Name: quantification of drosophila grooming behavior
Uploaded: 2017-07-19T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Drosophila Grooming Behavior at JoVE.com

Vi ønsker at takke Brian Shepherd, Tat Udomritthiruj, Aaron Willey, Ruby Froom, Elise Pitmon og Rose Hedreen for tidligt arbejde med at teste og etablere denne metodologi og kammerdesign. Vi takker Kelly Tellez og Graham Buchan for at læse og redigere manuskriptet. Vi takker Andrew Seeds og Julie Simpson for deres banebrydende arbejde og deres råd og støtte til at foreslå brugen af ​​Brilliant Yellow Dye (Sigma). Dette arbejde støttes dels af Mary E. Groff Kirurgisk og Medicinsk Research and Education Charitable Trust, Bronfman Science Center og Hellman Fellows Program.

1. Fremstilling <ol><li> Forbered en aspirator til at flytte levende Drosophila fra et kulturflaske til plejekammeret. Aspiratorer tillader overførsel af bevidste dyr til adfærdskamrene for at sikre, at anæstesi ikke påvirker efterfølgende adfærdsmæssig observation. <ol><li> Brug saks skåret 1,5 fod tygon slange ID ⅛ &quot;, OD ¼&quot;. Sæt mindst 1 tommer af spidsen af ​​en 1 ml engangs mikropipette tip. Hold et 1 cm kvadratmaske (åbning 0,196 tommer) over snittespidsen. <br...

