino alla superficie della plastica, che permette inter-diffusione catene attraverso l&#39;interfaccia bonding. Questo fa sì che entanglement tramite interblocco meccanico delle catene diffusore e si traduce in aplegame hysical 10. incollaggio termico funziona in modo simile, ma si basa sulla temperatura elevata solo aumentare la mobilità della catena. Così, metodi termici richiedono temperature prossime o superiori alla transizione vetrosa del polimero, mentre l&#39;uso di solventi può ridurre significativamente la temperatura necessaria per l&#39;incollaggio, e quindi ridurre la deformazione indesiderata. Forniamo un protocollo specifico per l&#39;incollaggio sia PMMA e dispositivi COP. Tuttavia, questo protocollo e metodo descrive un approccio semplice, generico per incollaggio con solvente di dispositivi microfluidici termoplastici che può essere adattato per altre materie plastiche, solventi e apparecchiature disponibili. Descriviamo numerosi metodi per la valutazione della qualità delle obbligazioni (ad esempio, la copertura legame, forza di adesione, durata legame, e la deformazione di geometrie microfeature), e di fornire approcci di risoluzione dei problemi per affrontare queste sfide comuni.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>COP</td>
			<td>Zeonor</td>
			<td>604Z1020R080</td>
			<td>20 kg COP Pellets - 1020R. Multiple suppliers can be used, but may affect bonding characteristics.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMMA</td>
			<td>McMaster Carr</td>
			<td>8560K173</td>
			<td>1.5 mm sheet thickness for our typical applications. Multiple suppliers can be used, but may affect bonding characteristics.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyclohexane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>227048</td>
			<td>Cyclohexane, anhydrous, 99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used. Toxic, requires fumehood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>24102</td>
			<td>Ethanol, absolute, &#8805;99.8% (GC). Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179124</td>
			<td>Acetone, ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Propanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>278475</td>
			<td>2-Propanol, anhydrous, 99.5%. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate(s)</td>
			<td>Torrey Pines Scientific</td>
			<td>HP60</td>
			<td>Fully programmable digital hotplate. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Free weights</td>
			<td>Cap Barbell</td>
			<td>RPG#2</td>
			<td>Standard cast iron plate. Multiple suppliers and different weights can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated press</td>
			<td>Carver</td>
			<td>Auto CH</td>
			<td>Auto series heated hydraulic press. Multiple suppliers can be used. A press that fits in a fumehood would allow the most flexibility (this model does not).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CNC Milling Machine</td>
			<td>Tormach</td>
			<td>PCNC 770</td>
			<td>3 Axis CNC mill. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endmills</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>Required sizes depend on designs. Multiple suppliers can be used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

solvent bonding for fabrication of pmma and cop microfluidic devices

dispositivi microfluidici termoplastici offrono molti vantaggi rispetto a quelli a base di elastomeri di silicone, ma le procedure di incollaggio devono essere sviluppate per ogni termoplastico di interesse. bonding solvente è un metodo semplice e versatile che può essere utilizzato per fabbricare dispositivi da una varietà di plastiche. Viene aggiunto un solvente appropriato tra due strati di dispositivo da incollare, e il calore e pressione vengono applicati al dispositivo per facilitare l&#39;incollaggio. Utilizzando una combinazione appropriata di solvente, di plastica, il calore e la pressione, il dispositivo può essere sigillato con un legame di alta qualità, caratterizzato come avere una copertura ad alta legame, forza di adesione, la chiarezza ottica, durata nel tempo, e bassa deformazione o danni microfeature geometria. Descriviamo la procedura per dispositivi incollaggio realizzati due termoplastici popolari, poli (metil-metacrilato) (PMMA), e polimeri ciclo-olefina (COP), così come una varietà di metodi per caratterizzare la qualità delle obbligazioni risultanti, e strategie a troubleshoot obbligazioni di bassa qualità. Questi metodi possono essere usati per sviluppare nuovi protocolli bonding solvente per altri sistemi plastica-solvente.

A schematic of the general solvent bonding procedure is shown in Figure 1. The easiest way to assess bond quality is to visually inspect bond coverage, since poor bond coverage is easily visible as regions of unbonded plastic, and is indicative of weak bonding. Such regions are typically near free edges (e.g., periphery of device, or near open ports or microchannels), and can also often appear around any particles of dirt or dust at the bonding interface. Poor bo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Solvent bonding is a simple and versatile method for fabricating thermoplastic microfluidic devices with high quality bonds. We describe a protocol to achieve strong, optically clear bonds in PMMA and COP microfluidic devices that preserve microfeature details, by a judicious combination of pressure, temperature, an appropriate solvent, and device geometry.

Bonding solvente per la fabbricazione di PMMA e COP dispositivi microfluidici

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices offer many advantages over those made from silicone elastomers, but bonding procedures must be developed for each ...

