Name: directed differentiation of primitive and definitive hematopoietic progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells
Uploaded: 2017-11-01T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde er blevet støttet af Department of Internal Medicine, Division af hæmatologi, Washington University School of Medicine. CD blev støttet af T32HL007088 fra National Heart, Lung, og Blood Institute. CMS blev støttet af en amerikansk samfund hæmatologi Scholar Award.

1. reagenser <ol><li>Hent celle linier; hESCs eller hiPSCs 1, mus embryonale fibroblaster (MEFs) 29, OP9-DL4 stroma 30 , 31.</li> <li>reagens <ol><li>fremstilles en 0,1% w/v opløsning af gelatine i PBS. Steriliseres ved autoklavering og opbevares ved 4 ° C efter aliquoting.
		<ol><li>Forbered gelatine-belagt plasticware. Pels 6-godt retter med 1,5 mL af 0,1% gelatine løsning. Inkuber i 15 ...

<ol>
	<li>Thomson, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+stem+cell+lines+derived+from+human+blastocysts.">Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.</a> Science. 282 (5391), 1145-1147 (1998).</li><li>Murry, C. E., Keller, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+to+clinically+relevant+populations:+lessons+from+embryonic+development.">Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to clinically relevant populations: lessons from embryonic development.</a> Cell. 132 (4), 661-680 (2008).</li><li>Ditadi, A., Sturgeon, C. M., Keller, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+view+of+human+haematopoietic+development+from+the+Petri+dish.">A view of human haematopoietic development from the Petri dish.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 18 (1), 56-67 (2017).</li><li>Chen, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Erythroid/myeloid+progenitors+and+hematopoietic+stem+cells+originate+from+distinct+populations+of+endothelial+cells.">Erythroid/myeloid progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells originate from distinct populations of endothelial cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 9 (6), 541-552 (2011).</li><li>McGrath, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+Sources+of+Hematopoietic+Progenitors+Emerge+before+HSCs+and+Provide+Functional+Blood+Cells+in+the+Mammalian+Embryo.">Distinct Sources of Hematopoietic Progenitors Emerge before HSCs and Provide Functional Blood Cells in the Mammalian Embryo.</a> Cell Rep. 11 (12), 1892-1904 (2015).</li><li>McGrath, K. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haematopoietic+stem+cells+derive+directly+from+aortic+endothelium+during+development.">Haematopoietic stem cells derive directly from aortic endothelium during development.</a> Nature. 464 (7285), 108-111 (2010).</li><li>Hadland, B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+requirement+for+Notch1+distinguishes+2+phases+of+definitive+hematopoiesis+during+development.">A requirement for Notch1 distinguishes 2 phases of definitive hematopoiesis during development.</a> Blood. 104 (10), 3097-3105 (2004).</li><li>Kumano, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch1+but+not+Notch2+is+essential+for+generating+hematopoietic+stem+cells+from+endothelial+cells.">Notch1 but not Notch2 is essential for generating hematopoietic stem cells from endothelial cells.</a> Immunity. 18 (5), 699-711 (2003).</li><li>Medvinsky, A., Rybtsov, S., Taoudi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+origin+of+the+adult+hematopoietic+system:+advances+and+questions.">Embryonic origin of the adult hematopoietic system: advances and questions.</a> Development. 138 (6), 1017-1031 (2011).</li><li>Robert-Moreno, A., Espinosa, L., de la Pompa, J. L., Bigas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RBPjkappa-dependent+Notch+function+regulates+Gata2+and+is+essential+for+the+formation+of+intra-embryonic+hematopoietic+cells.">RBPjkappa-dependent Notch function regulates Gata2 and is essential for the formation of intra-embryonic hematopoietic cells.</a> Development. 132 (5), 1117-1126 (2005).</li><li>Chadwick, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokines+and+BMP-4+promote+hematopoietic+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Cytokines and BMP-4 promote hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.</a> Blood. 102 (3), 906-915 (2003).</li><li>Davis, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+a+GFP+reporter+gene+to+the+MIXL1+locus+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+identifies+human+primitive+streak-like+cells+and+enables+isolation+of+primitive+hematopoietic+precursors.">Targeting a GFP reporter gene to the MIXL1 locus of human embryonic stem cells identifies human primitive streak-like cells and enables isolation of primitive hematopoietic precursors.</a> Blood. 111 (4), 1876-1884 (2008).</li><li>Kaufman, D. S., Hanson, E. T., Lewis, R. L., Auerbach, R., Thomson, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+colony-forming+cells+derived+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Hematopoietic colony-forming cells derived from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98 (19), 10716-10721 (2001).</li><li>Kennedy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+lymphocyte+potential+marks+the+emergence+of+definitive+hematopoietic+progenitors+in+human+pluripotent+stem+cell+differentiation+cultures.">T lymphocyte potential marks the emergence of definitive hematopoietic progenitors in human pluripotent stem cell differentiation cultures.