Name: spark plasma sintering apparatus used for the formation of strontium titanate bicrystals
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LH agradece el apoyo financiero por una Fundación de Ciencias de Graduados Beca de Investigación Nacional de Estados Unidos con la subvención No. 1148897. Electron caracterización microscopía y procesamiento de MSF en UC Davis fue apoyado financieramente por un premio de la Universidad de California Laboratorio de Tarifa (# 12-LR-238313). El trabajo en la fundición molecular fue apoyada por la Oficina de Ciencia, Oficina de Ciencias Básicas de la Energía, del Departamento de Energía de Estados Unidos bajo el Contrato No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

1. Preparación de la muestra de Monocristal titanato de estroncio NOTA: STO cristal único se suministra con una superficie (100) pulido con acabado espejo. <ol><li> Sección STO en 5x5 mm 2 piezas con alambre de sierra de diamante. </li><li> Ultrasonidos muestras limpias a 50-60 Hz consecutivamente en baños de acetona, isopropanol y metanol durante quince minutos cada uno. </li><li> Retire STO de baño de metanol para colocar inmediatamente en la placa caliente mantenida a un...

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	<li>Munir, Z. A., Anselmi-Tamburini, U., Ohyanagi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+electric+field+and+pressure+on+the+synthesis+and+consolidation+of+materials:+A+review+of+the+spark+plasma+sintering+method.">The effect of electric field and pressure on the synthesis and consolidation of materials: A review of the spark plasma sintering method.</a> J. Mater. Sci. 41 (3), 763-777 (2006).</li><li>Chen, W., Anselmi-Tamburini, U., Garay, J. E., Groza, J. R., Munir, Z. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamental+investigations+on+the+spark+plasma+sintering/synthesis+process:+I.+Effect+of+dc+pulsing+on+reactivity.">Fundamental investigations on the spark plasma sintering/synthesis process: I. Effect of dc pulsing on reactivity.</a> Mater. Sci. Eng. 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Soc. 68 (4), 169-173 (1985).</li><li>Mitsuma, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structures+of+a+&#931;+=+9,+[110]/{221}+symmetrical+tilt+grain+boundary+in+SrTiO3.">Structures of a &#931; = 9, [110]/{221} symmetrical tilt grain boundary in SrTiO3.</a> Journal of Materials Science. 46 (12), 4162-4168 (2011).</li><li>Ikuhara, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grain+Boundary+and+Interface+Structures+in+Ceramics.">Grain Boundary and Interface Structures in Ceramics.</a> J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 109 (7), S110-S120 (2001).</li><li>Hutt, S., Kienzle, O., Ernst, F., Ruhle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+and+Structure+of+Grain+boundaries+in+Strontium+Titanate.">Processing and Structure of Grain boundaries in Strontium Titanate.</a> Z. Metallkd. 92 (2), 105-109 (2001).</li><li>Takahisa, Y., Ikuhara, Y., Sakuma, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current-voltage+characteristics+across+45&#9702;+symmetric+tilt+boundary+in+highly+donor-doped+SrTiO3+bicrystal.">Current-voltage characteristics across 45&#9702; symmetric tilt boundary in highly donor-doped SrTiO3 bicrystal.</a> J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 20, 1827-1829 (2001).</li><li>Hill, A., Wallach, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+Solid+State+Diffusion+Bonding.">Modelling Solid State Diffusion Bonding.</a> Acta Metall. 37 (9), 2425-2437 (1989).</li><li>Sato, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-linear+current-voltage+characteristics+related+to+native+defects+in+SrTiO3+and+ZnO+bicrystals.">Non-linear current-voltage characteristics related to native defects in SrTiO3 and ZnO bicrystals.</a> Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 4 (6), 605-611 (2003).</li><li>Hirose, S., Nishimura, H., Niimi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+switching+effect+in+Nb-doped+SrTiO[sub+3]+(100)+bicrystal+with+(100)+&#8764;45&#176;+twist+boundary.">Resistance switching effect in Nb-doped SrTiO[sub 3] (100) bicrystal with (100) &#8764;45&#176; twist boundary.</a> J. App. Phys. 106 (4), 043711-043716 (2009).</li><li>Hutt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Doctoral Thesis. , (2002).</li><li>Brunner, D., Taeri-Baghbadrani, S., Sigle, W., Ruhle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suprising+Results+of+a+Studay+on+the+Plasticity+in+Strontium+Titanate.">Suprising Results of a Studay on the Plasticity in Strontium Titanate.</a> J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 84 (5), 1161-1163 (2001).</li><li>Gumbsch, P., Taeri-Baghbadrani, S., Brunner, D., Sigle, W., Ruhle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+and+an+inverse+brittle-to-ductile+transition+in+strontium+titanate.">Plasticity and an inverse brittle-to-ductile transition in strontium titanate.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (8), 085501-085504 (2001).</li><li>Taeri, S., Brunner, D., Sigle, W., Ruhle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformation+Behavior+of+Strontium+Titanate+between+Room+Temperature+and+1800K+under+Ambient+Pressure.">Deformation Behavior of Strontium Titanate between Room Temperature and 1800K under Ambient Pressure.</a> Z. Metallkd. 95, 433-446 (2004).</li><li>Takahashi, K., Ohtomo, A., Kawasaki, M., Koinuma, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+Processing+and+Characterization+of+SrTiO3+Single+Crystals+and+Bicrystals+for+High+Tc+Superconducting+Film+Substrate.">Advanced Processing and Characterization of SrTiO3 Single Crystals and Bicrystals for High Tc Superconducting Film Substrate.</a> Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 41, 152-156 (1996).</li><li>Rhodes, W. H., Kingery, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislocation+Dependence+of+Cationic+Diffusion+in+SrTiO3.">Dislocation Dependence of Cationic Diffusion in SrTiO3.</a> J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 49 (10), 521-526 (1966).</li><li>Yamamoto, T., Hayashi, K., Ikuhara, Y., Sakuma, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grain+Boundary+Structure+and+Electrical+Properties+in+Nb-Doped+SrTiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;+Bicrystals.">Grain Boundary Structure and Electrical Properties in Nb-Doped SrTiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Bicrystals.</a> Key Eng. Mater. 181-182, 225-230 (2000).</li><li>Fitting, L., Thiel, S., Schmehl, A., Mannhart, J., Muller, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subtleties+in+ADF+imaging+and+spatially+resolved+EELS:+A+case+study+of+low-angle+twist+boundaries+in+SrTiO3.">Subtleties in ADF imaging and spatially resolved EELS: A case study of low-angle twist boundaries in SrTiO3.</a> Ultramicroscopy. 106 (11-12), 1053-1061 (2006).</li><li>Hughes, L. A., van Benthem, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+SrTiO3+bicrystals+using+spark+plasma+sintering+techniques.">Formation of SrTiO3 bicrystals using spark plasma sintering techniques.</a> Scr. Mater. 118, 9-12 (2016).</li></ol>

