Name: biophysical characterization of flagellar motor functions
Uploaded: 2017-01-18T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge Howard Berg for the gift of the bead-tracking microscope/photomultipliers and the Texas A&amp;M Engineering Experiment Station for funds.

1. 셀 준비 <ol><li> 10 mL의 신선한 TB 100 희석 : 1에 접종 한 다음 트립 톤 국물 (TB, 1 % 펩톤, 0.5 % 염화나트륨)에 대립 유전자 15, 22 끈적 끈적한 플릭를 들고 원하는 균주의 야간 문화를 성장. OD 600 = 0.5까지 진탕 배양기에서 33 ° C에서 문화를 성장. </li><li> 1,500 XG에서 세포 펠렛 5-7 분, 재 분산 펠렛 적극적으로 필터 살균 운동 버퍼의 10 ㎖의 (MB를 10 mM의 인산 완충액 : 0.05-0.06 M 염...

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+mechanosensing+in+the+bacterial+flagellar+motor.">Dynamics of mechanosensing in the bacterial flagellar motor.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (29), 11839-11844 (2013).</li><li>Gode-Potratz, C. J., Kustusch, R. J., Breheny, P. J., Weiss, D. S., McCarter, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+sensing+in+Vibrio+parahaemolyticus+triggers+a+programme+of+gene+expression+that+promotes+colonization+and+virulence.">Surface sensing in Vibrio parahaemolyticus triggers a programme of gene expression that promotes colonization and virulence.</a> Mol Microbiol. 79 (1), 240-263 (2011).</li><li>Kearns, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+field+guide+to+bacterial+swarming+motility.">A field guide to bacterial swarming motility.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 8 (9), 634-644 (2010).</li><li>Belas, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofilms,+flagella,+and+mechanosensing+of+surfaces+by+bacteria.">Biofilms, flagella, and mechanosensing of surfaces by bacteria.</a> Trends Microbiol. 22 (9), 517-527 (2014).</li><li>Silverman, M., Simon, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flagellar+rotation+and+the+mechanism+of+bacterial+motility.">Flagellar rotation and the mechanism of bacterial motility.</a> Nature. 249, 73-74 (1974).</li><li>Block, S. M., Segall, J. E., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptation+Kinetics+in+Bacterial+Chemotaxis.">Adaptation Kinetics in Bacterial Chemotaxis.</a> J Bacteriol. 154 (1), 312-323 (1983).</li><li>Segall, J. E., Block, S. M., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+comparisons+in+bacterial+chemotaxis.">Temporal comparisons in bacterial chemotaxis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 83, 8987-8991 (1986).</li><li>Blair, D. F., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+torque+in+defective+flagellar+motors.">Restoration of torque in defective flagellar motors.</a> Science. 242 (4886), 1678-1681 (1988).</li><li>Ryu, W. S., Berry, R. M., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torque-generating+units+of+the+flagellar+motor+of+Escherchia+coli+have+a+high+duty+ratio.">Torque-generating units of the flagellar motor of Escherchia coli have a high duty ratio.</a> Nature. 403, 444-447 (2000).</li><li>Yuan, J., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resurrection+of+the+flagellar+rotary+motor+near+zero+load.">Resurrection of the flagellar rotary motor near zero load.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (4), 1182-1185 (2008).</li><li>Yuan, J., Fahrner, K. A., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switching+of+the+bacterial+flagellar+motor+near+zero+load.">Switching of the bacterial flagellar motor near zero load.</a> J Mol Biol. 390 (3), 394-400 (2009).</li><li>Sowa, Y., Hotta, H., Homma, M., Ishijima, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torque-speed+Relationship+of+the+Na+-driven+Flagellar+Motor+of+Vibrio+alginolyticus.">Torque-speed Relationship of the Na+-driven Flagellar Motor of Vibrio alginolyticus.</a> J Mol Biol. 327 (5), 1043-1051 (2003).</li><li>Xing, J., Bai, F., Berry, R., Oster, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torque-speed+relationship+of+the+bacterial+flagellar+motor.">Torque-speed relationship of the bacterial flagellar motor.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (5), 1260-1265 (2006).</li><li>Meacci, G., Tu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+bacterial+flagellar+motor+with+multiple+stators.">Dynamics of the bacterial flagellar motor with multiple stators.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (10), 3746-3751 (2009).</li><li>Lele, P. P., Roland, T., Shrivastava, A., Chen, Y. H., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+flagellar+motor+of+Caulobacter+crescentus+generates+more+torque+when+a+cell+swims+backwards.">The flagellar motor of Caulobacter crescentus generates more torque when a cell swims backwards.</a> Nat Phys. 12 (2), 175-178 (2016).</li><li>Lele, P. P., Shrivastava, A., Roland, T., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+thresholds+in+bacterial+chemotaxis.">Response thresholds in bacterial chemotaxis.</a> Sci Adv. 1 (9), e1500299 (2015).</li><li>Berg, H. C., Turner, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torque+Generated+by+the+Flagellar+Motor+of+Escherichia+coli.">Torque Generated by the Flagellar Motor of Escherichia coli.</a> Biophys J. 65, 2201-2216 (1993).</li><li>Bai, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conformational+Spread+as+a+Mechanism+for+Cooperativity+in+the+Bacterial+Flagellar+Switch.">Conformational Spread as a Mechanism for Cooperativity in the Bacterial Flagellar Switch.</a> Science. 327, 685-689 (2010).</li><li>Reid, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+maximum+number+of+torque-generating+units+in+the+flagellar+motor+of+Escherichia+coli+is+at+least+11.">The maximum number of torque-generating units in the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli is at least 11.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103, 8066-8071 (2006).</li><li>Chen, X., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Torque-Speed+Relationship+of+the+Flagellar+Rotary+Motor+of+Escherichia+coli.">Torque-Speed Relationship of the Flagellar Rotary Motor of Escherichia coli.</a> Biophys J. 78, 1036-1041 (2000).</li><li>Turner, L., Caplan, S. R., Berg, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-induced+switching+of+the+bacterial+flagellar+motor.">Temperature-induced switching of the bacterial flagellar motor.</a> Biophys J. 71, 2227-2233 (1996).</li></ol>