</a> Cell Rep. 2 (6), 1722-1735 (2012).</li><li>Ledran, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+hematopoietic+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+on+stromal+cells+derived+from+hematopoietic+niches.">Efficient hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on stromal cells derived from hematopoietic niches.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3 (1), 85-98 (2008).</li><li>Ng, E. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+primitive+streak+gene+Mixl1+is+required+for+efficient+haematopoiesis+and+BMP4-induced+ventral+mesoderm+patterning+in+differentiating+ES+cells.">The primitive streak gene Mixl1 is required for efficient haematopoiesis and BMP4-induced ventral mesoderm patterning in differentiating ES cells.</a> Development. 132 (5), 873-884 (2005).</li><li>Pick, M., Azzola, L., Mossman, A., Stanley, E. G., Elefanty, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+in+serum-free+medium+reveals+distinct+roles+for+bone+morphogenetic+protein+4,+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor,+stem+cell+factor,+and+fibroblast+growth+factor+2+in+hematopoiesis.">Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in serum-free medium reveals distinct roles for bone morphogenetic protein 4, vascular endothelial growth factor, stem cell factor, and fibroblast growth factor 2 in hematopoiesis.</a> Stem Cells. 25 (9), 2206-2214 (2007).</li><li>Vodyanik, M. A., Bork, J. A., Thomson, J. A., Slukvin, I. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+CD34++cells:+efficient+production+in+the+coculture+with+OP9+stromal+cells+and+analysis+of+lymphohematopoietic+potential.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived CD34+ cells: efficient production in the coculture with OP9 stromal cells and analysis of lymphohematopoietic potential.</a> Blood. 105 (2), 617-626 (2005).</li><li>Vodyanik, M. A., Thomson, J. A., Slukvin, I. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukosialin+(CD43)+defines+hematopoietic+progenitors+in+human+embryonic+stem+cell+differentiation+cultures.">Leukosialin (CD43) defines hematopoietic progenitors in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures.</a> Blood. 108 (6), 2095-2105 (2006).</li><li>Yu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+enhances+the+generation+of+hematopoietic+progenitors+from+human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+hemato-vascular+precursors.">Retinoic acid enhances the generation of hematopoietic progenitors from human embryonic stem cell-derived hemato-vascular precursors.</a> Blood. 116 (23), 4786-4794 (2010).</li><li>Zambidis, E. T., Peault, B., Park, T. S., Bunz, F., Civin, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+progresses+through+sequential+hematoendothelial,+primitive,+and+definitive+stages+resembling+human+yolk+sac+development.">Hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells progresses through sequential hematoendothelial, primitive, and definitive stages resembling human yolk sac development.</a> Blood. 106 (3), 860-870 (2005).</li><li>Sturgeon, C. M., Ditadi, A., Awong, G., Kennedy, M., Keller, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wnt+Signaling+Controls+the+Specification+of+Definitive+and+Primitive+Hematopoiesis+From+Human+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells.">Wnt Signaling Controls the Specification of Definitive and Primitive Hematopoiesis From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 32 (6), 554-561 (2014).</li><li>Choi, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+hemogenic+endothelial+progenitor+and+its+direct+precursor+in+human+pluripotent+stem+cell+differentiation+cultures.">Identification of the hemogenic endothelial progenitor and its direct precursor in human pluripotent stem cell differentiation cultures.</a> Cell Rep. 2 (3), 553-567 (2012).</li><li>Ditadi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Definitive+Haemogenic+Endothelium+and+Arterial+Vascular+Endothelium+Represent+Distinct+Lineages.">Human Definitive Haemogenic Endothelium and Arterial Vascular Endothelium Represent Distinct Lineages.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 17 (5), 580-591 (2015).</li><li>Conner, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+embryo+fibroblast+(MEF)+feeder+cell+preparation.">Mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) feeder cell preparation.</a> Curr Protoc Mol Biol. Chapter 23, (2001).</li><li>La Motte-Mohs, R. N., Herer, E., Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+T-cell+development+from+human+cord+blood+hematopoietic+stem+cells+by+Delta-like+1+in+vitro.">Induction of T-cell development from human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells by Delta-like 1 in vitro.</a> Blood. 105 (4), 1431-1439 (2005).</li><li>Schmitt, T. 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Denne protokol beskriver en hurtig, serumfrit, stroma-fri metode til differentiering af enten primitive eller endelige hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen. Mesodermale specifikation af enten primitive eller endelige hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen kan opnås pålideligt, ved hjælp af vores protokol, som entydigt udnytter lille molekyle hæmmere af canonical WNT signalering. Fase-specifikke WNT aktivering af GSK3β hæmmer CHIR9902133 giver anledning til endelige hæmatopoietisk mesoderm, hvorimod WNT hæmnin...