La temperatura de unión de 1.200 ° C fue elegido para maximizar la difusión como pequeños cambios de temperatura pueden afectar en gran medida la cinética de todos los mecanismos de unión por difusión. Una temperatura de 1200 ° C está fuera del rango de temperatura de transición frágil-dúctil de STO. Sin embargo, la muestra se sometió a rotura frágil a esta temperatura. El fallo catastrófico de la bicrystal STO no era inesperado ya que tiene STO ~ 0,5% ductilidad a 1200 ° C. Además, la muestra se mantuv...

<html> Sinterización de plasma de chispa (SPS) es una técnica en la que la aplicación de alta presión uniaxial y cables de corriente continua pulsada a la rápida densificación de polvo compacta 1. Esta técnica también conduce a la formación exitosa de estructuras de materiales compuestos de diversos materiales, incluyendo nitruro de silicio / carburo de silicio, boruro de circonio / carburo de silicio, o carburo de silicio, sin auxiliares de sinterización adicionales requeridos 2, 3, 4, 5. La síntesis de estas estructuras compuestas por convencional de prensado en caliente habían sido difícil en el pasado. Si bien la aplicación de una alta presión uniaxial y velocidad de calentamiento rápido a través de la técnica de SPS mejora la consolidación de polvos y materiales compuestos, el fenómeno que causa esta densificación mejorada debatido en la literatura 2, 3,class = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 6, 7. También existe sólo información limitada con respecto a la influencia de campos eléctricos sobre la formación de límite de grano y las estructuras atómicas resultantes de los núcleos del límite del grano 8, 9. Estas estructuras de núcleo determinan las propiedades funcionales de materiales sinterizados MSF, incluyendo ruptura eléctrica de condensadores de alto voltaje y la resistencia mecánica y la dureza de óxidos cerámicos 10. Por lo tanto, la comprensión de la estructura de límite de grano fundamental como una función de los parámetros de procesamiento SPS, como corriente aplicada, es necesario para la manipulación de las propiedades físicas generales de un material. Un método sistemático para dilucidar los mecanismos físicos fundamentales que sostienen MSF es la formación de estructuras específicas del límite del grano, es decir, bicrystals. A bicrystal es creado por la manipulación de dos cristales individuales, que luego se diffusión unido con mala orientación específica ángulos de 11. Este método proporciona una forma controlada para investigar las estructuras de núcleo de límite de grano fundamentales en función de los parámetros de procesamiento, la concentración de dopante, y la segregación de impurezas 12, 13, 14. La unión por difusión depende de cuatro parámetros: temperatura, tiempo, presión y atmósfera de unión 15. Convencional de unión por difusión de titanato de estroncio (SrTiO3, STO) bicrystals se produce típicamente a una presión inferior a 1 MPa, dentro de un rango de temperatura de 1.400-1.500 ° C, y las escalas de tiempo que van desde 3 a 20 horas 13, 14, 16, 17. En este estudio, la unión en un aparato de SPS se logra a escalas de temperatura y tiempo significativamente más bajos en comparaci ó con los métodos convencionales. Para los materiales policristalinos, la reducción de las escalas de temperatura y tiempo a través de MSF limita significativamente el crecimiento del grano, proporcionando de este modo el control ventajosa de propiedades de un material mediante la manipulación de su microestructura. El aparato de SPS, para una muestra de 5 x 5 mm 2, ejerce una presión mínima de 140 MPa. Dentro de la gama de temperatura de unión por difusión convencional, Hutt et al. informar de inmediato de la fractura STO cuando la presión de unión es superior a 10 MPa 18. Sin embargo, la temperatura STO exhibe un comportamiento dependiente de la plasticidad, lo que indica la presión de unión puede ser superior a 10 MPa a temperaturas específicas. Por encima de 1200 ° C y por debajo de 700 ° C, STO exhibe algunas ductilidad, a la que subraya mayor que 120 MPa se puede aplicar sin fractura instantánea de la muestra. Dentro del rango de temperatura intermedia de 700-1.200 ° C, STO es instantánea fractura frágil y experiencias en sTRESSES mayor que 10 MPa. A 800 ° C, STO tiene deformabilidad menor antes de la fractura a tensiones de menos de 200 MPa 19, 20, 21. Por lo tanto, las temperaturas de unión para la formación de STO bicrystal a través de aparato de SPS deben ser seleccionados de acuerdo con el comportamiento de plasticidad del material.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1429">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Strontium titanate single crystal (100)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:427px;">STOa101005S1-JP</td>
			<td style="width:443px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Buffered oxide etch, hyrofluoric acid 6:1</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">JT Baker</td>
			<td style="width:427px;">&#160;MBI 1178-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">FEI</td>
			<td>Model: 430 NanoSEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SPS apparatus&#160;</td>
			<td>Sumitomo Coal Mining Co</td>
			<td>Model: Dr. Sinter 5000 SPS Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">High Temperature Furnace</td>
			<td>Thermolyne</td>
			<td>Model: 41600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td>Bransonic</td>
			<td>Model: 221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Mechanical polisher</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>15-2100-TEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Diamond lapping film</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3M</td>
			<td>660XV&#160;</td>
			<td>1 um to 9 um Grit Size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Diamond lapping film</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:427px;">661X</td>
			<td>0.5 um to 0.1 um Grit Size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Colloidal silica</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Allied High Tech Products</td>
			<td>180-20000</td>
			<td>.05 um Grit Size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Sputter coater</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">QuorumTech</td>
			<td>Model: Q150RES</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Focused ion beam (FIB) instrument&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">FEI</td>
			<td>Model: Scios dual-beamed focused ion beam (FIB) instrument&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nanomill TEM specimen preparation system</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Fischione Instruments</td>
			<td>Model: 1040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transmission electron microscope (TEM)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">JEOL</td>
			<td>Model: JEM2500 SE&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">FEI</td>
			<td>Model: TEAM 0.5&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

spark plasma sintering apparatus used for the formation of strontium titanate bicrystals

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with one twist grain boundary. This apparatus utilizes high uniaxial pressure and a pulsed direct current for rapid consolidation of material. Diffusion bonding of strontium titanate bicrystals without fracture, in a spark plasma sintering apparatus, is possible at high pressures due to the unusual temperature dependent plasticity behavior of strontium titanate. We demonstrate a method for the successful formation of bicrystals at accelerated time scales and lower temperatures in a spark plasma sintering apparatus compared to bicrystals formed by conventional diffusion bonding parameters. Bond quality was verified by scanning electron microscopy. A clean and atomically abrupt interface containing no secondary phases was observed using transmission electron microscopy techniques. Local changes in bonding across the boundary was characterized by simultaneous scanning transmission electron microscopy and spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy.