테더 비드 추적 모터 토크의 정확한 추정을 용이하게하기 위해, 다음과 같은 정보가 검토되어야한다. flagellated 세포 이러한 측정을 수행 할 때, 전단은 중요한 단계입니다. 전단시켜 상기 모터의 점성 부하가 비드에 주로 기인하고 10 %의 오차 (16)에서 추정 될 수 있도록, 단순한 스터브로 편모 필라멘트를 감소시킨다. 양털 깎기도 밀접하게 분산 기행 (&lt;비드 직경 14)와 원형 궤적?...

편모 모터는 나선형 외 필라멘트를 회전하여 수영을 셀 수 있습니다. 모터가 편모 (즉, 점성 부하)의 소정 기간 동안 생성 할 수있는 토크의 양이 수영 속도를 결정한다. 한편, 회전 방향을 전환 할 수있는 능력은 화학 약품, 화학 주성으로 공지 된 과정에 응답하여 세포 이동을 제어한다. 화성과 운동성되는 독성은 1-3, 편모 모터는 년 4로 잘 특성화 된 요인. 증거 확보 해주기 모터가 mechanosensor 역할을 제안 - 그것은 기계적 고체 기판 -5,6-의 존재를 검출한다. 이 기능은 가능성이 표면 식민지 및 감염 5,7 트리거링에 도움이됩니다. 결과적으로, 모터의 표면과 동수 신호를 감지하여 그에 메커니즘의 중요성 8,9이다. 편모 모터는 쉽게 flagell를 테 더링으로 공부하실 수 있습니다UM 기판에 세포 회전을 관찰. 이러한 테 더링이 먼저 안티 - 후크 항체 (10)와 유리 기판에 polyhook의 대장균에서 돌연변이 성공적으로 연결된 후크와 협력 실버 사이먼에 의해 달성되었다. 속박 세포 분석은 화학 자극의 다양한 모터 스위치의 반응을 연구 연구 할 수 있었다. 예를 들어, Segall와 동료들은 화학적으로 이온 영동 피펫의 도움으로 닿는 세포를 자극. CW 바이어스에 해당 변경 화성 네트워크 (11, 12)에서 적응의 반응 속도를 측정하기 위해 그들을 사용 (시간 모터의 비율은 CW, 시계 방향으로 회전). 닿는 세포 분석은 스위치 응답을 공부에 효과적이지만, 단지 점성로드 (13)의 제한된 범위에서 모터 역학에 대한 통찰력을 제공 할 수 있었다. 이 문제를 극복하기 위해 류와 동료들은 표면에 붙어있는 세포 스텁 필라멘트 구면 라텍스 비즈 닿는. 비드이었다다음 약한 광 트랩 (14) 백 초점 간섭을 사용하여 추적. 서로 다른 크기의 구슬과 협력함으로써, 연구진은 부하의 훨씬 넓은 범위에 걸쳐 모터를 연구 할 수있다. 이 분석법 후에 레이저 암시 야 조명과 결합 된 광전자 계 비드 추적 기술을 개발 위안 베르그 향상했다. 외부 점성 저항이 회전 (15, 16)에 내부 점성 저항에 비해 낮았다 너무 작았 닿는 골드 나노 비드 (~ 60 ㎚)의 그들의 방법을 사용 추적. 이 대장균에서 달성 가능한 최대 속도 (~ 300 Hz에서)의 측정을했다. V.의 alginolyticus에서 유사한 비드 분석은 중간 점성 부하 (~ 700 Hz에서) (17)의 회전 속도를 측정 할 수 있었다. (제로로드에서 가까운 매점에) 점성 부하의 전체 가능한 범위에서 모터 반응의 측정을 가능하게함으로써, 비드 분석은 t을 이해하는 중요한 생물 리 학적 도구를 제공orque 생성 프로세스 (18, 19). 최근에, 우리는 각각의 모터 6 정밀 기계적인 자극을 적용 할 수있게 광 핀셋을 포함하도록 위안 - 버그 분석을 수정했습니다. 그들은 점성 부하의 변화에 ​​응답하여 개조 -이 기술을 이용하여, 모터 회전 힘 발전기 동적 mechanosensors이다 것으로 나타났다. 이 메커니즘 불분명 남아 있지만 이러한 하중 감지가 진을 치고 박테리아로 세포 분화를 유발하는 것이 가능하다. 직접적인 증거는 부족하지만 다른 종의 편모 모터는,도 20 mechanosensitive 것으로도 보인다. 여기, 우리는 편모 필라멘트 (15)에 닿는 라텍스 구슬의 회전을 추적하기위한 광전자 기반 (PMT) 접근 방식에 대해 설명합니다. 이 실시간으로 긴 경질 위에 단일 비드를 추적 비교적 간단하기 때문에 초고속 카메라 추적 비교에서, 광전자 - 설치 유리한TIONS. 때문에 환경 자극 (21)에 편모 모터 단지에 리모델링 긴 시간을 공부 할 때 특히 유용합니다. 구체적으로는 E. coli에 대한 우리 상세히 프로토콜이지만, 그들은 용이하게 다른 종 편모 모터 공부하도록 할 수있다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine Solution (0.1%)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8920</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p8920?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybead Microspheres</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>7307</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p8920?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml Luer Slip Tip Syringe</td>
			<td>Exel Int.</td>
			<td>26048</td>
			<td>http://www.exelint.com/tuberculin_syringes.php</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clay Adams Intramedic Luer-Stub Adapter 23-gauge</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>427565</td>