Humane pluripotente stamceller (hPSCs) defineres som omfattende både humane embryonale stamceller (hESCs) og menneskeligt inducerede pluripotente stamceller (hiPSCs), og har den unikke evne til ikke kun undergår selvfornyelse under passende vækstbetingelser, men også kapacitet til at differentiere sig til alle celletyper stammer fra de tre Kim lag: endoderm, mesoderm og ectoderm1. På grund af disse unikke evner holder hPSCs meget lovende for regenerativ medicin, sygdom modellering og cellebaserede behandlinger2. Mens flere celletyper har med succes blevet differentieret fra hPSCs, er en betydelig udfordring i vitro specifikationen af udelukkende voksen-lignende hPSC-afledte hæmatopoietisk stamceller (HSCs) og endelig hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen.
En sandsynlig barriere for udvikling af menneskelige HSCs fra hPSCs er tilstedeværelsen af flere hæmatopoietisk programmer inden for det menneskelige embryo3. Det første program, som opstår, betegnes "primitive bloddannelsen," stammer senest extraembryonic blommesækken væv og kendetegnes bedst ved sin forbigående produktion af erythroblast ophav (EryP-CFC), makrofager og megakaryocytes. Navnlig dette program giver ikke anledning til HSCs, eller giver det anledning til T og B lymfoide stamceller. Dog give blommesækken forbigående anledning til begrænsede endelige hæmatopoietisk progenitorceller, såsom erythro-myeloid stamfader (EMP4,5,6,7,8) og erythroid-mangelfuld lymfoide-pulverlak Multipotente stamfader (LMPP9). Men hverken EMPs eller LMPPs er fuldt multipotente, eller i stand til af HSC-lignende engraftment i voksen modtagere. Derimod senere i udvikling, er klassisk defineret "endelige" hæmatopoietisk programmet angivet i regionen aorta-gonade-mesonephros af embryonet korrekt, giver anledning til alle voksne hæmatopoietisk lineages, herunder HSC. Specifikation af disse intra embryonale endelige hæmatopoietisk celler opstår i en hak-afhængige mode, via en endotel til hæmatopoietisk overgang fra hemogenic endotelet (han)3,10,11 ,12,13,14. Bortset fra rekonstitution kapacitet, kan multilineage potentielle og hak-afhængighed af disse celler bruges til at skelne disse endelige hæmatopoietisk ophav fra EMP og LMPP (gennemgik i referencer3,13 ).
Forståelse af de mekanismer, der regulerer primitive og endelige hæmatopoietisk specifikation fra hPSCs er sandsynligvis afgørende for reproducerbare produktion af endelige hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen på tværs af en bred vifte af hPSC linjer. Indtil for nylig, fandtes hPSC differentiering protokoller, der kunne adskille Multipotente primitive og endelige hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen ikke15,16,17,18, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25. Mange tilgange ved hjælp af føtal bovint serum (FBS) og/eller stromale Co kultur først skitserede hPSC differentiering, hæmatopoietisk potentiale med blandinger af primitive og endelige hæmatopoietisk potentielle15,16, 17,19,22,23,25. Yderligere, mange serumfrit hæmatopoietisk protokoller har beskrevet signal krav til specifikationen af mesoderm fra hPSCs, at havne hæmatopoietisk potentielle18,20,21, 24. dog som disse metoder stadig gav anledning til heterogene blandinger af begge programmer, deres anvendelse i kliniske applikationer og forståelse udviklingsmæssige mekanismer kan være begrænset.
Vi har for nylig bygget på disse undersøgelser, har skitseret de fase-specifikke signal krav til ACTIVIN/NODAL og WNT signalering i primitive og endelige hæmatopoietisk specifikation fra hPSC-afledte mesoderm18,26 . Sidstnævnte var særlig enestående, da dens anvendelse af fase-specifikke WNT signal manipulation giver mulighed for specifikation af enten udelukkende primitive eller udelukkende endelige hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen26. Under mesoderm specifikation, hæmning af canonical WNT signalering med PORCN hæmmer IWP2 resulterer i specifikationen af CD43+ EryP-CFC og myeloide progenitorceller, med ingen påviselige lymfoide potentiale. I skarp kontrast, stimulering af canonical WNT signalering med GSK3β-hæmmer, CHIR99021, under den samme fase af differentiering resulterede i den fuldstændige mangel på påviselig CD43+ EryP-CFC, mens han samtidig førte til den specifikation af CD34+CD43− han. Denne populationen besad myeloid, HBG-udtrykker erythroid og T-lymfoide potentiale. Efterfølgende analyser identificeret dette var han som mangler udtryk for CD7327,28 og CD18428, og dens hæmatopoietisk potentiale NOTCH-afhængige28. Yderligere, enkelt celle klonede analyser viste, at disse endelige hæmatopoietisk lineages kunne udledes af Multipotente enkelt celler28. Taget sammen, tyder disse undersøgelser på, at fase-specifikke WNT signalering manipulation kan angive enten ren primitive hæmatopoietisk progenitorceller, eller Multipotente NOTCH-afhængige endelige hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen.
Her, skitsere vi vores differentiering strategi, der giver udelukkende primitive eller endelige hæmatopoietisk progenitorceller, via manipulation af canonical WNT signalering under mesodermale mønstre, og deres downstream hæmatopoietisk lineage assays. Denne protokol er af stor værdi for efterforskere, der er interesseret i produktion af enten primitive eller endelige hæmatopoietisk ophav fra hPSCs for regenerativ medicin programmer.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium (IMD)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), ES cell rated</td>
			<td>Gemini Bioproducts</td>
			<td>100-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30396.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine, 200 mM solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15070-063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.05% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin, porcine skin, Type A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alpha-MEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12000-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-092-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knock-out serum replacement</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>&#34;KOSR&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-essential amino acids (NEAA)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>b-mercaptoethanol, 55 mM solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fraction V, Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F12</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement, no vitamin A</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12587010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stempro-34 (SP34)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10639011</td>