<ol>
	<li>Szebenyi, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleaning+Behaviour+in+Drosophila-Melanogaster.">Cleaning Behaviour in Drosophila-Melanogaster.</a> Animal. Behaviour. 17, (1969).</li><li>Corfas, G., Dudai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habituation+and+dishabituation+of+a+cleaning+reflex+in+normal+and+mutant+Drosophila.">Habituation and dishabituation of a cleaning reflex in normal and mutant Drosophila.</a> J Neurosci. 9 (1), 56-62 (1989).</li><li>Yanagawa, A., Guigue, A. M. A., Marion-Poll, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hygienic+grooming+is+induced+by+contact+chemicals+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Hygienic grooming is induced by contact chemicals in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 8, (2014).</li><li>Dawkins, R., Dawkins, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hierarchical+Organization+and+Postural+Facilitation+-+Rules+for+Grooming+in+Flies.">Hierarchical Organization and Postural Facilitation - Rules for Grooming in Flies.</a> Animal Behaviour. 24 (Nov), 739-755 (1976).</li><li>Seeds, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+suppression+hierarchy+among+competing+motor+programs+drives+sequential+grooming+in+Drosophila.">A suppression hierarchy among competing motor programs drives sequential grooming in Drosophila.</a> Elife. 3, e02951 (2014).</li><li>King, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurofibromin+Loss+of+Function+Drives+Excessive+Grooming+in+Drosophila.">Neurofibromin Loss of Function Drives Excessive Grooming in Drosophila.</a> G3-Genes Genomes Genetics. 6 (4), 1083-1093 (2016).</li><li>Tauber, J. M., Vanlandingham, P. A., Zhang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elevated+Levels+of+the+Vesicular+Monoamine+Transporter+and+a+Novel+Repetitive+Behavior+in+the+Drosophila+Model+of+Fragile+X+Syndrome.">Elevated Levels of the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter and a Novel Repetitive Behavior in the Drosophila Model of Fragile X Syndrome.</a> Plos One. 6 (11), e27100 (2011).</li><li>Kaur, K., Simon, A. F., Chauhan, V., Chauhan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+bisphenol+A+on+Drosophila+melanogaster+behavior--a+new+model+for+the+studies+on+neurodevelopmental+disorders.">Effect of bisphenol A on Drosophila melanogaster behavior--a new model for the studies on neurodevelopmental disorders.</a> Behav Brain Res. 284, 77-84 (2015).</li><li>Chang, H. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overexpression+of+the+Drosophila+vesicular+monoamine+transporter+increases+motor+activity+and+courtship+but+decreases+the+behavioral+response+to+cocaine.">Overexpression of the Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter increases motor activity and courtship but decreases the behavioral response to cocaine.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 11 (1), 99-113 (2006).</li><li>Yellman, C., Tao, H., He, B., Hirsh, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conserved+and+sexually+dimorphic+behavioral+responses+to+biogenic+amines+in+decapitated+Drosophila.">Conserved and sexually dimorphic behavioral responses to biogenic amines in decapitated Drosophila.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (8), 4131-4136 (1997).</li><li>Feng, G. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+functional+characterization+of+a+novel+dopamine+receptor+from+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Cloning and functional characterization of a novel dopamine receptor from Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 16 (12), 3925-3933 (1996).</li><li>Gotzes, F., Balfanz, S., Baumann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+Structure+and+Functional-Characterization+of+a+Drosophila+Dopamine-Receptor+with+High+Homology+to+Human+D(1/5).">Primary Structure and Functional-Characterization of a Drosophila Dopamine-Receptor with High Homology to Human D(1/5).</a> Receptors. Receptors &amp; Channels. 2 (2), 131-141 (1994).</li><li>Han, K. A., Millar, N. S., Grotewiel, M. S., Davis, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DAMB,+a+novel+dopamine+receptor+expressed+specifically+in+Drosophila+mushroom+bodies.">DAMB, a novel dopamine receptor expressed specifically in Drosophila mushroom bodies.</a> Neuron. 16 (6), 1127-1135 (1996).</li><li>Sugamori, K. S., Demchyshyn, L. L., Mcconkey, F., Forte, M. A., Niznik, H. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Primordial+Dopamine+D1-Like+Adenylyl+Cyclase-Linked+Receptor+from+Drosophila-Melanogaster+Displaying+Poor+Affinity+for+Benzazepines.">A Primordial Dopamine D1-Like Adenylyl Cyclase-Linked Receptor from Drosophila-Melanogaster Displaying Poor Affinity for Benzazepines.</a> Febs Letters. 362 (2), 131-138 (1995).</li><li>Pitmon, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+D1+family+dopamine+receptor,+DopR,+potentiates+hind+leg+grooming+behavior+in+Drosophila.">The D1 family dopamine receptor, DopR, potentiates hind leg grooming behavior in Drosophila.</a> Genes Brain and Behavior. 15 (3), 327-334 (2016).</li><li>Phillis, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+mutations+affecting+neural+circuitry+required+for+grooming+behavior+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Isolation of mutations affecting neural circuitry required for grooming behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Genetics. 133 (3), 581-592 (1993).</li><li>Hampel, S., Franconville, R., Simpson, J. H., Seeds, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neural+command+circuit+for+grooming+movement+control.">A neural command circuit for grooming movement control.</a> Elife. 4, e08758 (2015).</li><li>Kays, I., Cvetkovska, V., Chen, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+functional+analysis+of+single+neurons+to+correlate+synaptic+connectivity+with+grooming+behavior.">Structural and functional analysis of single neurons to correlate synaptic connectivity with grooming behavior.</a> Nature Protocols. 9 (1), 1-10 (2014).</li></ol>

Grooming-analysen er relativt ligetil, men vi vil forsigtige eksperimenter have særlig opmærksomhed på følgende spørgsmål. Vedligeholdelse af en tæt forsegling ved at stramme skruerne på top- og bundpladerne efter introduktion af fluer og farvestoffer er afgørende for reproducerbare resultater. Det strålende gule farvestof er meget fint, og løse led kan tillade tab af farvestoffer fra kammerets kanter. Uregelmæssigheden i farvestofindholdet for hver brønd kunne let smide af grooming-kvantificering, da ikke-...