			<td>http://www.bd.com/ds/productCenter/ES-LuerStubAdaptors.asp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene tubing</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>59-8325</td>
			<td>http://www.harvardapparatus.com/laboratory-polye-polyethylene-non-sterile-tubing.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photomultiplier Tubes</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>R7400U-20</td>
			<td>Spectral response range of 300 to 920 nm, Peak wavelength 630 nm,&#160; 0.78 ns response time&#160; 
			http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/212308/HAMAMATSU/R7400U-20.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3x1 mm precision slits</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>NT39-908</td>
			<td>2 slits mounted at right angles to one another on photomultiplier tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Tektronix</td>
			<td>TBS 1032B</td>
			<td>Alternative brands are acceptable. Digital Oscilloscope, TBS 1000B Series, 2 Analogue, 30 MHz, 500 MSPS, 2.5 kpts&#160; 
			http://www.tek.com/oscilloscope/tbs1000b-digital-storage-oscilloscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 Pole LP/HP Filter</td>
			<td>Krohn-Hite</td>
			<td>3384</td>
			<td>Alternative brands are acceptable. A frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 200 kHz is recommended.&#160;&#160;&#160; 
			http://www.krohn-hite.com/htm/filters/PDF/3384Data.pdf</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optiphot microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Any upright or inverted phase microscope can be used. 
			https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=754</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50:50 (R:T) Cube Beamsplitter</td>
			<td>ThorLabs</td>
			<td>BS013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

biophysical characterization of flagellar motor functions

The role of flagellar motors in bacterial motility and chemotaxis is well-understood. Recent discoveries suggest that flagellar motors are able to remodel in response to a variety of environmental stimuli and are among the triggers for surface colonization and infections. The precise mechanisms by which motors remodel and promote cellular adaptation likely depend on key motor attributes. The photomultiplier-based bead-tracking technique presented here enables accurate biophysical characterization of motor functions, including adaptations in motor speeds and switch-dynamics. This approach offers the advantage of real-time tracking and the ability to probe motor behavior over extended durations. The protocols discussed can be readily extended to study flagellar motors in a variety of bacterial species.