			<td>&#34;SP34&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth factor reduced Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td>&#34;MAT&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-absorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human serum transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10652202001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monothioglycerol (MTG)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase B</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11088831001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase II</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17101015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNaseI</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>260913</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>233-FB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMP4</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>314-BP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activin A</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>338-AC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VEGF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>293-VE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>255-SC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IGF-1</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>291-G1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-3</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>203-IL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-6</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>206-IL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-7</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>207-IL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-11</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>218-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TPO</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>288-TP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPO</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-64</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flt-3 ligand (FLT3-L)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>308-FK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>4423</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IWP2</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>3533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Angiotensin II</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Losartan Potassium</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>3798</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4 PerCP Cy5.5 Clone RPA-T4</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560650</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:100; T cell assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8 PE Clone RPA-T8</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561950</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:10; T cell assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34 APC Clone 8G12</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>340441</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:100; EHT assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34 PE-Cy7 Clone 8G12</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>348801</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:100; Hemogenic endothelium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD43 FITC Clone 1G10</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555475</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:10; Hemogenic endothelium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45 APC-Cy7 Clone 2D1</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>557833</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:50; T cell assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45 eFluor450 Clone 2D1</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>642284</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:50; EHT assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD56 APC Clone B159</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555518</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:20; T cell assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD73 PE Clone AD2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>550257</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:50; Hemogenic endothelium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD184 APC Clone 12G5</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555976</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:50; Hemogenic endothelium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>564907</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:10,000; T cell assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OP9 DL4 cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Holmes, R. and J.C. Zuniga-Pflucker. Cold Spring Harb Protoc, 2009. 2009(2): p. pdb prot5156</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MethoCult H4034</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>4034</td>
			<td>&#34;MeC&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-Q water purification system</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5% CO2 incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Set at 37 C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multigas incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Set at 37 C, 5% CO2, 5% O2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353226</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well low-adherence tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well low-adherence tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt-end needle, 16 gauge</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>305198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 cc syringes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>309657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL polypropylene test tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL polystyrene test tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL polypropylene conical</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL polypropylene conical</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL serological pipette</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357507</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL serological pipette</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4487</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL serological pipette</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4488</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mL serological pipette</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4489</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scrapers</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.0 mL cryovials</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430488</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL test tube with 40 &#181;M cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 &#181;M cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafety hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS AriaII or equivalent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSRii or equivalent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo software</td>
			<td>TreeStar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Set at 37 C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;M filtration system</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 C refrigerator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-20 C Freezer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-80 C Freezer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