Temperatura de unión, tiempo, y el ángulo misorientation eran todos alterada para determinar los parámetros óptimos necesarios para la fracción de interfaz unido máximo posible de la bicrystal STO (Tabla 1). Se consideró que la interfaz &quot;unido&quot; cuando el límite de grano no era visible durante la exploración SEM (Figura 2a). Una interfaz &#39;no unidos&#39; fue exhibido cuando estaban presentes en el lugar de frontera (Figura 2b...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals at JoVE.com

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

A viable technique for the formation of strontium titanate bicrystals at high pressure and fast heating rate via the spark plasma sintering apparatus is developed.

Spark aparato de plasma sinterización usado para la formación de titanato de estroncio Bicrystals

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with ...

The goal of this procedure is to form strontium titanate bicrystals using a Spark Plasma Sintering apparatus in order to create grain boundary structures with well defined misorientations as a function of processing parameters, such as high pressure and heating rate. We need to understand whether grain boundaries generated during SPS are different from those produced during more traditional ceramic processing techniques. This will then help us generate new ceramic materials with unprecedented properties.The main advantage of this technique is to form specific grain boundaries with well defined misorientations for the systematic understanding of microstructure formation during spark plasma sintering. To begin sample preparation, use a diamond wire saw to cut five millimeter by five millimeter pieces of a strontium titanate single crystal with a 1-0-0 plane surface polished to a mirror finish. Clean the samples with an ultrasonic cleaner in baths of acetone, isopropanol, and methanol for 15 minutes each at 50 to 60 Hertz.Heat a hot plate to 200 degrees Celsius during the cleaning. Upon completing the ultrasonic cleaning in methanol, immediately place the samples on the hot plate to dry. Etch the samples in a six to one solution of ammonium fluoride and 49%hydrofluoric acid for 10 minutes.Rinse the etched samples in deionized water and isopropanol in sequence. Dry the samples with filtered dry air. Discard any samples that developed a rainbow patina on the optically flat side.First, place a 30 millimeter circle of graphite paper on a 30 millimeter diameter graphite plunger. Then, stack two STO single crystal samples with their optically flat sides facing each other on the center of the paper covered plunger. Rotate the top single crystal around the 1-0-0 axis to the desired misorientation angle.Carefully slide a 30 millimeter diameter graphite die over the crystals and plunger. Insert another 30 millimeter circle of graphite paper and plunger into the die on top of the crystal stack. Place the assembly on the lower graphite spacer of the SPS apparatus.And then place the other graphite spacer on top of the assembly. Use the z-axis control buttons to bring the upper punch down to apply a three kilonewton uniaxial force to the assembly. Insert a K type thermocouple into the side of the graphite die to reach the sample.Set the chamber pressure to approximately 10 Pascal. Then on the instrument program control, set the bond temperature, time, and heating rates for the experiment. Select sinter conditions of a DC pulse of 12 seconds on, two seconds off, and then start the sintering program.Once the program ends, allow the sample to cool to 150 degrees Celsius. Transfer the gray black reduced sample to a high temperature furnace. Anneal the sample at 1200 degrees Celsius for 140 hours in air at ambient pressure to obtain the off-white oxidized bicrystal.Use a diamond wire saw to slice the bicrystal into five millimeter by one millimeter pieces. Polish the cross-sections with decreasing grit sizes of diamond lapping film until the scratches are uniform at the smallest grit size. Then start a two minute polish of the cross-sections with continuously poured colloidal silica and a matte cloth.15 seconds before polishing ends, switch from pouring colloidal silica to pouring DI water onto the platen. Immediately rinse the polish sample in DI water for one minute. Clean the polished sample in consecutive ultrasonic cleaning baths of acetone, isopropanol, and methanol for 15 minutes each.Immediately after cleaning, dry the sample on a hot plate at 200 degrees Celsius. Melt the clean sample polished side up on a sample stub