Name: spark plasma sintering apparatus used for the formation of strontium titanate bicrystals
Uploaded: 2017-02-09T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals at JoVE.com

LHは感謝UCデービス校1148897.電子顕微鏡特性評価およびSPS処理は財政的にカリフォルニア大学の研究室料賞（＃12-LR-238313）によってサポートされていました助成金番号の下に米国国立科学財団大学院研究フェローシップによって財政支援を認めます。 分子ファウンドリーでの作業は、契約番号DE-AC02-05CH11231下で米国エネルギー省の科学、エネルギー基本科学のオフィスのオフィスによってサポートされていました。

単結晶チタン酸ストロンチウムの1サンプルの調製注：単結晶STOは、鏡面仕上げに研磨（100）面に供給されます。 <ol><li>ダイヤモンドワイヤーソーを用いて、5×5ミリメートル2片にセクションSTO。 </li><li> 15分ごとに、アセトン、イソプロパノール、およびメタノールの浴中の連続50〜60 Hzの超音波洗浄サンプル。 </li><li>直ちに200℃の温度に保持したホットプレー?...

<ol>
	<li>Munir, Z. A., Anselmi-Tamburini, U., Ohyanagi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+electric+field+and+pressure+on+the+synthesis+and+consolidation+of+materials:+A+review+of+the+spark+plasma+sintering+method.">The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method.</a> J. Mater. Sci. 41 (3), 763-777 (2006).</li><li>Chen, W., Anselmi-Tamburini, U., Garay, J. E., Groza, J. R., Munir, Z. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamental+investigations+on+the+spark+plasma+sintering/synthesis+process:+I.+Effect+of+dc+pulsing+on+reactivity.">Fundamental investigations on the spark plasma sintering/synthesis process: I. Effect of dc pulsing on reactivity.</a> Mater. Sci. Eng. 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Mater. 4 (6), 605-611 (2003).</li><li>Hirose, S., Nishimura, H., Niimi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+switching+effect+in+Nb-doped+SrTiO[sub+3]+(100)+bicrystal+with+(100)+&#8764;45&#176;+twist+boundary.">Resistance switching effect in Nb-doped SrTiO[sub 3] (100) bicrystal with (100) &#8764;45&#176; twist boundary.</a> J. App. Phys. 106 (4), 043711-043716 (2009).</li><li>Hutt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Doctoral Thesis. , (2002).</li><li>Brunner, D., Taeri-Baghbadrani, S., Sigle, W., Ruhle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suprising+Results+of+a+Studay+on+the+Plasticity+in+Strontium+Titanate.">Suprising Results of a Studay on the Plasticity in Strontium Titanate.</a> J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 84 (5), 1161-1163 (2001).</li><li>Gumbsch, P., Taeri-Baghbadrani, S., Brunner, D., Sigle, W., Ruhle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+and+an+inverse+brittle-to-ductile+transition+in+strontium+titanate.">Plasticity and an inverse brittle-to-ductile transition in strontium titanate.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (8), 085501-085504 (2001).</li><li>Taeri, S., Brunner, D., Sigle, W., Ruhle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformation+Behavior+of+Strontium+Titanate+between+Room+Temperature+and+1800K+under+Ambient+Pressure.">Deformation Behavior of Strontium Titanate between Room Temperature and 1800K under Ambient Pressure.</a> Z. Metallkd. 95, 433-446 (2004).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Ohtomo, A., Kawasaki, M., Koinuma, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+Processing+and+Characterization+of+SrTiO3+Single+Crystals+and+Bicrystals+for+High+Tc+Superconducting+Film+Substrate.">Advanced Processing and Characterization of SrTiO3 Single Crystals and Bicrystals for High Tc Superconducting Film Substrate.</a> Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 41, 152-156 (1996).</li><li>Rhodes, W. H., Kingery, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislocation+Dependence+of+Cationic+Diffusion+in+SrTiO3.">Dislocation Dependence of Cationic Diffusion in SrTiO3.</a> J. Amer. Ceram. 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A., van Benthem, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+SrTiO3+bicrystals+using+spark+plasma+sintering+techniques.">Formation of SrTiO3 bicrystals using spark plasma sintering techniques.</a> Scr. Mater. 118, 9-12 (2016).</li></ol>

1200℃の接合温度は、温度の小さな変化が大きく、すべての拡散接合機構の動力学に影響を与えることができるように拡散を最大にするように選択しました。 1200℃の温度がSTOの脆性 - 延性遷移温度の範囲外です。しかし、試料をこの温度で脆性破壊を受けました。 STOは1200℃で〜0.5％の延性を持つようSTO双結晶の致命的な障害は予想外ではなかったです。また、試料は、加熱プロセス全体を?...