Grooming i Drosophila melanogaster ( D. melanogaster ) er en robust medfødt adfærd, der involverer koordinering af flere uafhængige motorprogrammer 1 . Frugtflugter renser deres stof af støv, mikrober og andre patogener, som kunne hæmme normal fysiologisk funktion som syn og fly eller føre til betydelige immunforsvar. Ved at føle og reagere på både mekanisk 2 og immunaktivering 3 , flyver fluer gentagne gange deres ben sammen eller på en målrettet kropsregion, indtil den er tilstrækkelig ren, og grooming skrider frem til en anden del af kroppen. Fluer udfører grooming bevægelser i forskellige begivenheder, der stort set forekommer i stereotype mønstre 1 , 4 . Et adfærdsmæssigt hierarki bliver tydeligt, da groomsignaler prioriteres. Kredsløb og aktivitetsmønstre er blevet identificeret i support oFa model, at plejeprogrammer øverst i hierarkiet forekommer først og undertrykker parallelle signaler fra områder af kroppen, der forberedes efterfølgende 5 . Højeste prioritet gives til hovedet, derefter maven, vingerne og til sidst thoraxen 5 . Plejeprogrammet i D. melanogaster er et ideelt system til undersøgelse af neurale kredsløb, modulerende molekylære signaler og neurotransmittere. For eksempel kompromittering af neurofibrominfunktion 6 , tab af Drosophila fragile X mentalt retardationsprotein ( dfmr1 ) 7 og eksponering for bisfenol A (BPA) 8 forårsager alt for groom pleje og anden adfærd, der er analog med diskrete humane symptomer på neurofibromatose, skrøbelig X Syndrom og aspekter af autismespektrumforstyrrelser og henholdsvis ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Grooming opførsel kan også være habituaTed differentielt på tværs af mutante stammer 2 , udlån denne motor program til undersøgelser af adfærdsmæssig plasticitet. Bredden af ​​neurologiske fænomener, der kan modelleres af Drosophila, kræver en ny komparativ tilgang til måling af fluernes evne til at pleje sig selv. Den kombinerede virkning af vesikulære monoamintransportører og den relative overflod af dopamin og andre biogene aminer i kroppen har vist sig at formidle frugtsluftsplejende adfærd 9 , 10 . Octopamin og dopamin stimulerer sammenlignelig hindleg grooming aktivitet i decapitated fluer, mens tyramin, forløber for octopamin, også udløser pleje i mindre grad 7 . Fire dopaminreceptorer er blevet identificeret i D. melanogaster 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </sup&gt;. Ved at anvende groomassaymetoden beskrevet i denne protokol bestemte vi en rolle for type I-familien Dopamin Receptor DopR ( DopR, dDA1, dum ) i hindleg grooming adfærd 15 . Grooming kan indirekte kvantificeres ved at se på omfanget af renlighed, hvormed et dyr helt kan gifte sig efter at støv hele kroppen med et markørfarve eller fluorescerende støv 5 , 16 . Resten af ​​støv tilbage på kroppen kan bruges som en relativ markør for den overordnede opførsel. Dusty flyver efter at have fået tilstrækkelig tid til at gifte sig kan vise sig et specifikt underskud i plejeadfærd. Som grooming undersøgelser er blevet mere omfattende, har protokoller indarbejdet sådanne praksis som halshugning for at tilføje farmakologiske behandlinger på nakkebindende nerver 10 , taktil stimulation af børster for at fremkalde grooming respons 2 ,Og videooptagelse af adfærd 15 . Direkte observation af pleje kan let undersøges ved hjælp af visuel observation og manuelt registrering af frekvens og varighed af specifikke plejehændelser 4 . Vi har designet et femten brøndkammer, der kan konstrueres med en 3D-printer eller laserskærer, og tegningen er tilgængelig til reproduktion 15 . Designet anvender to sammenføjede centrale plader med åbninger, der er matchet og adskilt af mesh og to yderligere glidende top- og bundplader, hvorfra fluer og / eller farvestof er anbragt. Efter at have ladet støvede fluer tid til at pleje, deponerer vi dem i ethanol for at opløse farvestoffet og måle absorbansen af ​​denne opløsning ved farvets bølgelængde. En pladelæser kan bruges til flere parallelle prøver eller et enkeltlæs spektrofotometer kan anvendes til individuelle prøver. Denne metode minimerer fejlen induceret ved håndtering og alLows for grooming analyser skal køres på en mindre, omkostningseffektiv skala. Denne metode er afledt og modificeret fra de metoder, som pioneret af Julie Simpson og Andrew Seeds, der bruger større plejekamre med varmeelementer til temperaturfølsomme kredsløbsmanipulationer 5 . Den følgende protokol viser kvantificering af grooming af hele kroppen såvel som viser alternative metoder til kvantificering af farvestofakkumulering på individuelle kropsdele. Vi præsenterer også stikprøve sammenligningsdata mellem WT og DopR mutanter, samt metoder til beregning af et simpelt præstationsindeks for plejeadfærd.