Name: protocols for quantifying transferable pesticide residues in turfgrass systems
Uploaded: 2017-03-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems at JoVE.com

我们感谢Khalied艾哈迈德，莱尼麦克奈特和德鲁Pinnix现场和实验室的援助，以及湖惠勒草坪现场实验室的支持人员，包括达斯汀·科贝特和马蒂教区，保持研究领域。这项工作是部分由北卡罗莱纳州立大学的中心草坪环境研究和教育的支持。

1.田间鉴定和确定<ol><li>确定研究领域代表选择的草坪制度。特别是考虑适当草种和土壤类型，以及包括生育，灌溉和修剪高度管理实践。 </li><li>进行叶面和土壤基质的初步残渣分析，以确保所关注农药（多个）是不可检测的。 </li><li>铺陈情节适当尺寸网站和样品采集方法，并纳入0.5-1.0米的小巷上积边界，允许人员客流量。 注：简介尺寸可以根据特定于站点的条件而变化，但至少应为3.3 <...

<ol>
	<li>Milesi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+and+modeling+the+biogeochemical+cycling+of+turf+grasses+in+the+United+States.">Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States.</a> Environ. Manag. 36, 426-438 (2005).</li><li>Turgeon, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Turfgrass management. , (2008).</li><li>Cisar, J. L., Synder, R. H., Sartain, J. B., Borgert, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislodgeable+residues+of+chloropyrifos+and+isazofos+and+implications+for+golfer+exposure.">Dislodgeable residues of chloropyrifos and isazofos and implications for golfer exposure.</a> Int. Turf. Soc. 9, 12-18 (2001).</li><li>Morgan, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+and+children's+exposure+to+2,4-D+from+multiple+sources+and+pathways.">Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways.</a> J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 18 (5), 486-494 (2008).</li><li>. Overview of Risk assessment in the Pesticide Program [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0157-0003">https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0157-0003</a> (2016)</li><li>. OCSPP Harmonized Test Guidelines - Master List [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/ocspp-testguidelines_masterlist-2015-11-19.pdf">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/ocspp-testguidelines_masterlist-2015-11-19.pdf</a> (2015)</li><li>. Occupational and Residential Exposure Test Guidelines - OPPTS 875.1100 Dermal Exposure - Outdoor Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program">https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program</a> (1996)</li><li>Fuller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+California+roller+for+measuring+transferable+residues+on+treated+turfgrass.">Modified California roller for measuring transferable residues on treated turfgrass.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 787-794 (2001).</li><li>Klonne, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+five+transferable+turf+residue+methods.">Comparative study of five transferable turf residue methods.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 771-779 (2001).</li><li>Rosenheck, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+a+standardized+sampling+technique+for+pesticide+transferable+turf+residues.">Determination of a standardized sampling technique for pesticide transferable turf residues.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 780-786 (2001).</li><li>Kim, D. S., Marshall, E. J. P., Brain, P., Caseley, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+crop+canopy+structure+on+herbicide+deposition+and+performance.">Effects of crop canopy structure on herbicide deposition and performance.</a> Weed Res. 51 (3), 310-320 (2011).</li><li>Jeffries, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+influencing+dislodgeable+2,4-D+plant+residues+from+hybrid+bermudagrass+(Cynodon+dactylon+L.+x+C.+transvaalensis.)+athletic+fields.">Factors influencing dislodgeable 2,4-D plant residues from hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. x C. transvaalensis.) athletic fields.</a> PLoS One. 11 (2), 1-16 (2016).</li><li>Sears, M. K., Bowhey, C., Braun, H., Stephenson, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislodgeable+residues+and+persistence+of+diazinon,+chloropyrifos+and+isofenphos+following+their+application+to+turfgrass.">Dislodgeable residues and persistence of diazinon, chloropyrifos and isofenphos following their application to turfgrass.</a> Pestic. Sci. 20 (3), 223-232 (1987).</li><li>Campillo, C., Prieto, M. H., Daza, C., Mo&#324;ino, M. J., Garc&#237;a, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+digital+images+to+characterize+canopy+coverage+and+light+interception+in+a+processing+tomato+crop.">Using digital images to characterize canopy coverage and light interception in a processing tomato crop.</a> HortSci. 43 (6), 1780-1786 (2008).</li></ol>

调节机构还没有确定具体的方法，从草坪量化转让农药残留。本研究利用支持基于现场和曝光过程特定的标准不同的方法，因为他们都对人类的风险评估工具。然而，它们都具有局限性，研究人员应该认识到之前它们的使用。最后，草种目前尚未转让的农药残留协议规定一个选址参数，这项研究建立在以前的努力表明其列入应予说明。 所描述的足球滚动的方法是在整个采样?...