<html>放電プラズマ焼結（SPS）は、高い一軸圧力と粉末成形体1の急速な高密度化への直流パルス電流リードのどのアプリケーションで技術です。追加の焼結助剤は、2、3、4、5を必要としないで、この技術は、窒化ケイ素/炭化ケイ素、ホウ化ジルコニウム/シリコンカーバイドまたはシリコンカーバイドを含む様々な材料から複合構造の正常な形成をもたらします。従来のホットプレスすることにより、これらの複合構造体の合成は、過去に挑戦していました。 SPSの技術を介して高一軸圧力と高速加熱速度のアプリケーションは粉末及び複合材料の統合を強化されますが、現象は文献2に議論この強化された緻密化を引き起こし、3、クラス= &quot;外部参照&quot;&gt; 6、7。また、唯一の粒界形成に対する電界の影響に関する限られた情報と粒界コア8,9の結果として得られる原子構造が存在します。これらのコア構造は、高電圧コンデンサの絶縁破壊及びセラミック酸化物10の機械的強度及び靭性を含むSPS焼結体の機能特性を決定します。したがって、このような印加電流とSPS処理パラメータの関数としての基本的な粒界構造を理解することは、材料の全体的な物理的特性の操作のために必要です。系統的にSPSを支える基本的な物理的メカニズムを解明する一つの方法は、特定の粒界構造、 すなわち 、双結晶の形成です。バイクリスタルは、その後、二つの単結晶の操作によって作成されdiffu特定の方位差と結合シオンは11を角。この方法は、処理パラメータの関数、ドーパント濃度、及び不純物の偏析12、13、14のような基本的な粒界コア構造を調査する制御された方法を提供します。 温度、時間、圧力、および接合雰囲気15：拡散接合は、4つのパラメータに依存します。チタン酸ストロンチウム（のSrTiO 3、STO）の従来の拡散接合双は、典型的には1,400-1,500°Cの温度範囲で、1メガパスカル以下の圧力で行われ、3〜20時間13の範囲の時間スケール、14、16、17。本研究では、SPS装置における接合は、Cで有意に低い温度および時間スケールで達成されます。従来の方法にomparison。多結晶材料、SPSを介して低下した温度及び時間スケールのために著しく、それによって、その微細構造の操作によって材料の特性の有利な制御を提供し、粒成長を制限します。 SPS装置は、5×5 mm 2のサンプルに対して、140 MPaでの最小圧力を及ぼします。従来の拡散接合温度範囲内では、ハットら。接合圧力はMPaで18 10を超えた場合にSTOの瞬間骨折を報告しています。しかし、STOは、接合圧力は、特定の温度で10メガパスカルを超えることを示し、温度に依存塑性挙動を示します。 1200°C以上700°C以下、STOはサンプルの瞬時破断することなく適用することができより大きい120メガパスカルを強調れるいくつかの延性を呈します。 700-1,200℃の中間温度範囲内で、STOはsで脆くや経験瞬間骨折であります10メガパスカルよりも大きな房。 800℃では、STOはストレスで200MPa未満19、20、21を破砕する前にマイナーな変形能を有しています。したがって、SPS装置を介してSTOバイクリスタル形成のための接合温度は、材料の塑性挙動に応じて選択する必要があります。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1429">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Strontium titanate single crystal (100)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:427px;">STOa101005S1-JP</td>
			<td style="width:443px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Buffered oxide etch, hyrofluoric acid 6:1</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">JT Baker</td>
			<td style="width:427px;">&#160;MBI 1178-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">FEI</td>
			<td>Model: 430 NanoSEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SPS apparatus&#160;</td>
			<td>Sumitomo Coal Mining Co</td>
			<td>Model: Dr. Sinter 5000 SPS Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">High Temperature Furnace</td>
			<td>Thermolyne</td>
			<td>Model: 41600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td>Bransonic</td>
			<td>Model: 221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Mechanical polisher</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>15-2100-TEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Diamond lapping film</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3M</td>
			<td>660XV&#160;</td>
			<td>1 um to 9 um Grit Size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Diamond lapping film</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:427px;">661X</td>
			<td>0.5 um to 0.1 um Grit Size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Colloidal silica</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>180-20000</td>
			<td>.05 um Grit Size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Sputter coater</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">QuorumTech</td>
			<td>Model: Q150RES</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Focused ion beam (FIB) instrument&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">FEI</td>
			<td>Model: Scios dual-beamed focused ion beam (FIB) instrument&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nanomill TEM specimen preparation system</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fischione Instruments</td>
			<td>Model: 1040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transmission electron microscope (TEM)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">JEOL</td>
			<td>Model: JEM2500 SE&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">FEI</td>
			<td>Model: TEAM 0.5&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

spark plasma sintering apparatus used for the formation of strontium titanate bicrystals

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with one twist grain boundary. This apparatus utilizes high uniaxial pressure and a pulsed direct current for rapid consolidation of material. Diffusion bonding of strontium titanate bicrystals without fracture, in a spark plasma sintering apparatus, is possible at high pressures due to the unusual temperature dependent plasticity behavior of strontium titanate. We demonstrate a method for the successful formation of bicrystals at accelerated time scales and lower temperatures in a spark plasma sintering apparatus compared to bicrystals formed by conventional diffusion bonding parameters. Bond quality was verified by scanning electron microscopy. A clean and atomically abrupt interface containing no secondary phases was observed using transmission electron microscopy techniques. Local changes in bonding across the boundary was characterized by simultaneous scanning transmission electron microscopy and spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy.