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>High-Flex Tygon PVC Clear Tubing</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>5229K54</td>
			<td>ID 1/8&#34;, OD 1/4&#34;, used with micropipettor tips and mesh to construct mouth aspirators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette tips (1ml and 200ul)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>24-165, 24-150R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon Mesh Screen, 2&#34; x 2.6&#34;</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>9318T44</td>
			<td>Used to construct grooming chamber and mouth aspirators</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instrument</td>
			<td>RS-5050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Yellow Dye</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>201375-25G</td>
			<td>we recommend use of nitrile gloves while handling this product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortexer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-812</td>
			<td>set to &#34;touch&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply</td>
			<td>86-1282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>10025-726</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.65 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>20170-293</td>
			<td>tubes can be reused with successive assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV 96 well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>26014017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioTek Synergy HTX Platereader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>need to download catalog to access product number</td>
			<td>http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_detection/synergy_htx_multimode_microplate_reader.html?tab=overview</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gen5 Microplate Reader and Imager Software</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.microsoftstore.com/store/msusa/en_US/pdp/Excel-2016/productID.323021400?tduid=(65d098c0e83b86c952bdff5b0719c83f)(256380)(2459594)(SRi0yYDlqd0-LI..ql4M2LoZBEhcBljvIA)()</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila Incubator</td>
			<td>Tritech</td>
			<td>DT2-CIRC-TK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4&#34; acrylic plastic</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8473K341</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-32 nuts</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>90257A009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-32 x 1&#34; hex cap screws</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>92185A199</td>
			<td>the bottom plate needs to be tapped for this size screw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-32 x 1/2&#34; hex cap screws</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>92185A194</td>
			<td>the second plate from the top needs to be tapped</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-56 3/8&#34; flat head phillips machine screws</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>91500A088</td>
			<td>these hold the two middle plates together</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.175&#34; ID, 1/4&#34; OD, 0.34&#34; aluminum pipe</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>92510A044</td>
			<td>Manufactured in-house; product listed is approximately the same dimensions and should work for size 8 screws.&#160; These act as sheaths for the 1&#34; screws and set the hex cap up slightly from the surface of the top plate</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of drosophila grooming behavior