directed differentiation of primitive and definitive hematopoietic progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells

Et af de vigtigste mål for regenerativ medicin er generation og vedligeholdelse af hæmatopoietisk stamceller (HSCs) afledt af humane pluripotente stamceller (hPSCs). Indtil for nylig, har indsatsen for at differentiere hPSCs i HSCs overvejende genereret hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen, der mangle HSC potentiale, og i stedet ligner blommesækken bloddannelsen. Disse resulterende hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen kan have begrænset nytte for in vitro- sygdom modellering af forskellige voksen hæmatopoietisk lidelser, navnlig til lymfoid lineages. Dog har vi for nylig beskrevet metoder til at generere erythro-myelo-lymfoide multilineage endelige hæmatopoietisk ophav fra hPSCs ved hjælp af en fase-specifikke styret differentiering protokol, som vi skitsere her. Gennem enzymatisk dissociation af hPSCs på basalmembranen matrix-belagt plasticware dannes embryoid organer (EBs). EBs er differentieret til mesoderm af rekombinante BMP4, som efterfølgende er fastsat til den endelige hæmatopoietisk program GSK3β-hæmmer, CHIR99021. Alternativt, primitive bloddannelsen er angivet ved PORCN-hæmmer, IWP2. Bloddannelsen drives videre gennem tilsætning af rekombinant VEGF og støttende hæmatopoietisk cytokiner. De resulterende hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen genereret ved hjælp af denne metode har potentiale til at blive brugt til sygdom og udviklingsmæssige modellering, in vitro.

En skematisk skildrer induktion af primitive og endelige hæmatopoietisk ophav fra hPSCs er illustreret i figur 1. Mesoderm mønster af canonical WNT signalering opstår under 2-3 dage af differentiering, efterfulgt af hæmatopoietisk stamfader specifikation.
Repræsentative flow cytometric analyse og kolonidannende methylcellulose assays af hPSC-afledte hæmatopoietisk differentiering kulturer er v...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Vi præsenterer her, humane pluripotente stamceller (hPSC) kultur protokoller, bruges til at differentiere hPSCs i CD34+ hæmatopoietisk stamfaderen. Denne metode bruger fase-specifikke manipulation af canonical WNT signalering til at angive celler udelukkende til enten det endelige eller primitive hæmatopoietisk program.

Instrueret differentiering af Primitive og endelige hæmatopoietisk ophav fra humane pluripotente stamceller