接合温度、時間、および方位差角がSTO双結晶（ 表1）の最大可能接合界面画分に必要な最適なパラメータを決定するために、すべての変更されました。インタフェースは、粒界がSEM画像（ 図2a）中の見えなかった場合「結合」と考えられました。暗い画像のコントラストやボイドが境界位置（ 図2b）で存在したとき、「非結合」?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals at JoVE.com

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

A viable technique for the formation of strontium titanate bicrystals at high pressure and fast heating rate via the spark plasma sintering apparatus is developed.

チタン酸ストロンチウム双結晶の形成に用いられるプラズマ焼結装置をスパーク

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with ...

The goal of this procedure is to form strontium titanate bicrystals using a Spark Plasma Sintering apparatus in order to create grain boundary structures with well defined misorientations as a function of processing parameters, such as high pressure and heating rate. We need to understand whether grain boundaries generated during SPS are different from those produced during more traditional ceramic processing techniques. This will then help us generate new ceramic materials with unprecedented properties.The main advantage of this technique is to form specific grain boundaries with well defined misorientations for the systematic understanding of microstructure formation during spark plasma sintering. To begin sample preparation, use a diamond wire saw to cut five millimeter by five millimeter pieces of a strontium titanate single crystal with a 1-0-0 plane surface polished to a mirror finish. Clean the samples with an ultrasonic cleaner in baths of acetone, isopropanol, and methanol for 15 minutes each at 50 to 60 Hertz.Heat a hot plate to 200 degrees Celsius during the cleaning. Upon completing the ultrasonic cleaning in methanol, immediately place the samples on the hot plate to dry. Etch the samples in a six to one solution of ammonium fluoride and 49%hydrofluoric acid for 10 minutes.Rinse the etched samples in deionized water and isopropanol in sequence. Dry the samples with filtered dry air. Discard any samples that developed a rainbow patina on the optically flat side.First, place a 30 millimeter circle of graphite paper on a 30 millimeter diameter graphite plunger. Then, stack two STO single crystal samples with their optically flat sides facing each other on the center of the paper covered plunger. Rotate the top single crystal around the 1-0-0 axis to the desired misorientation angle.Carefully slide a 30 millimeter diameter graphite die over the crystals and plunger. Insert another 30 millimeter circle of graphite paper and plunger into the die on top of the crystal stack. Place the assembly on the lower graphite spacer of the SPS apparatus.And then place the other graphite spacer on top of the assembly. Use the z-axis control buttons to bring the upper punch down to apply a three kilonewton uniaxial force to the assembly. Insert a K type thermocouple into the side of the graphite die to reach the sample.Set the chamber pressure to approximately 10 Pascal. Then on the instrument program control, set the bond temperature, time, and heating rates for the experiment. Select sinter conditions of a DC pulse of 12 seconds on, two seconds off, and then start the sintering program.Once the program ends, allow the sample to cool to 150 degrees Celsius. Transfer the gray black reduced sample to a high temperature furnace. Anneal the sample at 1200 degrees Celsius for 140 hours in air at ambient pressure to obtain the off-white oxidized bicrystal.Use a diamond wire saw to slice the bicrystal into five millimeter by one millimeter pieces. Polish the cross-sections with decreasing grit sizes of diamond lapping film until the scratches are uniform at the smallest grit size. Then start a two minute polish of the cross-sections with continuously poured colloidal silica and a matte cloth.15 seconds before polishing ends, switch from pouring colloidal silica to pouring DI water onto the platen. Immediately rinse the polish sample in DI water for one minute. Clean the polished sample in consecutive ultrasonic cleaning baths of acetone, isopropanol, and methanol for 15 minutes each.Immediately after cleaning, dry the sample on a hot plate at 200 degrees Celsius. Melt the clean sample polished side up on a sample stub coated with colloidal graphite. Sputter coat the sample surface with two to three nanometers of carbon.First, place the focused ion beam copper grid in consecutive ultrasonic cleaner baths of acetone and isopropanol for one hour. Then, plasma clean the copper grid for 10 minutes. Place the STO bicrystal sample and the clean copper grid in the FIB apparatus with the sample stage set at seven millimeters.In the FIB instrument software, identify a region of interest along the grain boundary. Navigate to patterning control and select the rectangle patterning tool with the CE depth surface application for electron beam deposition of carbon. Insert the carbon gas injection needle and deposit a 15 by two by two micrometers cubed protective layer of carbon over the region of interest.Then, retract the injection needle. Return to patterning control and choose the rectangle patterning tool with a W dep application for ion beam deposition of tungsten. Insert the tungsten gas injection needle and deposit a protective layer of tungsten of the same dimensions over the region of interest.Retract the injection needle. In patterning control, select the regular cross section patterning tool with the silicon application property. Mill a 22 by 27 by 15 micrometer cubed trench above the protected ROI and a 22 by 25 by 15 micrometer cubed trench below the ROI.Then, in patterning control, use the silicon clean cross section patterning tool to clean the trenched lamella surface. Next, use the silicon rectangle patterning tool to cut a two micrometer wide J pattern with two micrometer wide rectangles into the sample. Switch to the easy lift dialog box and set the micromanipulator to the park position.Lower the micromanipulator and weld the sample to the tip of the micromanipulator by tungsten deposition. Then, extend the J patten into a U pattern. Lift the lamella from the bulk sample and rotate the micromanipulator 180 degrees to set the grain boundary perpendicular to the ion beam.Tungsten welds with a lamella to the copper grid. Then, cut the micromanipulator free from the lamella using the rectangle patterning tool. Deposit a 15 by two by four micrometer cubed layer of carbon and a 15 by two by eight micrometer cubed layer of tungsten over the area of interest.Then, with the ion beam, thin the sample first to approximately 200 nanometers with a cleaning cross section pattern. And then, with a rectangle pattern, thin the sample to electron transparency. Remove the copper FIB grid from the FIB apparatus and place the grid onto a NanoMil sample holder.Then place the sample holder into the NanoMil apparatus. Using the NanoMil apparatus software, mil the sample at 500 electron volts for 10 minutes to remove amorphous damage caused by the FIB. Place the cleaned TEM sample in a sample holder and insert the sample and holder into the STEM.In the STEM software, use the capture tool to obtain an image of the sample grain boundary. Strontium titanate bicrystals were formed from single crystal pairs at various misorientation angles using a Spark Plasma Sintering apparatus. The interface was considered to be bonded wherever the grain boundary was not observable in SEM imaging.Areas of dark contrast in the images are either attributed to voids or colloidal graphite diffusion between the single crystals. The maximum bonded interface fraction was achieved with zero degrees of misorientation, a bonding temperature of 600 or 700 degrees Celsius, a bonding duration of 90 minutes, and an annealing time of 100 hours. Increasing the angle of misorientation to approximately 45 degrees necessitated a higher bonding temperature and a longer annealing time to achieve a 45%bonded interface.High resolution TEM and high angle annular dark field STEM show an atomically abrupt grain boundary with no observed second phases or intergranular film. Electron energy loss spectroscopy at the interface showed decreased crystal field splitting of the titanium L2 and L3 edges and decreased intensity in the oxygen K edge compared to the bulk crystal, suggesting a greater concentration of oxygen vacancies at the interface. Following the same procedure, we can also form doped grain boundaries using the SPS.This will help us to address whether the electric field will change grain boundary segregation. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to form bicrystals with atomically abrupt interface structures using SPS. Don't forget that hydrofluoric acid can be extremely hazardous and precautions, such as personal protective wear, should be taken.