草坪草在美国本土（美国）超过16300000公顷增长-超过粮食灌溉的玉米联合区域[（ 玉米 L.）2500000公顷]，大豆[（ 大豆 L.）2100000公顷]和棉花[（ 陆地棉 ）0900000公顷] -和公众提供土地使用用途，包括田径场，商业/住宅草坪，高尔夫球场和公园1，2。他们提供了许多积极的社会属性，包括防尘，散热，娱乐的表面和土壤稳定。然而，可能会出现害虫侵害这需要使用农药（多个）的草皮维持在可接受的水平3。 在建立草坪系统截获植物冠层喷洒农药。人类接触杀虫剂通过各种途径是可能的，包括治疗已经转移getation直接到人，以及通过间接的途径，如转移到维修设备，宠物和游乐项目4,5。为了解决这样的担心，人类接触杀虫剂风险评估必须农药登记和重新登记之前在美国进行估算暴露于污染环境介质6不良健康影响的性质和概率。在目前由美国环保局采用的职业和住宅暴露试验的指导方针，叶面转让残留损耗测试（OPPTS 875.2100）会传导到可以通过各种方法转移到人的皮肤/服装或吸入7,8处理过的表面上量化农药残留。 以往的研究努力已经比较了几种叶面转让农药残留方法inclu丁加州辊（移动已知质量超过棉布的辊），拖动雪橇（拉已知质量的固体对象，具有连接到它一块布），聚氨酯泡沫辊（移动已知质量的辊覆盖有聚氨酯泡沫）和鞋改组（附着棉花纱布到鞋），这是在一个已知的区域内的所有进行农药处理的草坪草9，10，11，12。在上述方法中，根据加州辊的方法提供了最可重复的方法来量化叶面转让的农药残留;然而，同等更积极的方法，比如鞋洗牌可以传递更多的农药残留，其中也有在风险评估工具。手擦拭方法提供一个相对增强的联系独特的治疗草坪植被表面的能力。这种方法提供了更多的nondieta适用的数据RY农药吞食，手到口的接触与此的暴露途径相关的通用流程。 草坪篷动态物种和使用站点之间的差别很大。种在生长习性和季节通常会发生变化，以及刀片的质地和密度，这会影响农药喷雾拦截和生理过程3中 ，13。管理投入，才能使用网站之间有很大的不同，并根据现场具体期望使用的站点内。例如，狗牙根（ 狗牙根属）是在0.3至0.4厘米，以及一个灌溉的效用地面覆盖用在适于气候作为高尔夫球场球洞表面这是典型的灌溉和割每周（收集剪辑）&gt; 5倍可割的&lt;每周1次（剪报返回）在1.5至6.3厘米此前有研究表明转让叶面残留农药可以使用一个站点内的物种之间变化，并通过灌溉和割草做法14,15的影响。最终，草坪系统之间的变异抑制量化转让叶面残留农药的通用方法的实现。因此，方法选择，以优化人类的风险评估应该包括除害剂，流程 - ，现场和物种的具体标准。本研究的目的是表征用于量化转让叶面农药残留的各种方法，并突出显示应选择用于一个给定的实验的方法时，必须考虑的条件。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>General</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td>---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrile gloves</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coolers</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turf paint</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Field plot measuring equipment</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protective foot apparel</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman 3 MM Chr Chromatography Paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-716-3E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ball roll</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td>---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe (5 cm inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>531137</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hacksaw for PVC cutting</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>90 degree elbow (5 cm inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>RCE-2000-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tee coupler (5 cm inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>PVC024001600HD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC adhesive</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lag bolt (0.6 cm diameter by 7 cm length)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>801366</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Size 4 soccer ball</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure gauge</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand air pump</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fabric scissors</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scott Rags-In-A-Box</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>S-12809</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive tape</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 oz sealable glass jar</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand wipe</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td>---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% cotton heavyweight inspection gloves</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>S-19284</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital camera</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ software</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital scale that measures up to 400 g</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopwatch</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic bucket (23 cm diameter)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>209313</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16 oz sealable glass jar</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modifed California roller</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td>---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal conduit (1.25 cm diameter by 1.8 m length)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>101543</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC pipe (10 cm inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>531103</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sand + reebar to bring roller to 14.5 kg</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC plug</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>33403D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyurethane foam sheet (1.25 cm thick) to cover PVC pipe</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 mm painter&#39;s plastic</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexiglass sheet (107 cm length by 76 cm width by 0.6 cm thick)</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toggle clamps</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal nails (10 to 15 cm length) to secure frame to ground</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% cotton sheets (&#62; 200 threadcount)</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>32 oz sealable glass jar</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turfgrass vegetation core collection</td>
			<td>---</td>
			<td>---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lever action golf course cup cutter</td>
			<td>Par Aide Product Company</td>
			<td>1001-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knife</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiskars Herb Scissors</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>96086966J</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turf plug plastic container</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protocols for quantifying transferable pesticide residues in turfgrass systems