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

The overall goal of this method is to direct the Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells toward the Primitive or Definitive Hematopoietic Program using a stage specific signal manipulation approach. This method can address many key questions in the field, such as understanding the signal and transcriptional regulators of human definitive hematopoiesis. The main advantage of this technique is that it uses stage specific manipulation instantly.Demonstrating this procedure is Carissa Dege, a post doc in my laboratory. To begin the protocol, obtain previously prepared Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines or HPSCs grown on mouse embryonic fiberblasts or MEFs to 70%to 80%confluency in a 37-degree Celsius incubator with five percent CO2. Aspirate the HPSC media and add one milliliter of 37-degree Celsius 0.25%Trypsin EDTA to each well for one minute.After one minute, aspirate the Trypsin and add one milliliter of stock media to each well. Using a cell scraper, scrape the cells off the plate. Then, add one milliliter of wash buffer to each well.With a two-milliliter serological pipette, triturate the cells three to five times to break up large clumps. And transfer the cells to a 50-milliliter conical tube. Centrifuge the HPSCs at 330 x G for five minutes.After the spin, add HPSC media and re-suspend the cells. Next, add two milliliters of re-suspended HPSCs to each well of the MAT-coded plasticware and incubate the cells overnight. After 24 hours, aspirate the media and replace it with 37-degree Celsius 0.05%Trypsin EDTA for one minute.Aspirate the Trypsin EDTA. Add one milliliter stock media and scrape the cells vigorously with a cell scraper. Then add one milliliter of wash media.With a two-milliliter serological pipette, triturate the cells three times and transfer them to a 50-milliliter conical tube. Centrifuge the cells at 220 x G for five minutes. Then aspirate the media, add 20 milliliters of wash media and use a five milliliter serological pipette to gently re-suspend the cells.After centrifugation and aspiration, carefully re-suspend the Embryoid Bodies or EBs in Day Zero media. Dispense two milliliters of differentiation media containing EBs into each well of a six-well low-adherence cell culture dish using a ten-milliliter serological pipette. Place the EBs into a 37-degree Celsius five percent CO2, five percent O2 multigas incubator.Twenty four hours later, add two milliliters Day One media. Incubate the cells overnight in a multigas incubator. After 18 hours, gently harvest the EBs with a five-milliliter serological pipette and spin them at 100 x G for five minutes.Wash and combine the entire culture with ten milliliters of Iscove's Modified Dulbecco Medium or IMDM. After spinning the culture again at 100 X G for five minutes to remove debris, aspirate the media. Gently re-suspend the EBs with Day Two Media using a P1000 pipette.Then dispense two milliliters of the EBs per well into six-well low-adherence cell culture plates. Add three micromolar CHIR99021 or IWP2 to specify definitive or primitive hematopoetic progenitors respectively. Incubate the plate in a 37-degree Celsius multigas incubator for 30 hours.After 30 hours, isolate the EBs with a two-milliliter serological pipette by transferring them to a 50-milliliter conical tube and centifuging them at 330 x G for five minutes. Gently re-suspend the EBs and wash them with 10 milliliters of IMDM. Re-suspend the EBs in Day Three Media and dispense two milliliters into each well of low-adherence six-well plates.Incubate the cells in a 37-degree Celsius multigas incubator for 72 hours. After 72 hours of incubation, add two milliliters of Day Six Media to each well. Then incubate the EBs in a 37-degree Celsius multigas incubator for an additional 48 hours.Isolate the CHIR99021-treated EBs on day eight of differentiation and proceed to the next section. Centrifuge the EBs at 330 x G for five minutes. Aspirate the supernatant.Next add two milliliters of 0.25%Trypsin EDTA to the EBs. Vortex the EBs for five seconds and incubate the Ebs in a 37-degree Celsius water bath for eight minutes. Then add five milliliters of stop solution and centrifuge the EBs.Then aspirate the supernatant. Re-suspend the EBs in five milliliters of Collagenase II.Vortex the tube for five seconds and then incubate the EBs in a 37-degree Celsius water bath. After 60 minutes, vortex the EBs for five seconds and add five milliliters of stop solution.After centrifugation, aspirate the supernatant and re-suspend the cells in one milliliter of FACS buffer. Pass the cells thru a 40-micron cell strainer to remove undissociated cell clumps. Proceed with antibody labelling and FACS isolation of CD34-positive hemogenic endothelial progenitors.Following FACS isolation, resuspend the cells in HE media. Distribute the cells in 50-microliter aliquots in a 96-well low-adherence culture plate and then incubate the cells overnight. The next morning, the hematopoietic progenitors should aggregate into clumps of six to ten cells.Gently transfer the 50-miroliter volumes of re-aggregated cells into the center of a 24-well MAT-coded plate. Gently place the plate in the multigas incubator for four to six hours until the cells are attached. After four to six hours, to allow for cells to attach, slowly add one milliliter of freshly prepared HE media to each well.Incubate the cells in the multigas incubator until the hematopoetic cells are visible. Next harvest the definitive hematopoetic progenitors by gently removing the HE media from the cells and passing through a 40-micron cell strainer to collect flow-through. For the remaining adherent cells, add 0.5 milliliters 0.25%Trypsin EDTA to the cells and incubate them in a 37-degree Celsius incubator for five minutes.After Trypsinization, add 0.5 milliliters of stop solution to each well. Pass the cells through the same 40-micron cell strainer to pool all adherent and non-adherent cells together and spin the cells. Add 2, 000 to 10, 000 FACS isolated cells to one well of the OP9 DL4 cells in OP9 media.Incubate in a 37-degree Celsius, 5%CO2 incubator. To passage the cells every four to five days, triturate the cells with a one-milliliter pipette. Pass through a 40-micron filter to remove clumps.After centrifugation, aspirate the media. Re-suspend the cells in two milliliters of fresh T-cell media and place them on fresh OP9 DL4 cells. After at least 21 days of cold culture, triturate the cells vigorously and pass through a 40-micron filter to remove cell debris.Centrifuge at 330 x G for five minutes and aspirate the supernatant and then continue with standard flow cytometry. Flow cytometry shows that IWP2-treated differentiation cultures, yield a distinct CD34 positive, CD43 negative and CD34 low CD43 positive population. While CHIR-treated differentiation cultures have less than 1%CD43 positive cells on day eight of differentiation.Primitive hematopoietic progenitors derived under IWP2 conditions isolated on day nine will give rise to predominantly primitive erythroid and myeloid progenitors in the methylcellulose assays. The CD34 positive CD43 negative population derived from the CHIR99021 treatment is a heterogeneous population containing endothelial progenitors as well as CD34 positive, CD43 negative, CD73 negative, CD184 negative hemogenic endothelium, which when isolated by FACS will initially form a monolayer of endothelial-like cells that then undergoes an endothelial to hematopoietic transition resulting in round, refractile, non-adherent hematopoietic cells. These hematopoietic cells can be assessed by flow cytometry for the expression of CD34 and CD45.Hematopoietic progenitors isolated from the EHT assays can be used in methylcellulose assays and give rise to large, burst-like, erythroid colony forming units, small erythroid colony forming units and myeloid progenitors. These representative flow cytometric analyses of the T-lymphocyte assays potential from CHIR99021-derived CD34 positive, CD43 negative, CD73 negative, CD184 negative hematopoietic progenitors and IWP2-derived CD34 positive, CD43 negative hematopoietic progenitors show the presence of a CD45 positive, CD56 negative, CD4 positive, CD8 positive population in CHIR-derived progenitors indicative of the hematopoietic potential within the input CD34 positive population. After watching this video, you should have good understanding of how to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells towards primitive or definitive amount of hematopoietic progenitors.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Storstilet produktion af cardiomyocytter fra menneskelige pluripotente stamceller Ved hjælp af en meget reproducerbar lille molekyle-Based Differentiering Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Effektiv Differentiering af pluripotente stamceller til NKX6-1<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Pankreatisk progenitorer