Drosophila grooming adfærd er et komplekst multi-trins lokomotorisk program, der kræver koordineret bevægelse af både forben og bagben. Her præsenterer vi en grooming assay protokol og nyt kammer design, der er omkostningseffektivt og skalerbar til enten små eller store undersøgelser af Drosophila grooming. Fluer er støvet over deres krop med Brilliant Yellow farve og givet tid til at fjerne farvestoffet fra deres kroppe i kammeret. Fluer deponeres derefter i et sæt volumen ethanol for at opløse farvestoffet. Den relative spektralabsorbans af farvestof-ethanolprøver til forplejede versus ungrumsdyr måles og registreres. Protokollen giver kvantitative data om farvestofakkumulering for individuelle fluer, som let kan gennemsnitligt sammenlignes over prøver. Dette gør det muligt for eksperimentelle designs at let vurdere grooming evne til mutant dyreforsøg eller kredsløb manipulationer. Denne effektive procedure er både alsidig og skalerbar. Vi viser wOrk-flow af protokollen og sammenlignende data mellem WT dyr og mutante dyr til Drosophila type I Dopamin Receptor ( DopR ).

Groomanalysen giver kvantitative data for at vurdere adfærdsmæssig ydeevne baseret på den relative rest af akkumuleret farvestof efterladt på fluerens kroppe efter en fastsat måltid for grooming (30 min). Prøvebilleder af den glidende plejekammerdesign og de vigtigste trin i analysen er fremhævet i figur 1 . Flyver aggregerer en betydelig mængde farvestof fra øjeblikkelig afstøvning ved vortexning i nærvær af farvestof ( figur 2d, 2e ). Duste...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Drosophila Grooming Behavior at JoVE.com

Quantification of Drosophila Grooming Behavior

Denne protokol beskriver en skalerbar individuel grooming assay teknik i Drosophila, der giver robuste, kvantitative data til måling af grooming opførsel. Metoden er baseret på at sammenligne forskellen i akkumulering af farvestoffer på kroppen af ​​ikke-preparerede versus dyrede dyr over en bestemt periode.

Kvantificering af Drosophila Grooming Adfærd

Drosophila grooming behavior is a complex multi-step locomotor program that requires coordinated movement of both forelegs and hindlegs. Here we present a ...