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses

超短レーザーパルスにより誘起された初期プラズマの進化の解明

Early plasma is generated owing to high intensity laser irradiation of target and the subsequent target material ionization. Its dynamics plays a ...

工学

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

プラズマ重合中空粒子のカプセル化と透水特性

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

放射線外科アクセラレータの線量測定に使用される液体電離箱における再結合効果の特性評価

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via ...

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

先進ライトソースで難実験：すす生成プロセスに新たな洞察

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

追加のイグナイタずに大気圧マイクロ波プラズマトーチに点火する方法

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

Capillary-based Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Size-controllable Formation of Monodisperse Microdroplets

単分散微小液滴のサイズ制御可能な形成のためのキャピラリーベースの遠心マイクロ流体デバイス

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal ...

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

高温プラズマ診断として使用するためのX線イメージングクリスタル分光法を適用します

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas; for example electron temperature and density can be inferred from line ...

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

反応種の形成を調査するための大気圧プラズマのセットアップ

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles without Aggregation in the Interlayer Space of Layered Titanate Transparent Films

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles without Aggregation in the Interlayer Space of Layered Titanate Transparent Films

層状チタン酸透明フィルムの層間空間で凝集することなく金ナノ粒子のその場合成で

Combinations of metal oxide semiconductors and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been investigated as new types of materials. The in situ synthesis of AuNPs ...