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Trophoblastic Cells

In vitro differentiering af humane pluripotente stamceller til trofoblastceller

The placenta is the first organ to develop during embryogenesis and is required for the survival of the developing embryo. The placenta is comprised of ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Hurtig, instrueret differentiering af retinale Pigment epitel celler fra menneskelige embryonale eller induceret pluripotente stamceller

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of First Heart Field-like Cardiac Progenitors and Ventricular-like Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation af første hjertet felt-lignende hjerte ophav og ventrikel-lignende Cardiomyocytes fra humane pluripotente stamceller

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is ...

Efficient and Scalable Directed Differentiation of Clinically Compatible Corneal Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Effektiv og skalerbar styret differentiering af klinisk kompatibel hornhinde Limbal epitelial stamceller fra humane pluripotente stamceller

Corneal limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) are responsible for continuously renewing the corneal epithelium, and thus maintaining corneal homeostasis ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

Effektiv differentiering af humane pluripotente stamceller i leverceller

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

I Vitro Generation af Somite derivater fra menneskelige induceret celler pluripotente stamceller

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Hemogenic Endothelium Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in A Feeder- and Xeno-free Defined Condition

Hemogen endothelium differentiering fra humane pluripotente stamceller i en feeder-og Xeno-fri defineret tilstand

Deriving functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been an elusive goal for autologous ...

Transient Treatment of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with DMSO to Promote Differentiation

Forbigående behandling af humane pluripotente stamceller med DMSO for at fremme differentiering

Despite the growing use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), challenges in efficiently differentiating embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and ...