coated with colloidal graphite. Sputter coat the sample surface with two to three nanometers of carbon.First, place the focused ion beam copper grid in consecutive ultrasonic cleaner baths of acetone and isopropanol for one hour. Then, plasma clean the copper grid for 10 minutes. Place the STO bicrystal sample and the clean copper grid in the FIB apparatus with the sample stage set at seven millimeters.In the FIB instrument software, identify a region of interest along the grain boundary. Navigate to patterning control and select the rectangle patterning tool with the CE depth surface application for electron beam deposition of carbon. Insert the carbon gas injection needle and deposit a 15 by two by two micrometers cubed protective layer of carbon over the region of interest.Then, retract the injection needle. Return to patterning control and choose the rectangle patterning tool with a W dep application for ion beam deposition of tungsten. Insert the tungsten gas injection needle and deposit a protective layer of tungsten of the same dimensions over the region of interest.Retract the injection needle. In patterning control, select the regular cross section patterning tool with the silicon application property. Mill a 22 by 27 by 15 micrometer cubed trench above the protected ROI and a 22 by 25 by 15 micrometer cubed trench below the ROI.Then, in patterning control, use the silicon clean cross section patterning tool to clean the trenched lamella surface. Next, use the silicon rectangle patterning tool to cut a two micrometer wide J pattern with two micrometer wide rectangles into the sample. Switch to the easy lift dialog box and set the micromanipulator to the park position.Lower the micromanipulator and weld the sample to the tip of the micromanipulator by tungsten deposition. Then, extend the J patten into a U pattern. Lift the lamella from the bulk sample and rotate the micromanipulator 180 degrees to set the grain boundary perpendicular to the ion beam.Tungsten welds with a lamella to the copper grid. Then, cut the micromanipulator free from the lamella using the rectangle patterning tool. Deposit a 15 by two by four micrometer cubed layer of carbon and a 15 by two by eight micrometer cubed layer of tungsten over the area of interest.Then, with the ion beam, thin the sample first to approximately 200 nanometers with a cleaning cross section pattern. And then, with a rectangle pattern, thin the sample to electron transparency. Remove the copper FIB grid from the FIB apparatus and place the grid onto a NanoMil sample holder.Then place the sample holder into the NanoMil apparatus. Using the NanoMil apparatus software, mil the sample at 500 electron volts for 10 minutes to remove amorphous damage caused by the FIB. Place the cleaned TEM sample in a sample holder and insert the sample and holder into the STEM.In the STEM software, use the capture tool to obtain an image of the sample grain boundary. Strontium titanate bicrystals were formed from single crystal pairs at various misorientation angles using a Spark Plasma Sintering apparatus. The interface was considered to be bonded wherever the grain boundary was not observable in SEM imaging.Areas of dark contrast in the images are either attributed to voids or colloidal graphite diffusion between the single crystals. The maximum bonded interface fraction was achieved with zero degrees of misorientation, a bonding temperature of 600 or 700 degrees Celsius, a bonding duration of 90 minutes, and an annealing time of 100 hours. Increasing the angle of misorientation to approximately 45 degrees necessitated a higher bonding temperature and a longer annealing time to achieve a 45%bonded interface.High resolution TEM and high angle annular dark field STEM show an atomically abrupt grain boundary with no observed second phases or intergranular film. Electron energy loss spectroscopy at the interface showed decreased crystal field splitting of the titanium L2 and L3 edges and decreased intensity in the oxygen K edge compared to the bulk crystal, suggesting a greater concentration of oxygen vacancies at the interface. Following the same procedure, we can also form doped grain boundaries using the SPS.This will help us to address whether the electric field will change grain boundary segregation. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to form bicrystals with atomically abrupt interface structures using SPS. Don't forget that hydrofluoric acid can be extremely hazardous and precautions, such as personal protective wear, should be taken.