The overall goal of this technique is to provide a simple and versatile method for fabricating thermoplastic microfluidic devices with high quality bonds. This solvent bonding procedure will allow us to fabricate well bonded and durable thermoplastic microfluidic devices for a variety of applications from microfluidic cell culture systems to prototypes for point of care diagnostic tools. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows us to quickly and easily bond thermoplastic device layers.The procedure can be easily adapted to bond different thermoplastic materials. Design and fabricate microfluidic device layers from the thermoplastic of choice, using an appropriate fabrication method. Visually inspect the device layers to ensure that edges are clean without burrs or ridges of leftover material from the fabrication process.For best results, check all machined microfeature edges, in addition to the outside edges of the device, under an optical microscope. If leftover material is found during visual inspection, use a razor blade or scalpel to carefully remove any material that prevents the device layers from lying flat against one another so that the interfaces of the layers come into conformal contact. Then, clean the device surfaces with laboratory soap and water.And, dry with compressed air. After submerging the device layers in 2-propanol for two minutes, dry them with compressed air. This video is demonstrated with poly methyl methacrylate, abbreviated PMMA.Please see the text protocol for slight alterations in the procedure when using cyclic olefin polymer, or COP. Preheat, a heated press to 70 degrees celsius and allow the temperature to stabilize. To prepare the solvent for bonding process, measure 0.5 milliliters of ethanol, per square inch of bonding area for PMMA.It's important that an appropriate volume of solvent is applied to the device layers because too much solvent can lead to challenges in aligning layers. Dispense 0.1 milliliters of solvent per square inch of bonding area between cleaned plastic layers and bring the layers together. Visually inspect the bonding interface for air bubbles, which are common and should be removed as much as possible.If bubbles are present, slide the two plastic layers along the bonding interface so that they nearly come apart. And, then, slide them back together. To align the layers of the device by hand, use fingers to align the outer edges of the device.If more accurate alignment is required, include L shaped corner brackets to hold the device layers together. Next, place the device with solvent into the preheated press and apply 2, 300 kPa of pressure for two minutes. Use tweezers to safely remove the hot device for inspection.Bonding is now complete. Finally, remove any remaining liquid in the device using compressed air. Shown here are representative results of a pair of device layers before cleaning and after cleaning.The device layers have been milled to remove burrs. A representative image of a device with solvent added shows bubbles present through the bonding surface that can inhibit bonding. Conversely, well distributed solvent that is free of bubbles leads to strong, high quality bonds.Rapid solvent evaporation, during heating, can lead to regions of unbonded material near free edges of the device, resulting in poor bond coverage, leaky microfluidic features, and low overall bond strength. These regions are visible as lighter patches with colored interference fringes. An optimized solvent plastic system achieves good bond coverage and strength and minimizes damage to microfeatures, while still properly sealing them.Once mastered, a new thermoplastic device design can be fabricated in as little as two hours if the bonding technique is done properly. Remember that working with cyclohexane can be hazardous and should be handled in a fume hood and while wearing personal protective equipment. After watching this video, you will have a simple and versatile method for fabricating thermoplastic microfluidic devices with high quality bonds that are leak free and appropriate for use in cell culture, in point of care diagnostic applications.

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

Fabbricazione di cavità uniformi su nanoscala tramite silicon direct wafer bonding

Measurements of the heat capacity and superfluid fraction of confined 4He have been performed near the lambda transition using lithographically patterned ...

Ricerca

Ingegneria

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Fabbricazione e la sperimentazione di microfluidici optomechanical Oscillatori

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Fabbricazione di gate-sintonizzabili dispositivi di grafene per effetto tunnel studi di microscopia con Coulomb impurità

Owing to its relativistic low-energy charge carriers, the interaction between graphene and various impurities leads to a wealth of new physics and degrees ...

Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Tecniche di misurazione termali in Analytical dispositivi microfluidici

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Realizzazione e di funzionamento dei dispositivi che supportano Acoustofluidic Bulk onde acustiche piedi per guaina di messa a fuoco di particelle

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

Fabbricazione di inorganici nanocristalli fotovoltaici dispositivi completamente Soluzione Processing

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flusso-assistita dielettroforesi: Un metodo a basso costo per la realizzazione di dispositivi ad alte prestazioni soluzione-processable Nanowire

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Pressione atmosferica fabbricazione di fiocchi di medie e grandi monostrato rettangolare SnSe

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

Generation of Size-controlled Poly (ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Generation of Size-controlled Poly ethylene Glycol Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Generazione di dimensione controllata poli (glicol etilenico) diacrilato goccioline tramite dispositivi microfluidici concentrandosi flusso Semi-3-dimensionale

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. ...

Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics

Fabbricazione di dispositivi rifrangenti-Indice-abbinati per biomedica microfluidica

The use of microfluidic devices has emerged as a defining tool for biomedical applications. When combined with modern microscopy techniques, these devices ...