The overall goal of this method is to measure the grooming behavior of Drosophila by quantifying and comparing the remainder of colored brilliant yellow dye on the body of the animals in groomed and ungroomed conditions. This method can help answer key questions in the field of neurobiology and behavioral genetics such as the coordination of fine locomotive skills and the associated molecular regulators and circuits. The main advantage is as of this technique, are that it's rapid, robust and easy to perform by many experimentalists and students at a variety of skill levels.Demonstrating this procedure will be Frankie Barradale, a student in my laboratory. To begin the experiment, prepare an aspirator to move live Drosophila from a culture vial to the grooming chamber. Using scissors, cut 1.5 feet of Tygon tubing.Cut at least one inch of the tip of a one milliliter disposable micro-pipette tip and hold the one centimeter square piece of mesh over the 196 inch opening of the cut tip. Snugly place a fresh, one milliliter micro-pipette tip over the mesh and cut tip to create a holding chamber for flies. Cut the extreme tip of the new micro-pipette tip to widen the opening enough to allow the passage of a single fly.The hole will roughly match the opening of the grooming chamber. Snugly fit the nested tips onto the end of the Tygon tubing. Push the tips into the tube to ensure a tight fit to allow for vacuum pressure.On the other end of the tubing, cut the tip of a 200 milliliter micro-pipette tip and fit the narrow cut end into the tubing to form the mouth side of the aspirator. To prepare dust aliquot tubes, weigh five milligrams of brilliant yellow dye on weighing paper. Pour the dust into a 8 milliliter micro-centrifuge tube and tightly close the cap.Next, to prepare ethanol tubes, pipette one milliliter of 100%ethanol into 15 milliliter micro-centrifuge tubes. Label the tubes, cap and save the ethanol tubes for completion of the grooming assay. Also include at least one blank sample with only one milliliter of ethanol without a fly for negative controls.Assemble each grooming chamber by screwing the sliding top plate with the smaller holes, but leaving the bottom plate with the larger holes removed for the addition of the dust. Place each necessary grooming chamber flat on a table with the top face-down. Load five milligrams of brilliant yellow dye aliquot into each chamber, by tapping the tube against the surface of the chamber above the desired well.Tap the chamber against the table to ensure that all the dust falls through the mesh to the top of the plate. Then screw the bottom plate onto each chamber, so the wider ends of the conical openings face outward and the holes do not rest over the wells. Secure the bottom plate tightly, so that it does not slide and release dye.Flip the chamber over and knock it flat against the table a few times so that the dust falls through the mesh to rest on the bottom plate. Slide the top plate of the chamber into the open positions that the small holes align with the 15 wells, allowing the introduction of flies into the individual wells. Load one fly into the mouth aspirator by gently sucking through one end of the aspirator as if using a straw.Deposit the flies by lightly blowing and directing the opening toward the target. After loading a well, slide the top plate so that the fly is trapped in the chamber and place tape over the opening of the well during the loading of the hole chamber, to prevent the fly's escape while loading the other wells. If multiple flies are aspirated into a single well, leave that opening uncovered until only one fly remains.After all of the necessary wells are filled with flies, flip the chamber so that the bottom plate is upward and the dust has the potential to coat the flies by falling through the mesh. Tightly secure the top and bottom plates by tightening the screws and vortex the chamber to dust the flies for four seconds. Knock the chamber, top plate face-down against the table twice, so that the dye falls through the other side.Then, flip the chamber over, top plate face-up and knock the chamber twice, to ensure dye settles on the floor of the bottom chamber, away from the fly, held in the top chamber. For control flies, which are not allowed to groom, immediately proceed to sample preparation. Rest the chamber flat on the table or countertop, with the top plate upward for 30 minutes to allow the flies to groom.Place the chamber in a noise vibration free space, to keep your environment constant for all grooming experiments. Keeping the chamber level with the top plate upward, gently unscrew the bottom plate and remove it from the chamber, taking care not to lose any dye. Place the chamber on a CO2 pad with low air flow until the flies are anesthetized.Unscrew the top plate from the chamber, carefully use forceps to grab a leg and remove one dusted fly from each chamber and deposit it in a 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tube containing ethanol. Once each micro-centrifuge tube contains one fly, close the cap and invert the tubes three times to agitate and mix the solution of dye and ethanol. Incubate the tubes containing ethanol and flies for five hours at room temperature to ensure full removal of the dye from the fly into solution.After five hours, briefly vortex each tube for two seconds to ensure clearance of the dyes from the flies. Aliquot 50 microliters of the experimental 1.5 milliliter tube into a well of a 96 well plate, taking note of the location of each sample on the plate. Add 200 microliters of ethanol to dilute the sample five times to avoid sealing effects of heavily dusted flies or large grooming defects.Use a plate reader to analyze each sample at 397 nanometers. Record the sample through the plate reader and save the spreadsheet with the recording samples on the plate. We used this method to study DopR by comparing the grooming performance of a strong hypomorph and to null DopR mutants to a wild type strain.The DopR mutants retained significantly more dye than their wild type of rescued counterparts, indicating that the DopR mutants were less efficient at grooming behavior. In a parallel experiment of Rutabaga flies, mutants display the higher dye accumulation levels than DopR mutants, suggesting a significant role of DopR in grooming behavior. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to handle flies for behavioral assays and also measure the grooming behavior.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

Samtidig optagelse af calcium Signaler fra Identificerede Neuroner og spiseadfærd af Drosophila melanogaster</em

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated.  Thus, ...

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Fremgangsmåder til assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Optogenetic Stimulering af flugt Opførsel i<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

A  growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive  manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

A Single-fly Assay til fourageringsadfærd i<em&gt; Drosophila</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Ligetil Assay til kvantificering af Social undgåelse i<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

Farvning Insekter for Behavioral Analyser: den parringsadfærd af anæsteseret<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy ...

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

Høj opløsning Kvantificering af Lugt-styrede adfærd i<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Brug af<em&gt; Flywalk</em&gt; Paradigm

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Brug Linear Agarose Kanaler til at studere<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larve Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...