在建立了草坪系统植物冠层可以拦截喷洒杀虫剂，这可以通过各种途径被转移到人类可察觉量。为此，由美国国家环境保护局（USEPA）需要注册和重新注册转让的农药残留试验。尽管需要这样的实验，需要有限的特异性有关实验方法。在三个处理草种用来评估农药转移到人类，包括手用棉手套擦实验方法，修改加利福尼亚辊（移动已知质量比棉布的辊）和足球球滚动（球包裹着吸附剂条）（匍匐翦股颖，杂种狗牙根，分别维持在0.4，5和9厘米高羊茅）给出。改性加利福尼亚辊是最广泛使用的方法来日期，是最适合于采用在低割草高度由于其再现性和大取样区。足球滚动是一个不太积极的传输方式;但是，它模仿了国际最流行的体育运动很普遍的情况，并有从手到口接触非饮食农药暴露很多问题。此外，这种方法可能具有有限的修改其他运动活动进行调节。手抹是在更高的修剪高度转让农药，基于辊的方法才能奠定在叶片的最佳方法;然而，这是由于更多的可变取样压力比较主观。横跨草坪草这些方法的效用提出，并额外考虑进行转让的农药残留研究草坪系统进行了讨论。

在转移单农药残留方法中的前期研究工作的单一草坪系统内比较转让农药残留的方法，以及草坪系统的基础上，实地研究（发起的2016年5月24日在北卡罗来纳州罗利市，美国）进行跨比较方法草坪系统。总之，2,4-D，使用常用于草坪系统一个阔叶除草剂，从三个草坪草物种（匍匐翦股颖转移， 匍匐翦股颖 L。;杂交狗牙根， 狗牙根属点¯xC. transvaalensis伯特...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems at JoVE.com

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

在草坪系统转让的农药残留试验是人类风险评估的组成部分。测量转让残实验方法应调整到感兴趣和草坪草系统动力学的人工交互。三个转让农药残留协议提出并在三种草坪草系统的适用性进行了讨论。

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全细胞Bioreporter方法​​评估交通有机污染物的生物利用度和水饱和系统

Bioavailability of contaminants is a prerequisite for their effective biodegradation in soil. The average bulk concentration of a contaminant, however, is ...

科研

环境科学

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph EPG for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

在电气贯穿图（EPG）的韧皮部筛分子获取和测量电信号中的新应用

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of ...

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

协议的鲁棒抗除草剂试验在不同杂草

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented ...

Extracting Metrics for Three-dimensional Root Systems: Volume and Surface Analysis from In-soil X-ray Computed Tomography Data

从在土X射线计算机断层扫描数据量和表面分析：提取指标三维根系

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to ...

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for the Real-driving Emissions (RDE) Regulation in Europe

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe

便携式排放测量系统（PEMS）在欧洲的真实驾驶排放（RDE）规例的执行情况

Vehicles are tested in controlled and relatively narrow laboratory conditions to determine their official emission values and reference fuel consumption. ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

RGB and Spectral Root Imaging for Plant Phenotyping and Physiological Research: Experimental Setup and Imaging Protocols

RGB 和光谱根成像植物表型和生理研究： 实验装置和成像协议

Better understanding of plant root dynamics is essential to improve resource use efficiency of agricultural systems and increase the resistance of crop ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

利用水下立体视频工具量化鱼类密度的新方法研究进展

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

Ecosystem Fabrication (EcoFAB) Protocols for The Construction of Laboratory Ecosystems Designed to Study Plant-microbe Interactions

Ecosystem Fabrication EcoFAB Protocols for The Construction of Laboratory Ecosystems Designed to Study Plant-microbe Interactions

用于研究植物-微生物相互作用的实验室生态系统制造 (EcoFAB) 协议

Beneficial plant-microbe interactions offer a sustainable biological solution with the potential to boost low-input food and bioenergy production. A ...

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine

检测幼虫行为反应剖面的实验协议: 在神经刺激咖啡因中的应用

Fish models and behaviors are increasingly used in the biomedical sciences; however, fish have long been the subject of ecological, physiological and ...