광전자 증 배관 설치는 그림 1A에 표시됩니다. 이는 관심의 PMT가 비드에 의해 산란의 파장 범위에서 높은 감도를 갖는 것이 중요하다. 여기에서 사용되는 PMT가 가시 근적외선 범위에서 동작하고, 할로겐 광원에 의해 조명 비즈 산란광을 검출 할 수 있었다. 최적의 조명 조건 및 공급 전압을 하나의 설정마다 다를 것이다. 이 작업에 사용되는 설정하는 PMT 이득 ~...

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Biophysical Characterization of Flagellar Motor Functions

Recent findings suggest that bacterial flagellar motors sense a variety of environmental signals and remodel in response. The bead-assays discussed here are expected to help explain the role of remodeling in cellular adaptation to environmental stressors.

편모 모터 기능의 생물 물리학 적 특성

The role of flagellar motors in bacterial motility and chemotaxis is well-understood. Recent discoveries suggest that flagellar motors are able to remodel ...

The overall of goal of this experimental procedure is to measure the rotation of probe beads attached to individual flagellar motors in live bacterial cells. The technique that we'll describe offers the advantage of real-time tracking of motor responses and the ability to discriminate between admissible and inadmissible data in real time. The approach is helping us answer key questions in the field of mechanobiology and uncover the physics underlying molecular motor behavior.Although we predominantly employ these techniques to study flagellar motors in E.coli, these protocols can be readily adapted to study motors in other species of flagellated bacteria. Grow overnight cultures of the desired strain carrying the sticky fliC allele in TB.The next day, inoculate 10 milliliters of fresh TB at a 1:100 dilution. Grow the culture at 33 degrees Celsius in a shaker incubator until the optical density at 600 nanometers equals 0.5.Pellet the cells at 1500 times G for five to seven minutes. Then, redisperse the pellet vigorously in 10 milliliters of filter-sterilized motility buffer. Repeat the centrifugation and resuspension two more times.Redisperse the final pellet in one milliliter of MB.Shear the suspension by passing it back and forth approximately 75 times between two syringes with 21 to 23 gauge adapters connected by polyethylene tubing. Limit the total time for shearing to 30 to 45 seconds. After centrifuging the sheared cells, redisperse the pellet in 100 to 500 microliters of MB.Prepare an imaging chamber by sandwiching two double-sided adhesive tapes between a cover slip and a microscope slide.Add 0.01%poly-L-lysine solution in the chamber and after five minutes, gently rinse the surfaces with MB.Add 40 microliters of the cell suspension into the chamber and allow sufficient time for attachment to the glass surface. Flow out unstuck cells by adding 100 microliters of MB on one side of the chamber, while wicking the solution with filter paper from the other side. Next, add 10 to 15 microliters of latex beads into the chamber.Use a range of bead sizes for the experiments that result in a good contrast. Allow the beads adequate time to settle and attach to the cells. Gently rinse the beads with 100 microliters of MB to remove unstuck beads.Place the sample on a microscope stage and scan the surface for beads attached to motors. Employ bright-field imaging with a 60X objective as long as sufficient contrast is maintained to clearly distinguish a bright bead on a dark background. Once a bead has been selected, move the stage laterally to position the bead in a pre-determined corner.Position beads at the same corner to ensure that the direction of rotation of the bead is correctly known. Maintain the sampling frequency higher than twice the rotational frequency of the motor to avoid errors associated with aliasing. In this work, sampling frequencies that were 10 times higher were used to observe a motor rotating at 50 hertz.If, after tethering, the beads appear to wobble with an eccentricity greater than one to two times that of the bead radius, then it's recommended to shear the cells a greater number of times. Shown here is a visual comparison between an appropriately-tethered bead and a bead that is not tethered. The outputs from the two photomultipliers, sampled at 500 hertz, are represented over a small duration of the measurement.The filtered outputs from the PMTs, after centering and scaling, were used to reconstruct the circular trajectories of the rotating bead, as shown here. The ideal bead trajectory is approximately circular but elliptical trajectories are admissible. The angular speeds calculated from the bead trajectories for a single motor are represented over a three-second window.The repeated transitions of the motor between the counterclockwise and clockwise directions of rotation are indicated by switches between positive and negative values. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to track beads tethered to single flagellar motors with high accuracy, using the photomultiplier-based techniques presented here. The bacterial flagellar motor presents a unique set of challenges because it is capable of rotating at speeds of several hundred hertz.High accuracy tracking of probe beads tethered to molecular motors facilitated the characterization of several types of motors, including kinesins, myosins and F1-ATPase. The extension of the bead tethering technique to flagellar motors enabled researchers to study motor mechanics with an unprecedented accuracy. Visual demonstration of this method will help researchers wishing to utilize this technique to overcome challenges such as locating beads appropriately tethered to individual motors.It is expected that the methods demonstrated here will enable the development of novel insights into the adaptability of these nanomachines in a variety of bacterial species.

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Biology

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