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses

Investigación de la Evolución de plasma precoz inducida por pulsos láser ultracortos

Early plasma is generated owing to high intensity laser irradiation of target and the subsequent target material ionization. Its dynamics plays a ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

Encapsulación y permeabilidad Características de las partículas de plasma polimerizado Hollow

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Caracterización de los efectos de recombinación en una cámara de ionización líquido utilizado para la dosimetría de un acelerador de radiocirugía

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via ...

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

Los experimentos de la llama a la fuente de luz avanzada: nuevos conocimientos sobre los procesos de formación de hollín

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

Cómo Encender una presión atmosférica de microondas de la antorcha de plasma sin ningún Encendedores adicionales

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

Capillary-based Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Size-controllable Formation of Monodisperse Microdroplets

Dispositivo de microfluidos centrífuga basada en capilar para la Formación Tamaño-controlable de monodisperso microgotas

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal ...

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

La aplicación de rayos X de imagen Crystal Espectroscopía para su uso como un plasma de alta temperatura de diagnóstico

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas; for example electron temperature and density can be inferred from line ...

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Una instalación de plasma a presión atmosférica para investigar la formación de especies reactivas

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles without Aggregation in the Interlayer Space of Layered Titanate Transparent Films

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles without Aggregation in the Interlayer Space of Layered Titanate Transparent Films

In Situ Síntesis de nanopartículas de oro sin agregación en el espacio entre capas de Capas de titanato películas transparentes

Combinations of metal oxide semiconductors and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been investigated as new types of materials. The in situ synthesis of AuNPs ...